• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.103-109
• /
• 2004

The present study prepared 72 test samples - 24 made of amalgam alloy, 24 of Verabond (Ni-Cr alloy) for crown and 24 of Talladium $^{TM}alloy$ for denture - according to the manufacturers' manuals and general method in consideration of the width of the mesial-distal dental crown of the lower $1^{st}$ molar and MOD cavity in clinics, put them in a 200 ml beaker containing 80 ml of artificial saliva, and measured their galvanic corrosion at distances of 0 mm, 7 mm and 40 mm after 7 days. Isolated metals in the electrolyte such as Cu, Ag, Ni, Cr, Sn, Zn and Hg were quantitatively analyzed with Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES, JY-50P, VG Elemental Co. France), and from the results were drawn conclusions as follows. First, Cu, Sn, Ag, Hg and Zn were highly advantageous when amalgam contacted gold alloy compared to Ni-Cr alloy for crown and Talladium alloy for denture. In addition, although gold alloy was finest in terms of oral tissue and biocompatibility, it was most disadvantageous when it was with amalgam. Second, when amalgam contacted gold alloy, heavy metals such as Ni and Cr were not isolated at all because gold alloy did not contain such elements but Sn was isolated as much as $227.1{\pm}18.0035{\mu}g/cm^2$ although it was not included in the composition either. Hg was also isolated. These elements are assumed to have been isolated from amalgam itself. Third, when amalgam alloy was apart from gold alloy 0 mm, 7 mm and 40 mm, Cu and Ag showed significance but Hg did not. This suggests that gold alloy must not be used together with amalgam, and must not be used between dissimilar prostheses regardless of distance. Fourth, when amalgam alloy contacted Ni-Cr alloy for crown, Ag was not isolated from the amalgam, but Zn, Ni, Sn, Hg and Cu were isolated in order of quantity. Significance was observed according to distance - 0 mm, 7 mm and 40 mm. Hg was not isolated but heavy metals Ni and Cr were isolated. If amalgam alloy was in the opposite arch or it was apart from Ni-Cr alloy for crown, the isolation Hg was less than that when amalgam alloy contacted Ni-Cr alloy for crown. Fifth, when amalgam alloy contacted Talladium alloy for denture, significance was observed at distances of 0mm, 7 mm and 40 mm. Hg was not isolated but heavy metals Ni and Cr were isolated. If amalgam alloy was in the opposite arch or it was apart from Talladium alloy for denture, the isolation Hg was less than that when amalgam alloy contacted Talladium alloy for denture. Sixth, according to the result of ICPES test on Cu, Sn, Ag, Hg, Zn, Ni and Cr of amalgam alloy, gold ally, Verabond and Talladium alloy when these alloys contacted artificial saliva, significance was observed in Cu and Hg. Seventh, when amalgam alloy contracted two non-precious metals Ni-Cr alloy for crown and Talladium alloy for denture in artificial saliva, significance was observed in the isolated by-products of Hg, Ni and Cr according to distance.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.287-294
• /
• 2014

Gallstone is the most common disease of the biliary system. Korean has experienced an increase in the percentage of cholesterol gallstones. The major risk factors associated with cholesterol gallstones are age, gender as well as obesity. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of gallstones in the last three years and evaluate the associated risk factors in the population who underwent health screening. The study population consisted of 2,484 males and 2,212 females who visited the health promotion center in Dalseogu, Daegu in Korea from January 2011 to December 2013. Each participant in the study had their biliary system gallbladder examined using ultrasonography. Classified as underweight, normal weight or overweight using the population of obese according to the body mass index, and classified according to mood diagnosis of diabetes presented by the American Diabetes Association. Fasting blood glucose and number of liver function, the divided the control group by referring to the normal liver function values used herein. The geological map, I was classified as NCEP APT III. A showed of total 148 people were found to have gallstones. The prevalence of sex among 148 patients (3.15%) 84 men (1.79%) and 64 women 1.36%) which shows significantly there is little difference. 1.84% 40 years and below, 3.38% 40's showed age prevalence was 4.66% in 50's and above. In addition, Total-cholesterol was at the most in 52 people, LDL-cholesterol in 398 people, Triglyceride in 36 people, HDL-cholesterol in 19 people. The abnormal group, was created from the total-cholesterol categories from a physical examination of a subject that has been found to be gallstones in the gallbladder. A result of conducting the univariate analysis shows the prevalence of gallstones, a correlation that is meaningful. The logistic regression analysis of multiple ages was chosen to show risk factors age independent cholelithiasis. In spite of the conclusion, gallstones are not displayed in relation to the metabolic syndrome but in order to clarify this, not only the subject of a health examination is needed but, a further study of the general public when possible.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.241-245
• /
• 1983

