• Title/Summary/Keyword: 단조박편

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A Study on the Metallurgical Characteristic of Hammer Scale Produced through Traditional Iron-making Experiments (전통 제철실험을 통해 생산된 단조박편의 재료과학적 특성 연구)

  • Cho, Sung Mo;Cho, Nam Chul
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.738-747
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    • 2021
  • This study attempted to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced as a direct smelting method restoration experiment for each raw material of iron. To this end, four hammer scale groups were set up, respectively, by experimenting with Gyeongju-Gampo Iron sand and Yangyang Iron ore. For the analysis, principal component analysis, compound analysis, microstructure observation, and chemical composition were confirmed. As a result of principal component analysis, as forging and refining progressed, the content of Fe increased and the content of non-metallic objects decreased. As a result of compound analysis, iron oxide-based compounds were identified. As a result of confirming microstructure and chemical composition, Wüstite and Fayalite were observed overall, and agglomerated Wüstite were observed in some. Magnetite on shape of polygon and pillar was observed. In addition, it was confirmed that internal defects, impurities, and non-metallic interventions gradually decreased. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced through restoration experiments using various raw material of iron, and compare them with those excavated from Iron manufacture ruins.

Material Characteristics of Forge Welded Bar and By-product through Reproduction Experiment to the Refining and Forge Welding Process (정련·단접 공정 재현 실험을 통해 생산된 소재 및 부산물의 재료학적 특성)

  • Oh, Min Jee;Cho, Hyun Kyung;Cho, Nam Chul;Han, Jung Uk
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.87-96
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    • 2018
  • This study analyzed the influence of folding time on the forge welded bar and hammer scale produced using the traditional refining and forge welding reproduction experiment. In the case of the forge welded bar, increasing the forging time decreased the percentage of impurities and porosity from 26.09% to 1.8%. Additionally, the hardness increased by an average of 36.88 HV. In other words, the microstructure gradually became more precise. For the hammer scale, the amount of T Fe increased with forging time. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of quartz, fayalite, $w{\ddot{u}stite$, and magnetite. The amount of quartz decreased as the forging time increased. In addition, as the forging time increased, the granular $w{\ddot{u}stite$ changed into a cohesive, long, white band. The results provide information on the characteristics of the forge welded bar and hammer scale produced in the refining and forging process. This information can be used as technical data for ancient steel making processes as well as for future technological systems.

Forging Process Technology as Observed in the Microstructure of a Hammer Scale Excavated from the Naju Bogam-ri Remains (나주 복암리 유적 출토 단조박편의 미세조직을 통한 단야 공정 기술체계 연구)

  • Song, Jung Il;Woo, Kee Do
    • Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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    • v.50 no.8
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    • pp.599-603
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    • 2012
  • The microstructure of a hammer scale excavated from the Bogam-ri was examined in an effort to understand the iron technologies applied in the manufacturing of an iron forging process technology. The microstructures of oxide layer in the hammer scale were found to have crucial information about the ancient iron forging process treatment. The microstructure observed in the hammer scale can be distinguished by the forging process. First, the microstructure of the oxide layer in the hammer scale created by the forging process is Wstite (FeO) in the form of leaves. Latterly, the microstructure of the $W{\ddot{u}}stite$(FeO) in the hammer scale is observed to be in the form of a flat shape formed by a repeating forging process.

A Provenance Study of Iron Archaeological Sites in the Gyeongsang Province: Petrographic and Geochemical Approaches (경상지역 제철유적의 산지추정 연구: 암석기재학 및 지화학적 접근)

  • Jaeguk Jo;Seojin Kim;Jiseon Han;Su Kyoung Kim;Dongbok Shin;Byeongmoon Kwak;Juhyun Hong;Byeongyong Yu;Jinah Lim
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.56 no.4
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    • pp.475-499
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    • 2023
  • To infer the provenance of raw iron materials utilized in iron production at the archaeological sites in Gyeongsang province, petrographic and geochemical analyses were conducted for smelting samples and major iron ores sourced from ore deposits. The smelting samples excavated from various iron archaeological sites were classified into different types according to their refining processes, such as iron bloom, iron bloom slag, pig iron, pig iron slag, forging iron flake, smithery iron, iron flake, and arrowhead. These samples exhibited discernable differences in their mineralogical components and texture. The enrichments of major elements such as aluminum and calcium in silicate minerals of the residual slags and the high contents of trace elements such as nickel and copper in some iron-making relics reflect the characteristics of raw iron ores, and thus can be regarded as potential indicators for inferring the provenance of source materials. In particular, the compositional ranges of Pb-Sr isotope ratios for the iron smelting samples were classified into three categories: 1) those exhibiting similar ratios to those of the raw iron ores, 2) those enriched in strontium isotope ratio, and 3) those enriched in both lead and strontium isotope ratios. The observed distinct Pb-Sr isotope characteristics in the iron smelting samples suggest the potential contribution of specific additives being introduced during the high-temperature refining process. These results provide a new perspective on the interpretation of the provenance study of the iron archaeological samples in Gyeongsang province, particularly in terms of the potential contribution of additives on the refining process.