• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 1992.07a
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• pp.21-32
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• 1992

Pesticides are regarded as one of indispensable materials used in agriculture to protect pests and to keep the agriculture productions steadily. However, food contamination arisen from their application has brought about public concerns for safety suspicion to human health. A brief presentation is given in this paper on what has been conducted against pesticide residues to evaluate and ensure the safety of agro-products. The commonest countermeasures to keep safety would be the establishment of MRLs and safe-use guidelines of pesticides according to good agricultural practices. Korean MRLs have bun established on 38 chemicals with 56 commodities and in the case of safe-use guidelines 344 formulation items have been done by the government. On the other hand, no satisfactory information is still available to evalute the actual residue levels in domestic agro-products, but a cautious proposal could be suggested through the fragmentary monitoring data of pesticide residues, so that the current residue levels would be far from potent hazard enough to cause chronic impact on human. The most important thing is to have the farmers keep safe use guidelines at pesticide application for the production of safe agriculture commodities.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.350-358
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• 2013

Both 13-week and 1-year studies in dog were required for pesticide registration in domestic pesticide control authority. It is raising issue up whether to request 1-year dog study of pesticides using non-food crop. So at this investigation, relevant toxicity test to establish acceptable daily intake (ADI), target organs, difference of no-observed adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) in 13-week and 1-year of 166 active ingredients are analyzed. The data were evaluated to determine if the 13-week dog study and the long term studies in two rodent species (mice and rats) without 1-year dog study were sufficient for the identification of NOAELs and lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) for the derivation of ADI. Toxicity end points and dose response data from 13 week and 1-year studies were compared. The analysis showed that 68 ADIs of the 166 pesticides were established from dog studies. Major target organs of dog studies were liver in 49 cases, body weight change in 21 cases, cholinesterase inhibition in 16 cases, and alteration in hematology in 14 cases. Similarity of target organ in 13-week and 1-year was 73%. 22 of 40 pesticides had similar critical effects regardless of duration and had NOAELs within a difference of 1.5-fold of each other. For the remaining 18 pesticides, 14 items had lower NOAELs in the 1-year study than 13-week study primarily due to dose selection and spacing. In only 10% of the cases were additional toxic effects identified in the 1-year study that were not observed in the 13-week study.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.216-222
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• 2009

The present study aims to monitor pesticide residues in cut flowers collected from the farms and markets. Cut flowers used in this study included rose, lily and chrysanthemum collected from June to September, 2008. Samples were collected once from farms in Hwasung, Goyang (Gyeonggi-do), Inje (Gangwon-do) and thrice from wholesale market in Namdaemunm, Yangjae and Gangnam (Seoul). Total of 24 pesticides (12 fungicides, 11 pesticides and 1 acaricide) were detected from samples collected from farm and total of 64 pesticides (25 fungicides, 36 pesticides, 1 acaricide and 2 fungicides) were detected from samples collected from wholesale market. The highest detection frequency of pesticide from farm was for carbaryl (15%) and for boscalid, fluacrypyrin, fluquinconazole, methomyl, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrohin (10%), with overall detection of $0.1-36.99\;mg\;kg^{-1}$. While the highest detection frequency of pesticides from wholesale market was for carbaryl, fluquinoconazole and kresoxim-methyl (18.52%), methomyl (16.6%), and methiocarb and thiacloprid (12.96%) with overall detection amount of $0.1-56.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$. Higher amount of pesticides were detected in leaves than in flowers. Among the pesticides detected, detection frequency of unregistered pesticides for rose, chrysanthemum and lily was 55%, 60% and 63% collected from farms and 47%, 60% and 89% collected from markets, respectively. These pesticides require registration and further monitoring in floricultural crops.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 2013

