• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.186-195
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• 2018

A field study was conducted over a 3-year period from 2014 to 2016 in the central plain area, Suwon, Korea, 1) to compare the biomass production between machine-transplanted and water-broadcast seeded silage rice and 2) to elucidate the growth factors that affect the difference in biomass production between the two cultivation practices. The heading date for the water-broadcast seeded silage rice was September 11-18, which was delayed by 11-17 days when compared to that for the machine-transplanted silage rice. On average, water-broadcast seeded silage rice had a shorter plant height, more panicles per area, and a greater biomass production because of the increased straw dry weight. However, the difference in dry weight of each plant organ between the two cultivation practices exhibited yearly variation. When the data were pooled across experimental years, cultivation practices, and varieties, biomass production was highly positively correlated with straw dry weight but not with panicle dry weight. When the ratio of water-broadcast seeding to machine-transplanting was analyzed, total dry weight and straw dry weight were positively associated with each other, whereas no relationship was found between total dry weight and panicle dry weight. Despite that water-broadcast seeded silage rice produced more panicles per area than machine-transplanted silage rice, the two cultivation practices had a similar dry weight per culm. Therefore, we conclude that the silage rice from the water-broadcast seeding, compared to the machine-transplanting, produced more biomass because of the combination of the increased panicle number per area and a similar dry weight per culm. These results suggest that silage rice could be produced through water-broadcast seeding to increase biomass production with low labor and cost input.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.159-181
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• 2006

This study is concerned on Why The Certified Security certification is needed and How to control the security quality to get better service to the clients. Theses days are required The Certified Certificate in all the industry. And in this point of view, the certified certificate is a kind of confirmation by an authority to the person who has how much special knowledge and practice in a certain field. Moreover, in the functionalism society the certified certificate system would be very positive effect to the related industry and society as official measurement by an authority. The security is freedom from fear and anxiety. Which means the security can not be operated in isolation from citizen's safe-living expectation, and which is also dealing with valuable human being's life. For getting the better purpose the security industry employees should have more organized special training and education. As my understanding the certified certificate exam system is the confirmation by an authority, the certified certificate is only neutral evidence to get the confidence and credit from the clients. In this point of view the core point is How to control The Certified Certificate by a credied authority.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

The present survey was conducted to provide basic information on automatic milking system (AMS) in relation to purchase motive, milk yield and quality, customer satisfaction, difficulties of operation and customer suggestions, etc. Purchase motives of AMS were insufficient labor (44%), planning of dairy experience farm (25%), better performance of high yield cows (19%) and others (6%), respectively. Average cow performance after using AMS was 30.9l/d for milk yield, 3.9% for milk fat, 9,100/ml for bacterial counts. Sixty-eight percentage of respondents were very positive in response to AMS use for their successors but 18% were negative. The AMS operators were owner (44%), successor (44%), wife (6%) and company worker (6%), respectively. The most difficulty (31%) in using AMS was operating the system and complicated program manual. The rate of response to system error and breakdown was 25%. The reasons for culling cow after using AMS were mastitis (28%), reproduction failure (19%), incorrect teat placement (12%), metabolic disease (7%) and others (14%), respectively. Fifty-six percentages of the respondents made AMS maintenance contract and 44% did not. Average annual cost of the maintenance contract was 6,580,000 won. Average score for AMS satisfaction measurement (1 to 5 range) was 3.2 with decrease of labor cost 3.7, company A/S 3.6, increase of milk yield 3.2 and decrease of somatic cell count 2.8, respectively. Suggestions for the higher efficiency in using AMS were selecting cows with correct udder shape and teat placement, proper environment, capital and land, and attitude for continuous observation. Systematic consulting was highly required for AMS companies followed by low cost for AMS setup and systematization of A/S.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1989

In order to investigate developmental habit and morphology of maize tillers, time and location of tiller development. number of tillers per plant, tiller angle, height and diameter of tillers and root systems of tillers were examined under field condition for maize with tillers. Materials used were mostly from Korean local lines and a few lines from other countries were also included for comparison. The time of the first tiller development was about 18 to 20 days after emergence when planted on May in Yusong. The second tiller appeared about 4 to 5 days after the first tiller appeared. The tiller number per plant varied with lines and hybrids and ranged from two to ten. The location of tiller development was usually basal nodes of the main stem. Each tiller appeared to have its own root system. The angle between tillers and main stem was variable depending upon the maizes and the tiller angle could be classified into three categories. The height of tillers was also variable and seemed to be under genetic control. The most productive tillers were found among the Korean local derivatives.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 1989

