• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.196-201
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to confirm the validity of predictive equations for the calculation of basal energy expenditure (BEE). One hundred twenty female college students were participated in this study. The resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry for 30 minutes following an 12 hour overnight fasting. Among the available equations for predict BEE, Harris-Benedict, WHO/FAO/UNU and Cunningham methods were selected. Body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for the equation of predicted BEE. The mean of measured REE was 1257.2$\pm$147.9 kcal/day, while the predicted value by Harris-Benedict, WHO/FAO/UNU and Cunningham were 1373.3$\pm$45.4 kcal/day, 1290.0$\pm$61.7 kcal/day and 1187.6$\pm$49.2 kcal/day, respectively. The Cunningham equation was more closed to measured values than Harris-Benedict and WHO/FAO/UNU equation by the correlation coefficient. Comparing Pearson's correlation coefficients, fat-free mass (FFM), body surface area (BSA) and body weight were higher than others such as height, body mass index (BMI), fat and fat%. The FFM's correlation coefficient was the highest as 0.74. Thus, the conclusion of this study suggested that the main determinant of BEE was FFM, and we derived a prediction equation as follows: BEE=-569.86+48.27 (FFM).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 1971

한국인(韓國人)의 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)과 1일소비열량(日消費熱量)을 측정(測定)하기 위하여 Douglas씨(氏) ${\ulcorner}$빽${\lrcorner}$과 Scholander씨(氏) ${\ulcorner}$가스${\lrcorner}$ 분석기(分析器)를 사용(使用)하여 넓은 연령(年齡), 직종(職種), 활동(活動)의 영역(領域)에 긍(亘)하여 실험(實驗)을 행(行)하였다. 938 예(例)의 기초대사측정치(基礎代謝測定値)는 Boothby, Fleish, Robertson and Reid 등(等)의 표준치(標準値)와 근사(近似)하였다. 겨울에는 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)은 9.9%의 증가(增加)를 또한 수면중(睡眠中)의 대사량(代射量)은 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)의 약(約) 94%이었다. 또한 Sanborn Metabulator를 사용(使用)하여 1,000 명(名) 이상(以上)의 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)을 측정(測定)하였다. 또한 여러 가지 동작(動作) 활동중(活動中)의 소비열량(消費熱量)이 측정(測定)되었다. 하루의 전소비열량(全消費熱量)은 $3{\sim}7$일간(日間)에 긍(亘)하여 하루 24시간(時間)의 활동상황(活動狀況)을 분단위(分單位)로 기록(紀錄), 집계(集計)하고 이것과 기초대사량(基礎代謝量) 및 개별활동시(個別活動時)의 소비열량(消費熱量)을 참작(參酌), 계산(計算)하였다. 수면중(睡眠中)의 소비열량(消費熱量)은 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)에 준(準)하였는데 사무원(事務員), 교원(敎員), 의사(醫師), 약사(藥師), 점원(店員), 운전수(運轉手), 건축기사(建築技師), 설계사(設計師), 응원사(應園師), 목공(木工), ${\ulcorner}$펜기${\lrcorner}$ 공등(工等)의 1일소비열량(日消費熱量)은 FAO 한국협회책정(韓國協會策定)의 한국인(韓國人) ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에 근사(近似)하였고 ${\ulcorner}$쿡${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$웨이터${\lrcorner}$, 농부(農夫), 사공(士工), 기계공(機械工), 석공(石工)은 중등정도(中等程度)의 노동(勞動)의 3,000 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$나 또는 중(重)한 노동(勞動)의 3,900 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에, 가정주부(家政主婦), 하녀(下女), ${\ulcorner}$디자이너${\lrcorner}$는 여자(女子)의 중등정도(中等程度) 노동(勞動)의 2,200 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$, 간호원(看護員), 청소부(淸掃婦), ${\ulcorner}$쿡${\lrcorner}$ 방(房)바닥연마공(硏磨工)은 중(重)한 노동(勞動)의 2,800${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에 모심기 하는 날의 농부(農夫)는 격심(激甚)한 노동(勞動)의 4,100${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에 각각(各各) 가까웠다. 여자(女子)일지라도 포제용(鋪製用) 돌까기와 돌날르기는 남자(男子)의 중노동정도(重勞動程度)의 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$를 소비(消費)하였다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.229-246
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• 1988