PraziquantEI ($Distocide^{\circledR}$), the KcrEan product, was tEstEd for its safety and Efficacy in treatmEnt of Clonorchis sinensiJ infccticn during the period from April to SeptembEr, 1983 in Korea. A total of 55 egg positive cases were selected and treated with the regimen of 25 mg/kg t.i.d. for 1 day (total 75 mg/kg). The follow-up stool examination was done in 47 cases by cellophane thir;k smear and Stoll's egg counting techniques. The 8 uncured cases were treated again with the same regimen. The laboratory tests for blood picture and liver function were done in 27 cases and compared before and after the treatment. The results obtainEd are as follows: 1. After single course treatment, the cure and egg reduction rates were 83.0 and 99.1% respectively. With the second treatment, excellent results of 100% in both rates were obtained. 2. Several kinds of side effects such as dizziness, headache, etc. were complained by 29 cases (61.7 %), however, those were so mild and transient that no special treatment was necessary. 3. No significant change in laboratory findings was recognizable before and after the treatment. From the above results, it is concluded that $Distocide^{\circledR}$ is as effective and safe as $Biltricide^{\circledR}$ and highly recommendable in treatment of C. sinensis infection.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.26 no.4 s.44
• /
• pp.628-649
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to the poor school performance of the elementary school children. Two schools in Taegu, one in the affluent area and the other in the poor area, were selected and a total of 175 children whose school performance was within low 10 percentile (poor performers) and 97 children whose school performance were within high 5 percentile (good performers) in each class of 2nd, 4th and 6th grades were tested for the physical health, behavioral problem and family background. Each child had gone through a battery of tests including visual and hearing acuity, anthropometry (body weight, height, head circumference), intelligence (Kodae Stanford-Binet test), test anxiety (TAI-K), neurologic examination by a developmental pediatrician and heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, Zn) in hair by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A questionnaire was administered to the mothers for prenatal and prenatal courses of the child, family environment, child's developmental history, and child's behavioral and learning problems. Another questionnaire was administered to the teachers of the children for the child's family background, arithmatic & language abilities and behavioral problem. The poor school performance had a significant correlation with male gender, high birth order, broken home, low educational and occupational levels of parents, visual problem, high test anxiety score, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), poor physical growth (weight, height, head circumference) and low I.Q. score. The factors that had a significant correlation with the poor school performance in multiple logistic regression analysis were child's birth order (odds ratio=2.06), male gender(odds ratio=5.91), broken home(odds ratio=9.29), test anxiety score(odds ratio=1.07), ADHD (odds ratio=9.67), I.Q. score (odds ratio=0.85) and height less than Korean standard mean-1S.D.(odds ratio=11.12). The heavy metal contents in hair did not show any significant correlation with poor school performance. However the lead and cadmium contents were high in males than in females. The lead content was negatively correlated with child's grade(P<0.05) and zinc was positively correlated with grade (P<0.05). among the factors that showed a significant correlation with the poor school performance, high birth order, short stature and ADHD may be modified by a good family planning, good feeding practice for infant and child, and early detection and treatment of ADHD. Also, teacher and parents should restrain themselves from inducing excessive test anxiety by forcing the child to study and over-expecting beyond the child's intellectual capability.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.51 no.7
• /
• pp.747-753
• /
• 2008