Forage productivity of cropping systems of rye - silage corn, silage corn - oats, silage corn - rape was studied in the south-eastern part of Korea where rice black-streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) infection of corn are severe. Rye(cv. Paldanghomil) was planted on Oct. 20 of 1986 and harvested 10 times from April 5 to May 5 at the 5-day intervals in 1987, corn (cv. Suweon 19 and Jinjuok) was planted 5 times from April 5 to May 15 at the 10-day intervals in 1987, and oats(cv. Megwiri) and rape (cv. Velox) were planted 4 times from Sept: 4 to 25 at the 7-day intervals and harvested 4 times from Nov. 10 to Dec. 10 at the 10-day intervals in 1987. Considering yield, nutrition value, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), forage productivity of the cropping systems was compared. As harvesting time of rye delayed, plant height, dry matter(DM) yield, percent DM, crude fiber, and digestible DM yield increased, but crude protein, crude fat, and IVDMD decreased. However, nitrogen free extract was not different among the harvesting dates. As planting date of corn delayed, RBSDV infection rate increased. but DM yield of silage decreased. However, silage yield of Jinjuok was higher, but RBSDV infection rate was lower compared with Suweon 19 at all planting dates. DM yield of oats and rape decreased as planting date delayed. However, at Sept. 4 and 11 plantings yield of oats on Nov. 10 was much lower than that of rape, but the differences in yield between two crops decreased with delayed harvesting, and yield was similar on Dec. 10. A cropping system harvesting rye around April 20 and followed by planting corn in late April was best among the rye-corn systems considering yield and nutrition value of both crops. However, among the corn-oats or corn-rape cropping systems early April planting of corn and followed by early Sept. planting of oats or rape showed best results with similar yield potential of the best rye-corn cropping system.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.456-461
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of topophysis, and uniting method of rootstock and scion on rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated cut rose ($Rosa$ $hybrida$ Hort.) in an effort to develop an efficient stenting propagation method for domestic rose cultivars. Four cultivars used in this study were two standard type cultivars 'Sweet Yellow' and 'Hanmaum', and two spray type cultivars 'Chelsi' and 'May'. Scions were grafted on cuttings of a rootstock $Rosa$ $indica$ 'Major'. The stenting-propagated scion-rootstock unions were planted in rockwool cubes ($50{\times}50{\times}50mm$, Delta, Grodan, Denmark) and were placed in a graft-take chamber for five days before being placed on misted greenhouse beds. The rootstock was removed of all leaves and nodes. Both the base of scions and top of stocks were simultaneously cut at a $45^{\circ}$ angle for grafting. Scions were prepared as single node cuttings, each with a five-leaflet leaf. Three positions of topophysis used were 7-9th (top), 4-6th (middle), and 1st-3rd (bottom) nodes from the stem base. Four uniting materials used were tube, tube + parafilm wrap, tube + clothespin, and clothespin. Rooting and growth were affected by the topophysis and cultivar. The best topophysis for rooting was 7-9th (top) nodes in all cultivars. Topophysis affected percent rooting, and number of roots, length of the longest root, and but not weight, shoot length and graft-take. Rooting and growth were affected by the uniting method and cultivar. Tube uniting method generally showed higher percentage graft-take, percent rooting, and number of roots than other methods. However, rootstock and scion union was not complete in this treatment. On the whole, the greatest rooting and subsequent growth of stenting-propagated plants were found in the tube + clothespin method. Except 'Sweet Yellow', rooting and growth were not adequate in the clothespin method. The results suggested that a tube + clothespin method was the most effective, and this method may be used as a substitute to save labor compared to a tube + parafilm wrap method which is currently being used in commercial nurseries.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 2021

For sterilization of microorganisms of the Listeria genus contaminating enoki mushroom, pilot mushroom grower equipped with air sterilization devices were developed. Sterilization experiments were performed using physical and chemical treatments. Internal temperature and humidity were controlled, maintaining 6.62℃±0.30 in the upper shelves, 6.46℃±0.24 in the middle shelves, and 6.48℃±0.25 in the lower shelves. Humidities were 79.97%±4.42, 79.43%±4.06, and 79.94±4.30%, respectively, with a temperature setting of 6.5℃, and a relative humidity of 75%. A suitable enoki mushroom cultivation stage for air sterilizer application was during the growth stage, with temperature in the 6.5~8.5℃ range, and humidity of 70~80%. At these same internal conditions, the ozone concentration in the mushroom cultivator was found to be 160 ppb during ion-cluster generator operation. After physical sterilization, the Listeria innocua survival rate was 0.1 to 0.9% using ion cluster sterilization, and 9.3 to 10.6% using UV air sterilization. The Listeria innocua survival rates on different materials were 9.3~10.6% on the metal specimen, and 9.9~16.2% on the plastic wrapper. The survival rate was particularly high on the rough side of the plastic wrapper. Ion cluster air sterilization is a labor-saving and effective method for suppressing the occurrence of Listeria bacteria on mushroom growers walls and shelves. For the plastic wrapper, chemical sterilization is more effective than physical sterilization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2021