These studies were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein and metabolizable energy(ME) levels on layer performance during summer period. Total 480 ISA Brown egg-type layers ageing 49 weeks housed 2 birds per cage with 4 replictes of 20 birds were employed in this study. Mean environmental temperature over experimental period ranged from 22.3$^{\circ}$to 29.5$^{\circ}C$. The treatments consisted of dietary ME levels of 2500, 2700, 2900kcal/kg of diet containing 15% and 17% protein, respectively, to provide $3{\times}2$factorial design. As metabolizable energy level increased form 2500 to 2900 kcal/kg of diet, daily feed and protein intake, egg production. egg weight, egg mass decreased, but the reverse was true for the daily energy intake, energy requirement and feed costs per kg egg. Feed conversion(kg feed/kg egg) and viability were not affected by the dietary energy levels. However, there were no significant difference in egg production, protein requirement per kg egg, and egg weight between those hens fed 2500 kcal ME/kg diets and those fed 2700 kcal ME/kg diets, and no difference was found in egg weight between those fed 2700 kcal ME/kg and those fed 2900 kcal ME/kg, either. In addition, no specific trend was observed in protein requirement per egg by the different level of metabolizable energy in diets. On the other hand, as dietary protein level increased from 15 to 17%, daily protein in-take, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and protein requirement and feed costs per kg egg increased, but feed and energy requirement per kg egg decreased, and no significant difference in the daily feed and energy intake and viability were observed among dietary protein levels. It was concluded that metabolizable energy level of 2500 kcal/kg of diet and 17% dietary protein level were considered to be adequate to support the optimum productivity of layers during summer period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.510-517
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MS) and characteristics of nutrient intake in MS subjects by gender and age. The subjects were 957(447 men and 510 women) who visited medical center for regular medical check-up. The diagnosis of MS subjects was adapted from NCEP-ATPIII with blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure and Aisa-Pacific definition with waist-circumference. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were practiced, then the nutrient intake analysis was assessed through the 24-hour recall method. The MS prevalence of all subjects was 10.3% in average -17% in men and 4.5% in women, respectively. The energy intake in MS group was 2,047.1 kcal and 1,699.5 kcal for normal group, showing significantly higher in MS compared to normal subjects. For intakes of animal fat, cholesterol, and sodium, MS group were significantly higher than normal group. In respect of gender, men subjects of MS group showed significantly higher nutrient intakes than normal group for energy, fat, and cholesterol. Women subjects of MS group showed higher intakes for energy, carbohydrate, and protein. For 30s, MS group showed higher intakes of energy, animal fat, and cholesterol than normal group. Fat and cholesterol for 40s and energy, carbohydrate, vegetable fat for 50s, MS group showed significantly higher intakes than normal group. In summary, MS group showed higher intakes of energy, animal fat, cholesterol, and sodium than normal group.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.16-17
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• 1997

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the nutrient intake and selected blood parameters of adults with metabolic syndrome (MS) and to provide data in forming a dietary guideline for the prevention of chronic diseases. Subjects were recruited and divided into two groups according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria and WHO Asia-Pacific Area criteria for obesity. MS group was defined as subjects who have three or more risk factors and control group was defined as those with two or less of the risk factors. The average age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) were 58.8 years, 158.0 cm, 66.3 kg, $26.5\;kg/m^{2}$, respectively, in the MS group; and 58.4 years, 158.9 cm, 59.6 kg, $23.5\;kg/m^{2}$, respectively, in the control group. The weight and BMI in the MS group were significantly higher than those in the control (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the food and nutrient intake between the MS and control group. Male subjects in the MS group showed significantly higher intake of mushrooms than those in the control (p<0.05). Egg consumption in the MS group was significantly lower than those in the control (p<0.01). Consumption of vegetables and fiber was significantly lower for female subjects in the MS group than those in the control (p<0.05). Serum GPT, AI and WBC count in the MS group (27.8 IU/L, 3.7, $5964.2\;{\mu}/L$) were significantly higher than those in the control (22.6 IU/L, 3.2, $5250.0\;{\mu}/L$; p<0.01, p<0.001, p<0.01). In conclusion, consuming fiber and vegetables may prevent and reduce metabolic syndrome in adult men and women, and this study demonstrates the need for proper dietary management for them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and assess nutrient intake levels for the purpose of improving MS risk factors. The participants in this study were 512 adults consisting of 271 men and 241 women aged 30 and over, who visited a public health center for a medical check up. The diagnosis of MS subjects was adapted from the NCEP-ATPIII guidelines and the WHO Asia-Pacific Area criteria for obesity. The MS group was defined as subjects displaying three or more risk factors, and the non MS group was defined as those displaying two or less risk factors. A dietary survey was conducted using the 24-hour recall method. The number of subjects displaying MS syndrome factors was 158 (30.9%), broken down into, 89 men and 69 women. Regarding risk factors in the MS group, the prevalence of waist circumference was 40.5%, hypertension 34.2%, hyperglycemia 31.0%, low HDL-cholesterol 24.7%, and hypertriglycemia 19.6%. BMI, sistolic blood pressure, blood glocose, blood triglyceride, and blood HCL-cholesterol of the MS group were significantly higher compared to the non MS group. Male subjects in the MS group reported high intakes of cereals, sugar, fruits, meat and poultry, oil and fats, and beverages and total food intake was significantly higher compared to the non MS group. Women in the MS group reported high intakes of meat and poultry, milk and dairy products, beverages, and seasonings, and total food intake was higher compared to the non MS group. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was 3.82~4.04, which was not significant among the groups. In men, dietary variety score (DVS) was 16.3 in the MS group and 19.4 in the non MS group, whereas in women, the DVS was 15.2 in the non MS group and 17.0 in the MS group. In GMVDF pattern, 11111 pattern was 30.7%, followed by 01111 for men and 11101 for women. Calorie, fat, and cholesterol intakes in men as well as, calorie, fat, and folate intakes in women in the MS group were higher compared to the non MS group. Intakes of protein, P, Fe, Na, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin E, and Zn were higher than the KDRIs. On the other hand, intakes of Ca, K, fiber, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin C were below the KDRIs. Intakes of lipids, animal food, Na, and cholesterol in the MS group were higher compared to the non MS group, whereas intake of dietary fiber was lower. Our results indicate that continuous, systematic nutritional education program must implemented to reduce the risk factors associated with MS.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 2003