This is the result of pesticide residue monitoring certified Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) by national agricultural cooperative federation (NACF) from 2009 to 2012. NACF evaluated simultaneously 283 pesticide multi-analysis method with GC (ECD, NPD) and HPLC. 6,590 agricultural products were analyzed in this period. As the results 1) detected 20.27% in 2009, 23.42% in 2010, 28.07% in 2011 and finally 31.75% in 2012, respectively. There was the total detected pesticide residue in the agricultural products. The violated ratio of agricultural products were 2.25% in 2009, 1.82% in 2010, 1.67% in 2011 and 3.47% in 2012, respectively. 13 pesticides went over the maximum residue limits (MRLs); carbendazim was the predominant violation. 40 pesticides; endosulfan was the predominant detected pesticide did not registered respectively crops in Korea. Most agricultural products that were under the MRLs met the safety standard, however agricultural products that contain neither registered nor set up MRL any level for example endosulfan in strawberry. Agricultural products that go over the MRLs with permitted pesticides, for example carbendazim in apple, are rejected. Because of these intricacies continual observation and evaluation will be need during GAP agricultural cultivation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.17 no.2 s.35
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• pp.115-123
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• 1978

Present status on the pesticides production, supply, manufacture and pests control in Korea are summarized. The data in the past several years (1971-76) are analyzed to find out the problems and solutions for the further development of plant protection and pesticide industry in Korea. Since the acreages of crop plantation and the quantities of pesticides uses are already near to the stage of plateau, pesticide formulation with imported technical grade should be modified by local synthesis with imported quality. The government pesticides management act and regulations must be modernized urgently in connection with the synthesis. formulation, tests, registration, quality control. price and supply system as well as the safety use of pesticides. Recommendation concerning acceptable daily intakes(ADI) and residue limits must be established for the strengthning pesticide safety use and plant protection activities as soon as possible. The use of fungicide-insectide mixture in dust formulation must be authorized and practiced immediately for the labor saving and one-hit cooperative mass control of rice disease and insect pests, especially. At present, serious considerations on pesticide safety use and integrated pest control are strongly urged to help the farmers, to save the industries and to keep the nature as it is required.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 2012

In order to survey the actual pesticide usage, this survey was carried out on the growers of 3 plant groups, fruit vegetables, fruits and rice field, from 2009 to 2011. 390 farmers were selected from main production areas to investigate their pesticide application during the growing seasons. Input amounts per area of domestic fruit vegetables was surveyed as 11.6 kg a.i./ha for red pepper of field culture, 2.0 kg a.i./ha for red pepper of greenhouse, 2.3 kg a.i./ha for strawberry, 2.2 kg a.i./ha for watermelon, 4.8 kg a.i./ha for cucumber, 1.5 kg a.i./ha for oriental melon and 2.1 kg a.i./ha for tomato, respectively. Input amounts per area on fruits and on rice field were surveyed as 11.7 kg a.i./ha for apple, 12.5 kg a.i./ha for pear, 7.7 kg a.i./ha for peach, 4.5 kg a.i./ha for grape, 40.0 kg a.i./ha for citrus 5.4 kg a.i./ha for persimmon, and 3.46 kg a.i./ha for rice, respectively. As a result of the actual pesticide usage survey, The safety guideline for pesticide use is generally kept well by all farmers of fruits vegetables, fruits and rice.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

For the development of friendly environmental control of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua that is too hard to control in the field, 25 insecticides were chosen from 58 registered to the beet armyworm, and bioassayed. There are 12 insecticides with neurotoxical activities, 10 with insect growth regulators and 3 Bacillus thuringiensis products. Among 12 insecticides with neurotoxical activities, mortality of S. exigua was 100% with emamectin benzoate (EC) and indoxacarb (WP) within 3 and 5 days after application, respectively. Otherwise, WG and SC of indoxacarb, Indoxacarb + etofenprox (WP) and pyridalyl (EW) were showed up to 91 %. Methoxyfenozide + spinosad (SC) was better than any other insect growth regulator as 100% mortality within 3 days after application. And methoxyfenozide (WP), tebufenozide (WP) and methoxyfenozide (SC) were 92% by 5 days. However, 3 kinds of B. thuringiensis products were showed under 35% mortality within 5 days from first spray.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2004