Purpose : Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Early atherosclerotic changes in the arterial walls begin in adolescence and the risk factors are associated with its development. To assess the usefulness of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), as a marker of early atherosclerosis, we evaluated the structural and functional characteristics of the carotid artery and investigated their relationshop with the metabolic and anthropometric parameters in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods : For this study, we enrolled 23 children with type 1 diabet and 19 age and sex-equivalent healthy children as the control group. Metabolic and anthropometric parameters such as serum lipid levels, plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and body mass index were measured after a 12-h fasting period. The carotid artery IMT was measured by a high-quality ultrasound system, and compliance, and distensibility were calculated by an equation. Results : There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to the sex ratio, age, blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels' however, HbA1c levels were significantly higher in the diabetic children ($8.5{\pm}1.8$ vs. $5.0{\pm}0.2$, P=0.001). Ultrasonographic findings showed that compared with the control group, the diabetic group had higher IMT ($0.45{\pm}0.06mm$ vs. $0.41{\pm}0.04mm$, P=0.04), but there were no significant differences in compliance and distensibility. The HbA1c (P=0.002) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.026) levels were independent IMT predictors in the diabetic group. Conclusion : Here, the carotid artery IMT was higher in the diabetic group, and it is correlated with atherosclerotic risk factor. Thus, carotid IMT could be evaluated as a marker of early atherosclerosis in diabetic children.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.29 no.3 s.54
• /
• pp.439-449
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between change in obesity indices and change in serum lipids in adult male workers. Two-hundred-eight adult male workers of an industry in Taegu city were followed-up from 1991 to 1995. Height, weight, circumferences of hip and waist, blood pressure were measured and serum lipids were analysed. Data on life style were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Mean differences of anthropometric measurements between 1991 and 1995 were as follows: 1.63kg in weight, 3.61cm in waist circumferences, 4.23cm in hip circumferences, $0.52kg/m^2$ in BMI and -0.021 in WHR. Those of lipids were as follows; 15.09mg/dl in total cholesterol, 20.43mg/dl in triglyceride, 9.40mg/dl in HDL-cholesterol, 2.87 in MI - index (p<0.01) and 350mg/dl in LDL-cholesterol. The changed value of BMI and Katsura index were strongly correlated with that of total cholesterol(r=0.174, p<0.05), the changed value of BMI correlated with that of triglyceride(r=0.374, p<0.01) and the changed value of weight correlated with that of MI index(r=-0.173, p<0.05). The changed value of WHR was signifiantly correlated with that of total cholesterol(r=0.162, p<0.05), however, was not significantly correlated with HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and MI index. The changed value of weight, BMI and Katsura index were correlated with that of triglyceride (r=0.262, p<0.01; r=0.267, p<0.01; r=0.258, p<0.01) and the changed value of MI index(r=0.143, p<0.05; r=-0.158; r=-0.144, p<0.01), adjusting the pattern of change in life style. The changed values of HDL - cholesterol and MI index between 1991 and 1995 in low WHR group were significantly higher than those in high WHR group(p<0.05, p<0.01), adjusting the baseline value of them. Similar pattern was observed when considering Katsura index. When stratifying by BMI value of 1991, in low BMI group, the changed value of HDL - cholesterol and MI index showed the same pattern as above, however that of triglyceride was statistically higher in obese group than in non obese group(p<0.05). In conclusion BMI might be a better indicator to predict serum lipids change than other obesity indices.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.362-369
• /
• 2002

Background : Anemia is still the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide, especially in adolescence because of an insufficient supply of iron, an increased iron requirement due to accelerated physical growth and blood loss due to menstruation in girls. This study was designed to assess the anemia and serum iron status of middle school girls. Methods : Hematologic examinations, physical examinations and questionnaires were performed for middle school girls in 1990, 1997, 1999 and 2000. Anemia was defined as a serum hemoglobin level of less than 11.5 g/dL. Iron deficiency was defined as a serum ferritin level of less than 10 ng/mL. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as anemia plus one of the following; MCV less than 78 fL, Ferritin level less than 10 ng/mL or Transferrin saturation rate less than 10%. Results : There was no significant difference in mean Hb between urban and rural areas and decreases in mean Hb as with age. The prevalence of anemia decreased by year; 13.5% in 1990, 6.9 % in 1997, 6.0% in 1999, and 5.7% in 2000. It was high in high school girls(10.1% in 1997 and 12.6% in 2000). The prevalence of iron deficiency decreased by year; 36.1% in 1990, 13.9% in 1997, 13.3% in 1999, and 23.2% in 2000. It was 21.3% in 1997 high school girls and 37.8% in 2000. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia(IDA) decreased by year; 10.0% in 1990, 4.6% in 1997, 8.3% in 1999, and 6.1% in 2000. It was 11.6% in 1997 high school girls and 18.6% in 2000. Conclusion : Although the prevalence of iron deficiency decreased during this period, the prevalence of anemia in the elder adolescence girls was high. Two things are recommended; first, it is necessary to screen for anemia in middle school girls and high risk groups, second, it is important to evaluate the knowledge of nutrition and to enforce effective nutritional education, leading to subjects receiving adequate nutrition.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.532-543
• /
• 2004

