The cultivation of green manure crops plays an important role in soil quality and sustainability of agricultural system. However, the incorporation of green manure crops may be of concern because it can lead to strongly reducing conditions in the submerged soil. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of rice husk carbon on rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation using green manure mixtures (hairy vetch + rye) in rice paddy. Field experiments were conducted in rice paddy soil (Shinheung series, fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Fluventic Haplaquepts) at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Korea from October 2007 to October 2008. The experiments consisted of three treatments: application or no application of carbonized rice husk, and conventional fertilization. These treatments were subdivided into whole incorporation and aboveground removal of green manure mixtures. The redox potential (Eh) was higher upon application of the carbonized rice husk when compared to no application at 8 and 37 days after transplanting (DAT). The ammonium-N (NH4-N) in soil was highest upon the application of carbonized rice husk + whole green manure incorporation at 17 and 49 DAT. Plant height and tiller number of rice were similar to the NH4-N concentration in soil. Rice yields of application and no application of carbonized rice husk treatment were not significant. However, application of carbonized rice husk improved the soil physical properties such as bulk density and porosity after rice harvest. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that carbonized rice husk could be used as soil amendment for environmentally-friendly rice production under a green manure mixture-rice cropping system.
Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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v.22
no.1
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pp.5-10
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2012
In general, the fabrications of the LEDs with mesa structure are performed grown by MOCVD method. In order to etch and separate each chips, the LEDs are passed the RIE and scribing processes. The RIE process using plasma dry etching occur some problems such as defects, dislocations and the formation of dangling bond in surface result in decline of device characteristic. The SAG method has attracted considerable interest for the growth of high quality GaN epi layer on the sapphire substrate. In this paper, the SAG method was introduced for simplification and fabrication of the high quality epi layer. And we report that the size of selective area do not affect the characteristics of original LED. The diameter of SAG circle patterns were choose as 2500, 1000, 350, and 200 μm. The SAG-LEDs were measured to obtain the device characteristics using by SEM, EL and I-V. The main emission peaks of 2500, 1000, 350, and 200 μm were 485, 480, 450, and 445 nm respectively. The chips of 350, 200 μm diameter were observed non-uniform surface and resistance was higher than original LED, however, the chips of 2500, 1000 μm diameter had uniform surface and current-voltage characteristics were better than small sizes. Therefore, we suggest that the suitable diameter which do not affect the characteristic of original LED is more than 1000 μm.
Kim, Jee Hye;Sung, Dong-Wook;Kim, Jeong Wook;Shin, Jin Ho;Lee, Soon Keun;Jung, Kyung Il;Uhm, Jong Kwan;Lee, Ki Nam;Seong, Ho Jin;Kim, Youn Hyun;Kim, Hyeog Ju
Progress in Medical Physics
/
v.24
no.2
/
pp.119-126
/
2013
Due to the introduction of CR and DR, it has been neglected the use of the X-ray beam collimator and field size. This study examines nationwide survey of the proper use of collimator and field size by area in a specific field of plain radiography and the current status. Authors emphasized the need for the field size criteria, and propose a standard reference field size in each specific radiologic examination. Total 333 medical institutions (included in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Jeolla, Chungcheong, Gangwon-do, Busan area), were investigated in relation to the status of the X-ray beam collimation field size, type specific inspection areas, medical facilities, and image analyses by type to figure out whether they use the adjustment of image field to the specific examination. To assess the awareness and the impact of radiation exposure to the collimation adjustable, 168 radiographers who was working in 10 general hospitals, 10 hospitals, and 10 clinics, were surveyed how they haver adjusted the actual field size. We examine that 61.3% of medical institutions used the "Proper collimation" and only 49.9% of them employed proper one in lumbar spine densely crowded by major organs. 69% among general hospitals, and 65% among hospitals using DR system were using proper collimation. Radiographers recognized that proper adjustment of collimation could reduce the harmful radiation dose on patients. In the survey, 97.6% of respondents were aware of this fact, but only 83.3% of respondents did the adjustment of the size of the collimation field. The using of proper collimation field was low in the nationwide survey, so the effort to reduce the radiation dose on the patients is urgently needed. A unified standard for the field accompanied by thorough education should be needed.
