• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.142-163
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• 2020

In the early Joseon dynasty, the meritorious vassals' portrait of Jeokgae (1467, 1476), Jeongguk (1506)·Jeongnan (1507), and Wisa (1545) were defined as the 2^nd period of the official uniform, in which the acheongsaek HeukDanryung appeared and settled. A total of seven portraits were analyzed, including three portraits of Jeokgae (1467, portrait production 1476) Son-so, Oh Jachi, and Jang Malson, and four portraits of Jeongguk (1506)·Jeongnan (1507) Yoo Sunjung, Hong Gyeongju, Lee Woo, and Yoo Hong. In the portrait of the Jeokgae wearing a Yebok HeukDanryung, in the case of the Samo, the height of the Samo, which had been raised at the beginning of King Seongjong, was lowered again, and the parietal part was rounded. The pattern was not expressed on the wide oval side wings of the Samo. In addition, the pattern was not expressed on the acheongsaek Danryung, Dapho, and Cheolrik. The colors of Dapho and Cheolrik were unified in green and red, respectively. The Mu of Danryung and Dapho was expressed as 'in and out wrinkled Mu', and the shoes were expressed in Baekhwa. Another feature is that the Jeokgae's portrait is expressed not as the Pumgye at the time of appointment, but as the Pumgye of the portrait production time. In the portrait of the Jeongguk·Jeongnan wearing a Sibok HeukDanryung, the height of the Samo lowered from the Jeokgae was maintained, while the parietal part was slightly narrowed and bent forward. The side wings of the Samo were expressed as an oval with a uniform width, and still the pattern was not expressed on the side wings. The pattern was not expressed in the costume of the Danghagwan's portrait, but the cloud pattern began to be expressed in the costume of the Dangsanggwan's portrait. And the Danryung was expressed as single Danryung without lining. In the portrait of Dangsang, the red Dapho and green Cheolrik were expressed, and in the portrait of Dangha, the green Dapho and blue Cheolrik were expressed. Therefore, it was found that the color of the undergarment was distinguished according to the Dangsang and Dangha. In Danryung and Dapho, the 'in and out wrinkled Mu' were maintained. The shoes were expressed in Heukhwa, and the rank badge and rank belt reflect the Pumgye at the time of the appointment. On the other hand, the portrait of Wisa could not be confirmed, but through the recording painting of the reign of King Meongjong, it was found that it was similar to the Danryung system of the reign of King Jungjong. Through the 2^nd period of the meritorious vassal's portrait of Jeokgae, it was confirmed that the HeukDanryung outfit began to be used as the official uniform of the meritorious vassal's portrait, and that the Pumgye of the portrait production time was reflected in the portrait. After the meritorious vassal's portrait of Jeongguk, the pattern began to be expressed in the costumes, and in particular, it was possible to distinguish Dasang and Dangha by the presence or absence of the HeukDanryung's pattern. In addition, it was confirmed that the expressed aspect of the official uniform was consistent with the practices and regulations at the time.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.707-718
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• 2019

Ecklonia cava Kjellman, which has recently gained popularity due to the spread of farming techniques, is expected to be developed in various varieties in the future. There exist increased needs for research on the basis of natural populations and inter-regional morphological variations. We compared the morphology of the aquaculture and natural populations from 16 coastal areas in Korea. The 18 traits found suitable for distinguishing varieties were selected from 14 measurement traits and 4 ratios related to the main morphology and characteristics of primary blade, secondary blade, and stipe. In the cluster analysis, Janggil (E4) and Sorok (S7) showed significant differences from those of the same coastal region. Two groups, including Suyou (Q6, Q8, and Q10) which was the second year of farming, of the rest of the populations from East sea and southern coast were distinguished. Three populations of Jeju were divided into a regional group. In the principal component analysis (PCA), a large number of populations from East sea and Southern coast appeared in the center with aquaculture populations. PC1 and PC2 associated with traits of secondary blade index, stipe length and diameter, stipe length/primary blade length, primary blade length and width, secondary blade number, secondary blade length and width, divided E4, S7 and populations of Jeju region. As a result, the 18 characters of this study were found to be useful as criteria for discrimination of populations with significant differences in each coastal region, and these populations were expected to be candidates for new varieties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.263-272
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that might distinguish those who have a high level of Intention to purchase each of domestic, foreign designer and national brand jeans from those who have a low intention in terms of evaluative criteria belief, ideal jeans image and clothing altitude. The sample consisted of 198 male and 197 female students from five universities in Seoul. The questionnnaire consisted of 50 seven-point semantic differential scales dealing with evaluative criteria and ideal jeans image, beliefs about and intention to purchase domestic, foreign designer and foreign national brand jeans and 25 Likert type clothing attitude scales. Based on a series of t-tests the results showed that color and design were the most influencing factor among the evaluative criteria belief, regardless of brand type, while durability, accessory, sewing were the least. Sexy image, brand consciousnees and fashion interest were the important factor that distinguish high intention to purchase group fro)m low intention to purchase group.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-22
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• 2012

