• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2012

본 논문은 피부미백에 관한 실험적 연구로서, 봉선화(Impatiens balsamina Linne)의 성분 중에서 하이드록시-나프타-퀴논(hydroxynaphthoquinone)이 멜라닌 생성억제 효능, 색소침착 저해 효과 등의 미백 활성이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 피부흑화(melanogenesis)는 멜라닌 색소생성세포(melanocyte)에서 자외선 등의 자극에 대한 방어기작으로 멜라닌 생성 활동이 증가되고 이로 말미암아 만들어진 다량의 멜라닌이 각질형성세포(keratinocyte)로 전이되어 피부 표피층에 축척된 결과이다. 비록 멜라닌이 피부에 보호작용을 하나 피부의 과색소 침착은 기미, 주근깨, 피부염증 후의 피부흑화, 노인성 색소반점 등을 일으키며 이로 인해 피부미용 상의 불편뿐만 아니라 정신적으로 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 사회활동에 불편을 초래하기도 한다. 멜라닌 생성 과정은 아미노산의 일종인 티로신(tyrosine)에 티로시나제(tyrosinase)라는 효소가 작용하여 도파(DOPA), 도파퀴논(dopaquinone)으로 바뀐 후 비효소적인 산화 반응을 거쳐 만들어 지며, 이것이 피부 내에 이상 침착하여 기미, 검버섯 등이 생기는 것이라고 알려져 있다. 이와 같은 색소침착, 기미, 반점 등의 완화, 예방 및 치료에는 멜라닌 생성을 억제하는 물질, 예를 들면 하이드로퀴논(hydroquinone), 알부틴, 비타민 C 및 그 유도체 등이 개발되어 사용되고 있으나 이 중, 하이드로퀴논은 일단 효과가 인정되고 있지만 감작성이 있기 때문에 일반적으로 사용이 제한되고 있다. 아스콜빈산은 쉽게 산화되어, 이를 배합한 제품에는 변색, 변취가 되는 문제를 야기하고, 식물추출물 유래의 물질들은 식물의 산지에 따라 효능의 차이가 심하여 제품의 균질성이 유지되기 어렵다. 이러한 이유로 많은 멜라닌 생성을 억제하는 물질을 개발하기 위한 연구들이 계속 진행하고 있다. 2-히드록시-[1,4]나프토퀴논 유도체는 다음과 같은 구조를 나타낸다. 상기 구조에서 R은 포화 혹은 불포화된 직쇄 또는 분지쇄의 알킬로서, 바람직하게는 C1 내지 C10의 포화 혹은 불포화된 직쇄 또는 분지쇄의 알킬이고, 보다 바람직하게는 C1 내지 C5의 포화 혹은 불포화된 직쇄 또는 분지쇄의 알킬이다. 실험에 활용된 화합물은 다음과 같은 반응식으로 얻어졌다. 2-히드록시-[1,4]나프토퀴논과 포타슘카보네이트(K2CO3)를 아세토니트릴에 용해한 후, 저온수조로 냉각하고 알킬할라이드를 적당한 당량비로 천천히 적하하여 히드록시기와 에테르(ether) 반응을 통하여 얻어질 수 있다. 상기 반응식에서 R은 C1~10의 포화 또는 불포화된 알킬기로서 직쇄형 또는 분지쇄형 모두 가능하다. 상기 화합물인 2-히드록시-[1,4]나프토퀴논(2-hydroxynaphthoquinone)은 배양된 쥐의 멜라노마 세포에 대하여 하이드로퀴논과 대등한 멜라닌 생성 억제효과를 보였다. 하이드로퀴논은 저농도에서 강력한 멜라닌 생성 억제효과를 보이지만 상기 화합물들은 보다 낮은 농도에서도 세포독성을 나타내지 않으며 하이드로퀴논보다 높은 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1422-1429
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• 2016

