• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.854-869
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated secondary science teachers' internalization of constructivistic science teaching who participated in a collaborative program between teachers and researchers designed by researchers according to constructivist views. The program consisted of lecture, workshop, and small group activities. New trends in science education and framework for science teaching were introduced during lectures, and understanding about the framework were deepened by analyzing school science classes recorded during workshops. In small group activities, participating teachers and researchers cooperated to design science lesson plans using science teaching frameworks. Five secondary science teachers participated in collaborative workshops. Collaborative programs were video-taped. Semi-structured interviews were conducted before and after workshops. All data recorded were transcribed and analyzed. In the process of internalization, participating teachers attended on different parts. Various and discernable factors such as there own background, beliefs, values, and school context produced tensions with or facilitated internalization of constructivistic science teaching. Teaching experiences and student understanding affected teachers' lesson planning activities. Teachers also showed different understandings on inquiry, application, and model from the framework, and they interpret those concepts in the framework based on their prior understanding. They perceived that too much content should be dealt within relatively limited time. Therefore, they tended to separate science class into two parts when developing science lessons: explaining science content by lecture and science laboratory as a constructivistic activity. The results of the study provide meaningful implications to the constructivist teacher education and professional development.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.541-553
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between epistemic goals, epistemic considerations and complexity of reasoning of science high school students in an open inquiry and to explore the context on how open inquiry compares with the characteristics of an authentic scientific inquiry. Two teams were selected as focus groups and a case study was conducted. The findings are as follows: First, the contexts, such as 'sharing the value for the phenomenon understanding, reflection on the value of the research, task characteristics that require collaboration and consensus, and sufficient communication opportunities,' promote epistemic goals and considerations. On the other hand, contexts such as 'lack of opportunity for critical review of related literature and environmental constraints' lowered epistemic sides. Second, epistemic goals and considerations influenced the reasoning complexity. The goal of 'scientific sense making' led to reasoning that pose testable hypotheses based on students' own questions. The high justification considerations led to purposely focusing attention to the control designs and developing creative experimental know-how. The high audience considerations led to defending their findings through argumentation and suggesting future research. On the other hand, the goal of 'doing the lesson' and the low justification considerations led to reasoning that did not interpret the meaning of the data and did not control the limit of experiment. The low audience considerations led to reasoning that did not actively defend their findings and not suggest future research. The results of this study suggest that guidance should provide communication and critical review opportunities.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2007

Mothers of Children with Disabilities have many difficulties in parenting because of their children's disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a Group music psychotherapy programs on parenting stress and self efficacy, and to explore the experiences of the mothers who participated in the program. Twenty mothers of children with disabilities participated in this study. These twenty mothers were divided into 10 mothers of each group. The Experimental group participated in the Group music psychotherapy programs, while the control group did not. The Group music psychotherapy program was implemented for 8 weeks. To prove the effects of the program, pretest-posttest control group design was applied. The differences between pre-test and post-test of two groups were analyzed using independent t-test. The quantitative results of the study were as follows: First, a significant differences was found between the experimental group and control group in parenting stress level. Second, a significant differences was found between the experimental group and control group in self-efficacy level. From the qualitative analyses, four themes emerged from the decrement of parenting stress; Positive change of recognition about their children, Getting rid of stress, Keeping their composure, and Sharing of their emotions. And three themes emerged from the increment of self-efficacy; Discovery of oneself, New stimulus, and Mental support. All the result described above shows that group music psychotherapy program gives positive effect to decrease in parenting stress and also to increase in self-efficacy. And new possibility and effectiveness can be proposed in the music therapeutic approach to the parents of children with disabilities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.115-125