Net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) bulls were estimated in twenty-eight fasting metabolism trials using seven different feeds at four stages of body weight(100, 200, 300 and 400kg). Three cattle for each of twenty-eight trials fed at a level of maintenance energy requirement were housed in metabolic stalls during the 5 days of collection period. Thereafter, during the 2 days of respiration period the heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. After finishing the respiratory metabolism trials under the maintenance level, experimental animals were fasted for 5 days and were measured heat production by indirect calorimetry using respiratory chamber. Seven different feeds were: 1) mixed ration of concentrate and rice straw, 2) mixed ration of concentrate and mixed grass hay, 3) mixed ration of concentrate and corn silage, 4) rice straw alone, 5) mixed grass hay alone, 6) corn silage alone, 7) concentrate alone. Fasting heat production were 66.05/$W^{0.75}$ at 100kg of body weight and 60~63kcal/$W^{0.75}$ at 200~400kg of body weight. When subtracting heat loss by muscular work from the fasting heat production, basal metabolic rate was 55.92kcal/$W^{0.75}$. The average values of NEm requirements were obtained by adding urinary energy excretion to the basal metabolic rates were 69.1, 62.1, 65.8 and 64.4kcal/$W^{0.75}$ for the four stages of body weight, respectively. The ME requirement for maintenance could be calculated using retained energy and the efficiency of utilization of ME for net energy. The ME requirement for maintenance thus obtained was 102.69kcal/$W^{0.75}$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1991

Cuticular penetration and detoxication as mechanisms of resistance to the carbamate insecticides in fenobucarb-selected($R_{f}$) and carbofuran-selected($R_{c}$) strains of the brown planthopper (N. lugens Stal) were investigated. Rates of penetration were not significantly different in the susceptible and resistant strains. However, total amount of excretion of the $R_{f}$ and $R_{c}$ strains were much larger than that of the susceptible strain. Fenovucarb and carbofuran were in vivo metabolizd much faster in the $R_{f}$ strain than in the susceptible strain. OSBP(o-sec-butyl phenol) and 3-ketocarbofuran phenol were invitro the major metabolites of fenobucarb and carbofuran in the brown planthopper, respectively. Total amount of the two major metabolites were produced abotu 2 times larger in the $R_{f}$ and $R_{c}$ strains compared to the susceptible strain. OSBP and 3-ketocarbofuran phenol were not so toxic to the brown planthopper ($LD_{50}$ >100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g hopper). Based on our data, detoxication plays a large role in resistance to fenobucarb and carbofuran in the resistant strain of BPH, although several resistance factors maybe involved.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.212-215
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• 2005

연령의 증가에 따른 신경원의 활성화도 변화는 기억 및 집행기능 등의 인지기능에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 그러나 어떠한 뇌 영역의 기능적 저하가 연령증가에 따라 남자와 여자에서 차별적으로 인지기능의 변화를 가져오는지에 대해서는 거의 알려진 바가 없다. F-18 FDG PET을 이용하여 78명의 정상 성인 남녀를 대상으로 뇌 포도당 대사량을 조사하였다. 남녀가 공통적으로 연령증가에 따라 뇌 포도당 대사량의 저하를 보이는 영역은frontal lobe과 left insula, right anterior cingulate gyrus, bilateral caudate body, thalamus. right corpus callosum 이었다. 여성의 경우 남성과 달리 추가적으로 right caudate와 bilaterial thalamus에서 연령과 뇌 포도당대사량 간에 부적 상관을 보이고 있었다(P < 0.001 uncorrected). 남녀 모두에서 연령이 증가하면서 포도당 대사 저하를 보이는 right inferior frontal gyrus는 여자에게서만 포도당대사 감소비율이 유의하게 컸다. 남녀에서 보이는 이러한 노화 과정 동안의 뇌 포도당 대사의 저하율의 차이가 여성과 남성의 연령증가에 따른 인지적 기능의 차별적 저하에 대한 설명을 제시할 수 있을 것이라 생각한다.