Kombucha is a slightly sour beverage fermented by symbiotic micro-organisms, including bacteria and yeasts. In this study, we examined the biological activities of citrus Kombucha (CK) produced by addition of citrus extract to original Kombucha (K). After fermentation for 10 days, radical scavenging activity examined by ABTS and DPPH assays increased by approximately 20% compared to that of K. Moreover, content of total phenolic compounds significantly increased by 60% compared to that of K. Cell proliferation assays utilizing MTT showed that CK treatment significantly inhibited growth of bladder cancer cells, T-24 and 5637, in a dose-dependent manner with $IC_{50}$ values of 4 and 7 mg/mL, respectively. Annexin V staining showed that CK treatment led to apoptosis of cells in a dose-dependent manner. T-24 cells were more sensitive to CK treatment than 5637 cells, as 8 mg/mL of CK resulted in 97% apoptosis of T-24 cells. Western blotting showed that CK treatment led to up-regulation of apoptotic proteins, including caspases-3, -8, -9, and PARP, in bladder cells not in K-treated cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CK may be developed as a functional beverage.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.58-69
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• 1990

ABSTRACT: In order to find physiologically active components from higher fungi, hot-water soluble components were extracted from the basidiocarps of Ganoderma lucidum. The extract was purified and separated by DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration method. The separated fractions were designated CR, IN, IA, GL and GH. Fraction GL showed the highest antitumor activity among the fractions and its molecular weight was found to be 47 KD. The tumor inhibition ratio of Fr. GL was 81 % at the dose of peritoneal administration of 20 mg/kg/day for 10 days in mice. Chemical analysis of this fraction showed 82% polysaccharide, 8% protein and 0.9% hexosamine. The polysaccharide moiety consisted of 63% glucose, 27% galactose, 7% mannose and 3% fucose. Fraction IN was found to increase the amount of superoxide anion in activated macrophages to 1.6-fold and the number of plaques in hemolytic plaque assay to 6-fold, respectively. These results indicate that the antitumor activity was exerted through immunopotentiation, but not through direct cytotoxicity against the tumor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1246-1251
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• 2004

To investigate the effects of plant extracts on the protection against liver damage by $CCl_4$ in rat, two kinds of experiment were performed, firstly by the primary hepatocyte culture and secondly by the animal feeding. The primary hepatocyte culture with the extracts of pine leaf, soybean sprout and mugwort showed significantly low activities (p<0.01∼0.05) of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), indicating an excellent protective effect against liver damage by $CCl_4$. In the second experiment, the microsomal malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the above same groups were also significantly lower (p<0.01) than the $CCl_4$-treated group without plant extracts, but shiitake showed less effect. Among four kinds of plant extracts, extracts of pine leaf and mugwort showed also much higher activities of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 in comparison to soybean sprout and shiitake. In the test of xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity, all of three groups except shiitake showed significantly low activities (p<0.01). These consistent results in vitro and in vivo suggest that the extracts of pine leaf, soybean sprout and mugwort may have strong protective effects against liver damage induced by the potential toxicants such as $CCl_4$.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.301-305
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• 1994

Purpose :. To investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum(G.I.) on the surival of tumor cells in vitro and on the growth of tumors in vivo. Materials and Methods : Dried G.I. was made into powder, extracted with distilled water, filtered and diluted from a maximum concentration of 100 mg/ml in sequence. The cytotoxicity of G.I, in vitro was evaluated from its ability to reduce the clonogenicity of SCK tumor cells. For the tumor growth delay study, about $2{\times}10^5$$ of SCK tumor cells were subcutaneously inoculated in the legs of A/J mice. The first experimental group of mice were injected i.p. with 0.2ml of 250 mg/kg of G.I. from the first day after tomor inoculation for 10 days. The second experimental group of mice were injected i.p. with 0.2ml of 250 mg/kg of G.I. either once a day for 10 days or twice a day for 5 days beginining from the 7th day after tumor inoculation Results : 1. Cytotoxicity in vitro;survival fraction, as judged from the curve, at G.I. concentration of 0.5, 1,5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were 1.0, $0.74{\pm}0.03$, $0.18{\pm}0.03$, $0.15{\pm}0.02$, $0.006{\pm}0.002$, 0.015 and 0.0015, respectively. 2. Tumor growth delay in vivo; a) the time required for the mean tumor volume to grow to $1,000mm^3$ was 11 days in the control group and 14 days in the experimental group. b) the time required for tumor volume to increase 4 times was 11 days in the control group while it was 10.5 and 12 days in the groups injected with G.I. once a day and twice a day from the 7th day after tumor inoculation respectively. Conclusion : Aqueous extracts of G.I. showed a marked cytotoxicity on the SCK mammary cells in vitro. Tumor growth delay was statistically signiricant when G.I. in-jection was started soon after tumor inoculation, but it was not significant when injection was started after the tumors were firmly established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.555-560
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• 2009

Pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) is an expensive and highly prized delicacy in Korean and Japanese cuisines with its unique flavor and functional properties. The pine mushroom juice (PMJ) was investigated for its antioxidant and anti-tumor activities with ABTS radical scavenging method and MTT assay. The phenolic contents in pine mushroom juice ranged from 1.19 to 54.99 GAEs mg/100 mL at the concentrations of $1{\sim}50\;mg/mL$. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of pine mushroom juice were 7.0%, 81.7% and 91.8% at the concentrations of 1, 10 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of pine mushroom juice were 605.9, 788.4, 583.6 and $232.5{\mu}g/mL$ on the cytotoxicities against AGS, HeLa, HepG2 and HT-29, respectively, and PMJ showed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against HT-29 cell. These results suggested therapeutic potential for pine mushroom juice as an anti-oxidant and anti-tumor agent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.502-507
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark extract (RVSBE) on the stomach. We evaluated RVSBE for its antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), along with its ability to reduce the viability of human gastric cancer AGS cells. In addition, its anti-inflammatory effect was examined by evaluating nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. RVSBE showed antimicrobial activity, as 2.0 mg of the extract produced a clear inhibition zone of 4.0 mm. RVSBE inhibited the growth of AGS cells by 20% at concentrations ranging from 0.25-1.0 mg/mL. Regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of RVSBE, at 0.1-1.0 mg/mL, the extract showed more than 75% inhibition of NO production. In addition, cells treated with 0.25 mg/mL RVSBE showed a 25% decrease in iNOS mRNA levels compared to those in the LPS-treated cells. These results suggest that RVSBE may have significant inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediators, and therefore, may be a potential anti-inflammatory candidate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.949-955
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• 2011

[ ${\beta}$ ]Glucan is a polysaccharide expressed on the cell walls of fungi. It is known that ${\beta}$-glucan is recognized by a family of C-type lectin receptors, dectin-1, which is expressed mainly on myeloid immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Raw 264.7 cells were treated with ${\beta}$-glucan from Schizophyllum commune. ${\beta}$-Glucan was not cytotoxic up to 400 ${\mu}g$/mL as measured by MTT assay. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment with ${\beta}$-glucan for 24 hr significantly increased production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ compared with control groups (p<0.05), indicating activation of macrophages. To measure inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation, MTT assay was performed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell viability was significantly decreased in the group treated with 400 ${\mu}g$/mL of ${\beta}$-glucan for 48 hr (p<0.05) compared to the control group. However, tumor volume was decreased in the groups administered 200 ${\mu}g$ of ${\beta}$-glucan/mouse compared to the control group. These results indicate that ${\beta}$-glucan inhibits breast cancer cell growth through the induction of apoptosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.247-266
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• 2017

Cordyceps is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb well-known in China, Korea and Japan since B.C. 2,000. The original entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps sinensis belonging to the genus Cordyceps could not be found inside Korean peninsula due to the absence of the host insect for the corresponding entomogenous fungus. The development of artificial production methods of Korean type Cordyceps using the silkworm Bombyx mori as in vivo culture medium for the the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces tenuipes is the first, and wonderful occasion in the research history of insect industry of this global world. The aim of this article is to review the historical research background, mass-production methods, and pharmacological effects of the silkworm-dongchunghacho (Paecilomyces tenuipes) which is a newly developed Korean medicinal insect-borne mushroom, and another non-insect-borne medicinal mushroom (Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps pruinosa). Their biological actions include anti-tumor, immunostimulating, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombosis, hypolipidaemic and insecticidal effects. The bioactive principles are protein-bound polysaccharides (hexose, hexosamin), cordycepin, D-manitol, acidic polysaccharide etc. Protein-bound polysaccharides and n-butanol fractions were demonstrated to show a significant anti-tumor activities but did not show a cytotoxicities. D-mannitol exhibited a significant prolongation of the life span in tumor bearing mice. Ergosterol did not show an efficient anti-tumor activity, but showed a significant phagocytosis enhancing activity. Anti-tumor activity of silkworm-dongchunghacho might be attributed to immuno-stimulating activities rather than cytotoxic effects [164]. Also this review comprises the breeding of Dongchunghacho varieties, optimization of culture conditions, improvement of learning and memory by Dongchunghacho, application of them as foods and chemical constituents.