Low-density transplanting is a cultivation technology that reduces labor and production costs. In this study, the growth and yield of several varieties with different tillering characteristics were analyzed in order to establish an appropriate planting density for low-density transplanting. Varieties with Low-Tillering (LT), Medium-Tillering (MT), and High-Tillering (HT) were planted at a density of 37-80 hills/3.3 m². As the planting density decreased, the number of tillers per hill increased, but the number of tillers per square meter of hill decreased, especially for the LT variety. Decreasing density extended the tillering stage, which was longest in the LT variety. As the planting density decreased, SPAD(Soil plant analysis development, chlorophyll meter) values just before heading increased while canopy light interception decreased. Such changes were much greater in the LT variety than in the MT and HT varieties. The heading date tended to be delayed by 0-2 days as the planting density decreased, and there was no difference in the length of the period from first heading to full heading. As the number of spikelets per panicle increased, the number of spikelets per square meter did not differ according to the planting density. Decreasing planting density did not affect the grain weight; nevertheless, the yield ultimately decreased because of the decreasing ripening rate. The optimal planting density for stable low-density transplanting cultivation was determined to be over 50 hills/3.3 m2. In addition, these results suggest that LT varieties should be avoided, since these showed large decreases in growth and yield with decreasing planting density.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2022

다복찰은 전라북도농업 기술원에서 2012~2020년에 신명흑찰과 익산488호를 교배하여 육성한 찰벼이며, 중대립, 단간, 내도복, 다수성의 특징을 보인다. 동진찰은 1998년도에 육성되었으며, 우리나라에서 가장 인기 있는 찰벼이다(재배면적 25,161ha/2021년 기준). 드문모심기 재배 기술은 2017년부터 도입되었으며, 밀파 육묘하여 재식밀도 및 재식주수를 감소함으로써 소요되는 재료비 등 경비 및 투입되는 노동력을 절감하는 경제성 있는 기술이다. 따라서 본 연구는 전라북도농업기술원에서 육성한 다복찰 보급 확대 및 가장 인기 높은 동진찰의 드문모심기 재배기술 확립 일환으로 시작되었으며, 2024년까지 3년간 실시할 계획이다. 시험은 기술원 논 포장에서 실시하였으며, 시험품종은 다복찰, 동진찰, 시험요인은 이앙시기(3처리) 및 재식밀도(4처리)를 두었다. 이앙시기별로 이앙 17일 전에 온탕소독(62℃, 10분), 종자소독(32℃, 1일), 침종(32℃, 1일), 간이출하(30℃, 3일) 과정을 거쳐 부직포 육묘(12일 정도)를 실시하였다. 5월20일(이앙520)부터 5월30일(이앙530), 6월9일(이앙609)까지 10일 간격으로 드문모심기 전용 이앙기로 이앙하였으며, 주당 본수는 5.7개 정도였다. 이앙 시기별로 시험포장을 구분하였고 포장내에 2품종, 각각 3.3m2당 80주, 60주, 50주, 37주 등 재식밀도 처리구를 두었으며, 처리구마다 3반복 조사구(10주/반복, 5본/주) 설치하였다. 10a당 9-4.5-5.7kg(N-P₂O₅-K₂O)를 밑거름(50%)-분얼거름(20)-이삭거름(30) 등 3회 거쳐 시비하였다. 중간물떼기는 이앙32일째부터 10일간 실시하였으며, 예상 출수 30일 전에 충분하게 담수하였다. 이앙20일째부터 10일 간격으로 경수, 초장, 엽색도 등 생육 조사, 그리고 출수기, 후기 생육 및 병해충을 조사하였다. 향후 수확기에 수량, 수량구성요소, 미질 및 품위를 분석할 계획이다. 시험토양은 pH 6.0~6.3, EC는0.68~0.85dS/m, 유기물함량은 52~57g/kg 수준으로 높았다. 동진찰 발아율(94.0~98.1%)이 다복찰(89.9~94.9%)보다 우수하였다(3~6%P ↑). 다복찰 묘 충실도(102~106mg/주)가 동진찰(79~101mg/주)보다 다소 좋았으며, 이앙530 묘소질이 가장 좋았다. 동진찰 초장은 다복찰에 비해 다소 길었으나 이앙시기 및 재식밀도별 초장의 변화 유형은 비슷하였다. 이앙520구의 80주에서 초장이 가장 작았고 이앙609구에서는 80주에서 다소 길었으나, 처리구간의 유의성은 없었다. 동진찰 및 다복찰 경수는 37주에서 이앙 후 40일째, 50주, 60주, 80주에서는 30일째 가장 컸다. 출수기는 다복찰에 비해 동진찰이 3~7일 정도 빨랐으며, 특히 이앙520 동진찰에서는 재식밀도가 높을수록 출수기가 빠른 경향을 보였으며, 이앙530 이후에는 재식밀도간 차이가 거의 없었다. 