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the user's thermal environments under the pergola($L\;7,200{\times}W\;4,200{\times}H\;2,700mn$) covered with Wisteria floribunda(Willd.) DC. according to the variation of leaf area index(LAI). We carried out detailed measurements with two human-biometeorological stations on a popular square Jinju, Korea($N35^{\circ}10^{\prime}59.8^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, $E\;128^{\circ}05^{\prime}32.0^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation: 38m). One of the stations stood under a pergola, while the other in the sun. The measurement spots were instrumented with microclimate monitoring stations to continuously measure air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed, shortwave and longwave radiation from the six cardinal directions at the height of 0.6m so as to calculate the Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI) from $9^{th}$ April to $27^{th}$ September 2017. The LAI was measured using the LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer. The analysis results of 18 day's 1 minute term human-biometeorological data absorbed by a man in sitting position from 10am to 4pm showed the following. During the whole observation period, daily average air temperatures under the pergola were respectively $0.7{\sim}2.3^{\circ}C$ lower compared with those in the sun, daily average wind speed and relative humidity under the pergola were respectively 0.17~0.38m/s and 0.4~3.1% higher compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, Julian day number and were expressed in the equation $y=-0.0004x^2+0.1719x-11.765(R^2=0.9897)$. The average $T_{mrt}$ under the pergola were $11.9{\sim}25.4^{\circ}C$ lower and maximum ${\Delta}T_{mrt}$ under the pergola were $24.1{\sim}30.2^{\circ}C$ when compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, reduction ratio(%) of daily average $T_{mrt}$ compared with those in the sun and was expressed in the equation $y=0.0678{\ln}(x)+0.3036(R^2=0.9454)$. The average UTCI under the pergola were $4.1{\sim}8.3^{\circ}C$ lower and maximum ${\Delta}UTCI$ under the pergola were $7.8{\sim}10.2^{\circ}C$ when compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, reduction ratio(%) of daily average UTCI compared with those in the sun and were expressed in the equation $y=0.0322{\ln}(x)+0.1538(R^2=0.8946)$. The shading by the pergola covered with vines was very effective for reducing daytime UTCI absorbed by a man in sitting position at summer largely through a reduction in mean radiant temperature from sun protection, lowering thermal stress from very strong(UTCI >$38^{\circ}C$) and strong(UTCI >$32^{\circ}C$) down to strong(UTCI >$32^{\circ}C$) and moderate(UTCI >$26^{\circ}C$). Therefore the pergola covered with vines used for shading outdoor spaces is essential to mitigate heat stress and can create better human thermal comfort especially in cities during summer. But the thermal environments under the pergola covered with vines during the heat wave supposed to user "very strong heat stress(UTCI>$38^{\circ}C$)". Therefore users must restrain themselves from outdoor activities during the heat waves.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.100-108
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of shading and ventilation on Mean Radiant Temperature(MRT) of the outdoor space at a summer outdoor. The Wind Speed(WS), Air Temperature(AT) and Globe Temperature(GT) were recorded every minute from $1^{st}$ of May to the $30^{th}$ of September 2011 at a height of 1.2m above in four experimental plots with different shading and ventilating conditions, with a measuring system consisting of a vane type anemometer(Barini Design's BDTH), Resistance Temperature Detector(RTD, Pt-100), standard black globe(${\O}$ 150mm) and data acquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and Compfile Techs' Moacon). To implement four different ventilating and shading conditions, three hexahedral steel frames, and one natural plot were established in the open grass field. Two of the steel frames had a dimension of $3m(W){\times}3m(L){\times}1.5m(H)$ and every vertical side covered with transparent polyethylene film to prevent lateral ventilation(Ventilation Blocking Plot: VP), and an additional shading curtain was applied on the top side of a frame(Shading and Ventilation Blocking Plot: SVP). The third was $1.5m(W){\times}1.5m(L){\times}1.5m(H)$, only the top side of which was covered by the shading curtain without the lateral film(Shading Plot: SP). The last plot was natural condition without any kind of shading and wind blocking material(Natural Open Plot: NP). Based on the 13,262 records of 44 sunny days, the time serial difference of AT and GT for 24 hour were analyzed and compared, and statistical analysis was done based on the 7,172 records of daytime period from 7 A.M. to 8 P.M., while the relation between the MRT and solar radiation and wind speed was analyzed based on the records of the hottest period from 11 A.M. to 4 P.M.. The major findings were as follows: 1. The peak AT was $40.8^{\circ}C$ at VP and $35.6^{\circ}C$ at SP showing the difference about $5^{\circ}C$, but the difference of average AT was very small within${\pm}1^{\circ}C$. 2. The difference of the peak GT was $12^{\circ}C$ showing $52.5^{\circ}C$ at VP and $40.6^{\circ}C$ at SP, while the gap of average GT between the two plots was $6^{\circ}C$. Comparing all four plots including NP and SVP, it can be said that the shading decrease $6^{\circ}C$ GT while the wind blocking increase $3^{\circ}C$ GT. 3. According to the calculated MRT, the shading has a cooling effect in reducing a maximum of $13^{\circ}C$ and average $9^{\circ}C$ MRT, while the wind blocking has heating effect of increasing average $3^{\circ}C$ MRT. In other words, the MRT of the shaded area with natural ventilation could be cooler than the wind blocking the sunny site to about $16^{\circ}C$ MRT maximum. 