Seo, Tae Cheol;An, Se Woong;Kim, Sun Min;Nam, Chun Woo;Chun, Hee;Kim, Young Chul;Kang, Tae Kyoung;Kim, Sung Woo;Jeon, Su Gyeong;Jang, Kil-Su
Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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v.26
no.4
/
pp.368-377
/
2017
This study investigated the possibility of application of the recently introduced cylindrical paper pot seedlings in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation. The seedling growth, initial rooting after planting and accumulated fruit yield were investigated with the treatments of tray type (paper pot and plug) as a main factor, tray cell number (40 cell and 50 cell) as a sub-factor, and fertigation method (continuous fertigation and fertigation after 35 days sowing) as a sub-sub factor, respectively. The growth of pepper seedlings was significantly affected by tray type and fertigation method showing the highest value at 50 cell plug tray with continuous fertigation, and the effect of fertigation was greater than that of trays. 'Cheongyang', 'Daekwonseoneon' and 'Longgreenmat' cultivar showed all the same pattern in seedling growth. These three-cultivar seedlings were planted in plastic house and in open field in Jeonju area, respectively, and another 'Daekwonseoneon' seedlings raised Yeongyang local area was also planted at the same area. There was no difference in the rooting of 'Cheongyang' pepper at 2 weeks after planting in plastic house. The accumulated fruit weight was not significantly different between paper pot seedlings and plug seedlings in three cultivar grown in plastic house. However, that of 'Cheongyang' pepper showed higher at paper pot seedlings than plug seedlings and the other two cultivar were higher at plug seedlings in open field. 'Daekwonseoneon' pepper yield grown in open field in 'Yeongyang' area was not significant between paper pot seedlings and plug seedlings. In conclusion, the pattern of seedlings growth grown in the cylindrical paper pot was the same as those of the conventional plug seedlings and also fruit yield was similar between paper pot seedlings and plug seedlings even though minute difference among cultivars. These results suggest that pepper seedlings grown in paper pot should be highly applicable to pepper cultivation.
Hong, Joon Ki;Suh, Eun Jung;Lee, Su Young;Song, Cheon Young;Lee, Seung Bum;Kim, Jin A;Lee, Soo In;Lee, Yeon-Hee
Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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v.42
no.3
/
pp.204-214
/
2015
SHI-RELATED SEQUENCE (SRS) genes are plant-specific transcription factors that contain a zinc-binding RING finger motif, which play a critical role in plant growth and development. Among Brassica rapa SRS genes, BrSRS7 and BrLRP1 genes, isolated from shoot apical regions are important regulators of plant growth and development. In order to explore the function of BrSRS genes in horticultural plant growth and development, two constructs containing BrSRS7 and BrLRP1 under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were introduced into petunia by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The resulting transgenic plants were dwarf and compact plants with reduced plant height and diameter. Additionally, these transgenic plants had upward-curled leaves of narrow width and short internodes. Interestingly, the flower shapes of petunia were different among transgenic plants harboring different kinds of SRS genes. These phenotypes were stably inherited through generations T2 and T3. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses of transgenic plants revealed that BrSRS7 and BrLRP1 regulate expression of gibberellin (GA)- and auxinrelated genes, PtAGL15- and PtIAMT1-related, involved in shoot morphogenesis. These results indicate that the overexpression of BrSRS7 and BrLRP1 genes suppressed the growth and development of petunia by regulating expression of GA- and auxin-related genes. From these data, we deduce that BrSRS7 and BrLRP1 genes play an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development in petunia. These findings suggest that transformation with the BrSRS genes can be applied to other species as a tool for growth retardation and modification of plant forms.
The location and geometry of the Ulsan Fault play important roles in interpreting tectonic evolution of the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Dipole-dipole electrical resistivity surveys and seismic refraction surveys were carried out in the Yaksoo area, Ulsan in order to measure the thickness of the alluvium covering the Ulsan Fault and to find associated fracture zones and possibly the location of its major fault plane. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted. Some results reported previously by others were also used in this interpretation. No low resistivity anomalies were found in the cross-sectional resistivity image of the survey line located in the east of the Dong River. In contrast, well-developed continuous low resistivity anomalies were detected in the west of the Dong River. This strongly suggests that the major fault plane of the Ulsan Fault is located under or in the west part of the Dong River. Two refraction boundaries corresponding to the underground water level and the bottom of the alluvium were found by refraction surveys carried out on the limited part of the east survey line. The thickness of the alluvium was found to be about 30 m. Small faults in the basement rock identified by reflection surveys were not detected by both resistivity and refraction seismic surveys. This might be explained by assuming that low resistivity anomaly is more closely related to the clay contents than the water contents. On the other hand, it may be resulted by the limited resolution of the resistivity and refraction surveys. Detailed study is required to clarify the reason. Resistivity survey is frequently considered to be a good exploration method to detect subsurface faults. However, it appears to be less useful than reflection seismic survey in this work. In dipole-dipole resistivity survey, the number of separation should be increased to survey deeper subsurface with the same resolution. However, signal to noise ratio decreases as the number of separation increases. In this survey area, the signal to noise ratio of up to sixteen separations was good enough based on the statistical properties of measurements.