동진찰에 비해 다복찰 간장이 3~6cm 작았으며, 2품종 모두 이앙609구에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 수장도 간장과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 수수는 2품종 모두 이앙이 늦을수록 증가하였으며, 37주에서 가장 높았으며, 80주에 비해 다복찰, 동진찰 각각 73.8%, 77.4% 높았다. 다복찰의 경우 3.3m²당 수수는 이앙시기별과 관계없이 상대적으로 80주에서 가장 많았고 이앙520에서 재식밀도간 차이는 감소하였지만 이앙시기가 늦을수록 수수는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 동진찰도 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 이앙520과 이앙609 사이에 수수 차이는 적었다. 병 발생은 잎집무늬마름병, 세균성벼알마름병, 이삭누룩병이 주로 관찰되었으며, 세균성 벼알마름병은 출수기와 맞물린 이앙530에서 가장 크게 발생하였으며, 이앙520도 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 이삭누룩병 발생이 심하였는데 재식밀도간 차이보다는 이앙시기별 차이가 더 크게 발생하였으며 품종 간의 병 발생 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 수수 측면에서 조기 이앙할 경우에는 50~60주, 늦은 이앙 시에는 80주가 유리할 것으로 보이며, 추후주당 립수, 등숙률, 천립중 등을 조사하고 경영비 등을 고려하여 합리적인 이앙시기 및 재식밀도를 판단할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_1
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• pp.669-681
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• 2023

Studies have tried to apply remote sensing technology, a non-destructive survey method, instead of the existing destructive survey, which requires relatively large labor input and a long time to estimate chlorophyll content, which is an important indicator for evaluating the growth of fruit trees. This study was conducted to non-destructively evaluate the chlorophyll content of pear tree leaves using unmanned aerial vehicle-based hyperspectral imagery for two years(2021, 2022). The reflectance of the single bands of the pear tree canopy extracted through image processing was band rationed to minimize unstable radiation effects depending on time changes. The estimation (calibration and validation) models were developed using machine learning algorithms of elastic-net, k-nearest neighbors(KNN), and support vector machine with band ratios as input variables. By comparing the performance of estimation models based on full band ratios, key band ratios that are advantageous for reducing computational costs and improving reproducibility were selected. As a result, for all machine learning models, when calibration of coefficient of determination (R²)≥0.67, root mean squared error (RMSE)≤1.22 ㎍/cm², relative error (RE)≤17.9% and validation of R²≥0.56, RMSE≤1.41 ㎍/cm², RE≤20.7% using full band ratios were compared, four key band ratios were selected. There was relatively no significant difference in validation performance between machine learning models. Therefore, the KNN model with the highest calibration performance was used as the standard, and its key band ratios were 710/714, 718/722, 754/758, and 758/762 nm. The performance of calibration showed R²=0.80, RMSE=0.94 ㎍/cm², RE=13.9%, and validation showed R²=0.57, RMSE=1.40 ㎍/cm², RE=20.5%. Although the performance results based on validation were not sufficient to estimate the chlorophyll content of pear tree leaves, it is meaningful that key band ratios were selected as a standard for future research. To improve estimation performance, it is necessary to continuously secure additional datasets and improve the estimation model by reproducing it in actual orchards. In future research, it is necessary to continuously secure additional datasets to improve estimation performance, verify the reliability of the selected key band ratios, and upgrade the estimation model to be reproducible in actual orchards.