4. The regression and correlation tests showed that the shading is more important than the ventilation in reducing the MRT, while both of them do an important role in improving the outdoor thermal comfort. In summary, the results of this study showed that the shade is the first and the ventilation is the second important factor in terms of improving outdoor thermal comfort in summer daylight hours. Therefore, it can be apparently said that the more shade by the forest, shading trees etc., the more effective in conditioning the microclimate of an outdoor space reducing the useless or even harmful heat energy for human activities. Furthermore, the delicately designed wind corridor or outdoor ventilation system can improve even the thermal environment of urban area.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.137-157
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to help classifying Sasang Constitution through correlation with sound characteristic. This study was done it under the suppose that Sasang Constitution has correlation with sound spectrogram. The following result were obtained about correlation between sound spectrogram and Sasang Constitution by comparison and analysis 1. Soeumin answered his voice low tone, smooth and quiet in the survey. Soyangin answered his voice high, clear, fast and speaking random. Taeumin answered his voice low, thick and muddy. 2. Taeyangin was significantly slow compared with the others in the time of reading composition. Taeyangin was significantly slow compared with the others in Formant frequency 1. Taeyangin was significantly discriminated from Soeumin in Formant frequency 5. Taeyangin was significantly low compared with the others in Bandwidth 2. Soeumln was significantly low compared with Taeyangin in Pitch Maximum and Pitch Maximum-Pitch Minimum. Taeyangin was significantly high compared with the others in Energy mean. 3. In list of specification, the discrimination rate was higher than that by lists of 13 in the results of Multi-dimensional 4-class minimum-distance. The discrimination rate of three disposition except Soyangin was higher than that of four disposition in the results of One way ANOVA and Analysis of dis crimination in SPSS/PC+. In CART, the estimate rate of Sasang Constitution discrimination was higher than any other method. It is considered that there is a correlation between sound spectrogram and Sasang constitution according to the results. And method of Sasang constitution classification through sound spectrogram analysis can be one method as assistant for the objectification of Sasang constitution classification.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.159-178
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• 2020

This study aimed at exploring male home economics(HE) teachers' identities through narrative inquiry. Considering experiences of HE teachers and diversity in regions, twelve male teachers were chosen, and in-depth interviews were conducted between June 1st and July 31st, 2019. The transcription of the data was transferred to the Hancom Office Hangeul 2010 while the researcher listened to the recordings of the interviews. The total amount of transcription data was 174 pages, and the data were analyzed through open coding, categorization, and category verification. The themes identified as results of this study were as follows: First, 'Coincidence: Breaking the Wall of Prejudice' is related to the experiences that have a great influence on the formation of identity as a male HE teacher: motivation to enter the HE department, educational practice, etc. Through this, the experience of becoming a male HE teacher was recorded. Second, 'Facing: Surviving as a male HE Teacher' captures the current story of male HE teachers and the perspectives of their fellow teachers, family, and friends about male HE teachers. In this section, male HE teachers showed how HE classes and assessments, and their experiences in their lives, influenced their identities. Third, 'Expectations: Growing as a HE teacher' is a story about the future of male HE teachers. The ideal teacher image pursued by male HE teachers was a practical teacher. They hoped that in 10 or 20 years, they would have smooth and professional relationship with students. They advise prospective male HE teachers to become a competent HE teacher regard less of their gender. The significance of this study is that it broke the stereotype of 'HE teachers should be female' and expanded the horizon of HE education by exploring the identities of male HE teachers.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.543-551
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the experience of the parents who examined the first infant oral examination and to understand how to improve the practical oral examination business. In-depth interviews were held with 10 parents who did the first infant oral examination, and their children's age was less than 18 to 29 months. The following conclusions were obtained by deriving the concepts and categories of the recorded contents. First, the main reason for the unsatisfactory examination of this study was that it was formal. Parents were disappointed in the fact that they did not look at the mouth of the child at the same time as it was fast and they said because it is carried out free of charge, it is more formal than the examination for general dental treatment. Second, most of the participants questioned whether they should resume infant oral examination. Third, it appears that the tooth number or dental terminology in the result notice is difficult to understand. Fourth, the opinion on the improvement of the infant oral examinations was should provided that the oral health management information after examination and the direct oral health management method education at the examination. In addition, we identified the need for parents' oral health care education for infants. Therefore, it has been confirmed that in order for the infant oral examination and young children to be practically carried out, the problems should be improved by collecting opinions of the parents. Also it is necessary to search for efficient business management method through repeated research related to infant oral examination.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 2012