Kim Mi Sook;Yoo Seoung Yul;Cho Chul Koo;Yoo Hyung Joon;Kim Jae Young;Shim Jae Won;Lee Choon Taek;Kang Yoon Koo;Kim Tae You
Radiation Oncology Journal
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v.15
no.3
/
pp.233-241
/
1997
Purpose : This study was done to evaluate the survival rate and Prognostic factors of patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) treated with radiation therapy. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 62 Patients who had inoperable NSCLC treated with radiation therapy from January 1991 through December 1993. According to AJCC slaging, stage IIIA was 14 patients and stage IIIB was 48 patients. Forty Gy to 70.2Gy to the primary tumor site was delivered with daily fractions of 1.8Gy or 2Gy, 5days per week. Thirty-seven patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Results : Complete, partial and no response to radiation therapy were 3 patients, 34 Patients and 25 patients, respectively The median survival period of all patients was 11 month. One rear survival rate, 2 year survival rateand 5 rear survival rate for all patients were 45.0%, 14.3%, and 6.0% respectively The median survival period was 6.5 months in stage IIIA and 13 months in stage IIIB. One year survival rates were 28.6% in stage IIIA and 50.3% in stage IIIB In univariaite analysis, prognostic factors affecting survival were T-s1aging, AJCC staging, and response after radiation therapy (P<0.05) . Pretreatment peformance status affected survival but was not statistically significant (0.05
0.1). In multivariate analysis, Pathology and response to radiation therapy are independently significant prognostic factor. T stage was marginally significant (P=0.0809). During follow-up duration, distant metastasis developed in 20 patients-bone metastasis in 10 patients, brain metastasis in 3 patients, liver mentastasis in 3 patients, contralateral lung metastasis in 1 patients and multiple metastases in 3 patients. Conclusion : Conventional radiotherapy alone or combined chemoradiotherapy are unlikely to achieve long term survival in patients with NSCLC. Surgery after concurrent chemoradiotherapy is Ivied to improve the local control in our hospital
This study was conducted to compare the changes in the forest resources and the process of establishment and characteristics of the Forest Law in five Northeast Asian Countries, who share the Chinese culture as a common background. The effect of Forest Law on forest resources of each countries is also compared. This study shows that the forest management scheme and the modernistic forest law in the five Northeast Countries were influenced by Japan around the early 20th century. The Forest Laws of the five countries were reestablished after the end of World War II, and now the five countries have their own Forest Law. At present, the five countries are depending on the import of foreign timber for timber supply because of the shortage of domestic timber resources. The Forest Laws of the five countries have a lot of similarities reflecting same cultural background, whereas there are differences originated from social and economic discrepancies. Currently R.O.K. is worst in forest resources compared to the other countries. The Forest Law of R.O.K. has too many articles, which has little direct relationship with forest resources management. Therefore it is recommended to consolidate the law system in the field of forest and forestry in R.O.K. including the amendment of Forest Law directing to sustainable forest and maintaining the efficiency of forest resources management.
Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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v.27
no.3
/
pp.214-220
/
2001
The clinical application of the three-dimensional radiographic technique had been limited to standard Broadbent-Bolton cephalometer with biplanar stereoradiography. We developed a new method for compensating the error of head position in ordinary non-biplanar cephalostat. It became to possible to use the three dimensional cephalogram commonly in clinical bases. 1. The method of methemetical compensation of head positioning error in non-biplanar condition was evaluated with dry skull. The error of the method of first and the second trial was 0.46±1.21, 0.33±0.90mm, which means the error of the head positioning correction in conventional cephalogram was within clinical acceptance. 2. The reproducibility of this system for clinical application was 0.54 mm (−2.99∼2.26mm) which defines the absolute mean difference of the first and second trial. Compare to the The landmark identification error 1.2±1.6mm, the error of the measurement was within the range of landmark identification error. The result indicates the adequate clinical accuracy of the computation of three-dimensional coordinates by compensation of the error of the head position in ordinary non-biplanar cephalostat.
The following policy implications can be drawn from this study: 1) The Air Pollution Emission Amount Report published by the Ministry of Environment since 1991 classifies industries into 4 sectors, i. e., heating, manufacturing, transportation and power generation. Currently, the usability of report is very low and extra efforts should be given to refine the current statistics and to improve the industrial classification. 2) Big pollution industries are as follows - s7, s17 and s20. The current air pollution control policy for these sectors compared to other sectors are found to be inefficient. This finding should be noted in the implementation of future air pollution policy. 3) s10 and s17 are found to be a big polluting industrial sector and its pollution reduction effect is also significant. 4) The effect of emission coefficient (Δf) has the biggest impact on the reduction of emission amount change and the effect of economic growth coefficient (Δy) has the biggest impact on the increase of emission volume. The effect of production technology factor (ΔD) and the effect of the change of the final demand structure (Δu) are insignificant in terms of the change of emission volume. 5) Further studies on emission estimation techniques on each industry sector and the economic analysis are required to promote effective enforcement of the total volume control system of air pollutants, the differential management of pollution causing industrial sectors and the integration of environment and economy. 6) Korea's economic growth in 1990 is not pollution-driven in terms of the Barry Commoner's hypothesis, even though the overall industrial structure and the demand structure are not environmentally friendly. It indicates that environmental policies for the improvement of air quality depend mainly on the government initiatives and systematic national level consideration of industrial structures and the development of green technologies are not fully incorporated.
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