Toxicities of 42 pesticides (13 acaricides, 13 insecticides, 13 fungicides and 3 adjuvants) commonly used to control rose insect, mite, and disease pests were evaluated to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae egg and adult, and its predator Phytoseiulus persimilis egg, nymph and adult at the recommended concentration. The effect of density suppression of T urticae by predatory mite and pesticide mixture on the rose in the greenhouses was also investigated. Among 13 acaricides tested, acequinocyl, bifenazate, fenbutatin oxide and spirodiclofen showed much less toxicity to P. persimilis than to T urticae. Among insecticides, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, spinosad, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid＋etofenprox showed low toxicity to P. persimilis. and T ruticae. Among 13 fungicides, azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, myclobutanil, nuarimol, triadimefon, triflumizole and oxadixyl＋mancozeb had a negligible effect on P. persimilis and T. urticae. Among three adjuvants, cover and siloxane expressed high toxicity, while spreader showed very low toxicity to P. Persimilis. In the greenhouses experiments, the density of T urticae before treatment was 65.3 mites per leaf. However, their density after release about 30 predatory mites per rose abruptly decreased from 3.8 mites at 11th day to zero mite at 20th day. During survey periods, four treatments of fungicides (kresoxim-methyl, myclobutanil, nuarimol, triflumizole) for the control of Sphaerotheca pannosa and one treatment of insecticide (spinosad) the control of Frankliniella occidentalis were applied, and these treatments had no the pesticides had no effect on the predatory mite density. It may be suggested from these results that four acaricides, five insecticides, seven fungicides, and one adjuvant could be incorporated into the integrated T. urticae management system with P. persimilis on rose cultivation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2009

An extrapolation of residue data of seven commonly used pesticides namely bifenthrin, chlorothalonil, cypermethrin, diazinon, fenvalerate, phenthoate and procymidone on a total of 22 minor crops has been carried out in an experimental field trial. The pesticides were applied to 11 leafy-, 5 root- and 6 stem-crops grown in the experimental green-house and the crops and plants were randomly collected at 1, 3, 5, 7 days after application. The average recoveries of applied pesticides were ranged from 72.0 to 117.0% in leafy crops, from 81.3 to 105.0% in stem crops and from 70.1 to 108.1% in the root-crops. Limits of detection (LODs) were 0.005-0.1 mg/kg in the leafy crops and 0.001-0.005 mg/kg in both the stem & root crops. Based on the results of residual dissipation pattern and their morphology, all crops were classified into high and low residual groups. The results showed that it might be possible to extrapolate residual data of stem-crops to root-crops within the same group. Crops that have currently no registered pesticide for use, would be possible to use the pesticides which are already been registered for the similar crops.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.441-452
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• 2011

This study was carried out to survey the residual characteristics of endocrine disruptor (ED)-suspected pesticides in greenhouse soils and assess their leachabilites to groundwater. Greenhouse soils were collected from 40 sites of greenhouse in 2008 in Korea. Sixteen ED-suspected pesticides which had been using in Korea, such as alachlor, benomyl, carbaryl, cypermethrin, 2,4-D, dicofol, endosulfan, fenvalerate, malathion, mancozeb, metribuzin, metiram, methomyl, parathion, trifluralin, and vinclozolin, in the soils, were analyzed by chromatographic methods using GLC-ECD and HPLC-DAD/FLD. Limits of detection (LODs) of the test pesticides ranged from 0.0004 to 0.005 mg/kg. Recoveries of the target pesticides from soil ranged from 72.69 to 115.28%. Four pesticides including cypermethrin were detected in the range of from 0.001 to 2.019 mg/kg, representing that their detection rate from greenhouse soils was 37.5%. The highest detection rate was observed from endosulfan which was detected from 16 site soils of the total samples, indicating that endosulfan is persistent in soil because of its very low mobility and high adsorption characteristics in soil. Based on the groundwater ubiquity scores (GUSs) of the pesticides detected from greenhouse soils, most of them have little possibilities of groundwater contamination except the fungicide vinclozolin with some leaching potential because of high water solubility and very low soil adsorption property.