The teacher appointment examination is consisted of a written test, an interview, a demonstration of teaching practices, one's academic record etc. The primary written test(full credit of 100) consists of multiple-choice test of general pedagogy(30%) and constructed response test of science(70%). The science test consists of science education($20{\sim}30%$) and science content($70{\sim}80%$). Five science exams were implemented for appointing general science, physics, chemistry, biology and earth science teachers in 2002 and 2003. The credits alloted to science education domain decreased from $25.7{\sim}30%$ in 2002 to $24.3{\sim}25.7%$ in 2003. The percentage of correct answer was similar between science education and science content domain in 2002, but the percentage of correct answer in science education domain(70.2%) was 29.8% higher than that of science content domain in 2003. Earth science exam almost reached the target mean score of 60 but the other four exams showed the mean scores ranging from 45.0 to 52.7 in 2002 and from 40.1 to 49.6 in 2003. The percentage of high difficulty items(p<40%) was 41.2% in physics and chemistry in 2002, 50% in physics and chemistry, and 45% in biology in 2003. Seventy eight percent of the items showed fairly high discrimination index(r>.30). In addition, the reliabilities of 5 tests were from .79 to .88. In conclusion, it is recommended that the credits alloted to science education domain should be increased up to 30%, and exam difficulties should be lowered to a proper level by making science content items easier.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of systemic oral health education on the improvement of knowledge levels and patient hygiene performance(PHP) for elementary school students. The randomly selected 1st and 5th grade students in a public elementary school of Taegu city were divided by education group(118 students) and non-education group(122 students). The oral health education lesson was systematically held on the education group once a month for 4 months. The questionnaire queried all the subjects about their knowledge and attitudes before and after oral health education, and PHP was also tested at the same time. Corresponding p-values were significantly considered at values less than 0.05. The obtained results were as follows: Due to the oral health education lesson, the education group of both 1st and 5th grade students came to have a higher knowledge level than the non-education group. There was high improvement of items such as toothbrushing time, toothbrushing method, cause of dental caries, treatment after tooth damage, and tongue-brushing. Therefore, these items should be educated to all the elementary school students. By increaseing the knowledge level of oral health after education, the PHP index in the education group was significantly decreased in comparison to the non-education group and hence the capability of oral health management improved. From the above results, a systematically and periodically oral health education system for elementary school students can improve the knowledge level and capability of oral health management. Further study will be required to develop an easy and acceptable systemic oral health education program for elementary schools.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 1981

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the optimal fertilization ratio of the cations(K: Ca: Mg) in various soil conditions. Soil samples were collected from uncultivated mountains and hills where development for grass lands is under consideration. The optimum ratios were computed by the Homes systematic variation technique. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The optimum fertilization ratios of the cations (K : Ca : Mg) for the high yields of grass-clover mixed sward at various areas were obtained (Table 4) 2. The relatively high optimum fertilization ratios of K in Daegu and Taegwalryong, Ca in Unbong, and Mg in Cheju district gave the high yields of clover in mixed sward. They were positively related to the low contents of the above cations in the soils or the relatively low content ratio comparing with other cations. 3. The yields of clover in mixed sward were seriously affected by the changes in both the fertilization ratio and total concentration of cations comparing to those of the grass yields. As a consequence, total yields, quality, and botanical composition of the mixed sward were also affected. 4. The antagonis among the cations K, Ca, and Mg was known from the point of mineral contents of grass and clover. 5. The equivalent ratio K/(Ca+Mg) or grass was greatly increased by the range of 2.4 and 3.3 in the K-group treatment, which was higher than the critical level 2.2 of grass tetany, otherwise that. of clover by the range of 0.9 and 1.2. Therfore, it may be concluded that if the botanical composition of grass/legume sward is optimum, the incidence of grass tetany can be eliminated.