This is a basic study for recovering original form of Nongsanbyeoleop(農山別業) in Gangjin, Jeonnam, created in the latter part of Joseon period and the estimation of originla form at the time of creation was conducted by analyzing related literature and inspecting the actual site. "Joseokruki(朝夕樓記)" of Dasan Jung, Yak Yong could estimate spatial structure and using form of Nongsanbyeoleop and the arrangement of spatial structure in literature could be confirm by on-the-site inspection. The results of this study are as follows. The first, Nongsanbyeoleop managed spatial factors applying natural topography. For the spatial characteristics of Nongsanbyeoleop, the location of ancestral ritual space including deceased father's tomb and tomb house far from the main levee of Yun, Kwang Taek, a father of Yun, Seo Yu by 1.9km and housekeeping could be confirmed. The second, spatial estimation by "Joseokruki" could be possible. "Joseokruki" describes Joseokru.Youngmojae.Hanokkwan.Cheokyunjung.Sangam as construction factors, Wundang.Kookdan.Nokwunoh. as plant factors, Sookyunggan.Keumkoji.Nokeumjung.Uijanghae as hydroponic factors and Pyoeunkok.Aengjakang as natural topography factors. However, most of them were disappeared and at present, only Youngmojae, Keumgoji, Kukdan and Wundang show the past trace. The third is for the changed space of Nongsanbyeoleop and its reason. The surrounding space of Nongsanbyeoleop was planated by land arrangement in 1960s and it played a role of topographical damage because it's recognized as the plane factor including Nongsanbyeoleop's surrounding landscape rather than dotted factor. The forth, the actual measurement of Nongsanbyeoleop and digitalization of manual map of numerical value are judged to be sufficient to apply as the basic material for recovering garden in the future. Because of the diatahce changing method applied at that time, the garden recovery of Nongsanbyeoleop intended to be concreted and 3D model established by digitalized basic materials is considered to apply for multilateral studying. Thus, Nongsanbyeoleop which is byeolseo including the tomb of deceased father based on the conceptual hyo thought shows clear differences from the organized factors of Byolseowonrim of precedent studies and the importance of Byolseowonrim is sufficient. But, the constructional factors which cannot know disappeared spatial factors and accurate location became the limitation of this study. In the future, clear verification of original form must be progressed by excavation which can confirm the location of construction factors.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.870-885
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• 2010

The purposes of this study are to examine what the participants experienced when developing Content Representation (CoRe) of "molecular motion" for the 7th grade in collaboration with experienced chemistry-trained teacher and non-chemistry-trained teacher and to investigate how the participants' PCK changed in their classes after developing CoRe. The participants were one experienced chemistry-trained teacher, two physics-trained teachers, and one researcher. The participants were selected by purposeful sampling. For this study, the discussions on developing CoRe was recorded and two physics-trained participants' classes were video-taped, and constructed/semiconstructed interviews were conducted. All data were transcribed for analysis. The participants experienced reflective thinking of their knowledge and previous classes, corrected their own misconception and clarified those conception, recognized the contents and the goals of "molecular motion" class, enhanced understanding of students' preconception during the development of CoRe. Especially, the two physics-trained teacher-participants confessed that they recognized clearly the contents and the goals of "molecular motion" class and identified their deficiency in 'particle viewpoint' in their previous classes. Their recognition was realized in the course of interaction with experienced chemistry-trained teacher. Among the components of PCK, knowledge of science curriculum was most influent on two physics-trained teacher-participants' classes, and they emphasized 'particle viewpoint' and 'molecular motion' in their classes. In addition, they introduced new teaching strategies that were discussed in the course of developing CoRe. The influence on the participants' PCK was different according to their reflective thinking on their own knowledge and previous classes and their affective characteristic. The implication of this study is that, the course of developing CoRe can promote reflective thinking that is essential for increasing teachers' professionalism and significantly influence on PCK. Especially, developing CoRe in collaboration with experienced chemistry-trained teacher and non-chemistry-trained teacher can identify deficiency in their classes and thereby, improve their classes. And, it takes time and effort to internalize the participant's recognition in their teaching practice.