• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

Phylogenetic studies were conducted for 42 populations of Korean viola based on matK gene and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region of chloroplast DNA. In the matK tree, section Chamaemelanium and Dischidium were formed as a distinct group. Five subsections of section Nomimium were paraphyletic. In atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region analysis, two species of sect. Chamaemelanium were monophyletic, and section Dischidium was placed sister to subsection patellares clade except for V. keiskei. Five subsections of section Nomimium were also paraphyletic as matK tree. the separate data analyses were incongruent in the relationships among 42 populations, especially for the position of section Dischidium and V. keiskei. The combined analyses of two chloroplast regions showed three major clades; section Chamaemelanium and Dischidium (x=6) formed a sister to subsections Hypocarpae and Trigonocarpae (x=10) clade; subsections Bilobatae and vaginatae (x=10 or 12) formed a clade with V. keiskei; and 19 populations of subsection patellares (x=12) except for V. keiskei were recognized as an independent clade within section Nomimium. Although combined data suggest three major clades of Korean viola, the origins of each clade from outgroup were discordance with previous ITS and trnL-F data.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.7-23
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• 2005

Molecular phylogenetic studies were conducted to evaluate interspecific relationships in 40 populations of Viola including 35 Korean taxa, four Japanese populations and one outgroup using nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. The phylogenetic analyses were conducted using parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. Subsection Trigonocarpae of section Nomimium appeared as the most basal clade within the Korean Viola. Section Dischidium and Chamaemelanium was monophyletidbootstrap 100%) and placed between subsect. Trigonocarpae and three other subsections of sect. Nomimium. Sect. Nomimium was paraphyletic. Although each subsectional grouping was in accordance with previous infrageneric classification based on morphological characters, yet discordance remained at the series level. Two evolutionary trends observed in the ITS tree were as follows. First, subsect. Trigonocarpae(x=10) was derived from the outgroup(x=6); Second, subsects. Bilobatae and Vaginatae(x=10 or 12), and subsect. Patellares(x=12) of sect. Nomimium were originated from sects. Dischidium and Chamaemelanium(x=6). Viola albida complex including three very closely related taxa was recognized as independent group within subsect. Patellares in parsimony tree. This result suggested that they should be treated as a taxa in series Pinnatae. Phylogenetic position of a putative hybrid species, Viola woosanensis was not supported with previous morphological hypothesis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.397-416
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• 2002

A taxonomic study of Viola section Chamaemelanium in Korea, based on morphological characters, was conducted with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Two species, V. orientalis W. Becker and V. brevistipulata (Fr. et Sav.) W. Becker, are recognized by rhizome and cauline habits, trichomes on the ovary and the shape and beards of stigmas. The latter can be split further into three varieties, var. brevistipulata, var. minor Nakai and var. laciniata (Boiss.) W. Becker, according to the leaf morphology in particular. Viola brevistipulata var. laciniata has the most tooth number, and its teeth are irregular erose but the other two varieties are regular sinuate or serrate. As for the size of leaves, V. brevistipular var. brevistipulata is the largest but V. brevistipulata var. minor is the smallest among the varities. Of them, V. brevistipulata var. laciniata is newly recorded in Korea. It was also revealed that both development and arrangement of the beards developed on the ovary and stigma were particularly diagnostic in the identification of the Viola section Chamaemelanium species.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-61
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• 2004

Molecular taxonomic studies were conducted to evaluate interspecific relationships in Korean Viola 34 taxa including two Japanese populations using RAPD(randornly amplified polymorphic DNA), ISSR(inter simple sequence repeat) and PCR-RFLP(restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis. Only six and four primers out of 40 arbitrary and 12 ISSR primers were screened for 34 taxa, and were revealed 70 (98.6%) and 28 (96.6%) polymorphic bands, respectively. Fifteen restriction endonucleases produced 80 restriction sites and size variations from the large single copy region of cpDNA, 16 (20%) of which were polymorphic. The separate analyses from the RAPD, ISSR and PCR-RFLP data were incongruent in the relationships among 34 taxa, but combined data was in accordance with previous infrageneric classification system based on morphological characters, especially the subsection and series level. Section Chamaemelanium placed between subsect. Patellares and Vagimtae of section Nomimium was not formed as a distinct group. Viola alb ida complex including three very closely related taxa was recognized independent group within subsect. Patellares in combined data tree. This result strongly suggested that they should be treated to series Pinmtae. RAPD analysis was very useful to clarify the interspecific relationships among the species of Korean Viola than ISSH and PCR-RFLP analyses.