The classification scheme of estuaries can be divided into two categories: qualitative classification based on geomorphic characteristics and quantitative classification based upon the physical properties of water body. While simple and intuitive scheme of the former is difficult to quantify, the latter is not easy to apply due to the lack of data. A classification scheme based on morphological convergence is very promising because it only requires easily accessible data such as width and depth of channels, as well as it can characterize estuaries in terms of tidal propagation. Thus, this paper examines the classification scheme based on estuarine morphological convergence using depth and width data obtained from 19 major Korean estuaries. Morphological convergence for each estuary was estimated with the estuarine length, width and depth data to get the convergence parameters, which includes the degree of funneling ${\nu}$ and the dimensionless estuarine length $y_0$. The transfer function ${\xi}({\nu},ky)$ is then deduced analytically from 1D depth-integrated hydrodynamic momentum equation and continuity equation for estuarine shapes. Tidal response of each estuary is finally calculated using ${\nu}$, $y_0$ and ${\xi}({\nu},ky)$ for comparison and classification. The 19 Korean estuaries were classified into three groups: tidal amplitude-dominated estuaries with standing wave-like tidal response (group 1), current-dominated estuaries with progressive wave-like tidal response (group 2), and the intermediate group (group 3) between groups 1 and 2. The sensitivity analysis revealed that uncertainties in determining the estuarine length can have a critical effect upon the results of classification, which indicates that the reasonable determination of the estuarine length is of critical importance. Once the estuarine length is feasibly determined, depth-convergence can be neglected without any negative effect on the classification scheme, which has an important ramification on the wide applicability of the classification scheme.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.145-178
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• 2019

The genus Pseudostellaria (Caryophyllaceae) in Korea was investigated in order to clarify the taxonomic positions and scientific names among the species in this genus based on morphological characteristics. P. ${\times}$ bohyeonsanensis and P. ${\times}$ seoraksanensis share several characteristics (trichome on the sepal margin and midvein, five petals, and stem reclining to the ground after flowering) with P. davidii. P. ${\times}$ bohyeonsanensis, resulting from natural hybridization of P. davidii and P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata, has sterile fruit and a long pedicel (2.2-6.0 cm). P. ${\times}$ seoraksanensis, a natural hybrid of P. davidii and P. palibiniana var. palibiniana, has sterile fruit and a short pedicel (1.1-1.8 cm). P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata shares several characteristics (long pedicels of chasmogamic flowers that elongate to the ground when bearing fruit and cleistogamic flowers with a long pedicel) with the related taxa P. okamotoi var. okamotoi. P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata has slender root tubers, glabrous pedicels, and 5-9 petals. P. palibiniana var. gageodoensis is described from Gageodo Island. It is similar to P. palibiniana var. palibiniana having chasmogamic flowers at the stem terminal, 5-7 petals, and a short pedicel, but P. palibiniana var. gageodoensis is distinguished by 1-2 rows of trichomes on the pedicel, a large sepal size, a large petal size, and a branched stem at its base. P. ${\times}$ biseulsanensis, from a natural hybrid of P. heterophylla and P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata, has a solitary aerial stem, a chasmogamic flower at the stem terminal, a shallow marginate or bitten petal apex, one row of trichomes on the pedicel, and sterile fruit. P. ${\times}$ segeolsanensis, from a natural hybrid of P. palibiniana var. palibiniana and P. okamotoi var. okamotoi, is described from Segeolsan Mt. It has numerous aerial stems, a chasmogamic flower at the stem terminal, 1-2 rows of trichomes on the pedicel, and fertile fruit. Consequently, the genus Pseudostellaria in Korea has been classified into eight species, four hybrids, two varieties, and five forms.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.64-75
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to obtain instructions for size selection of prefabricated crown and tooth reduction by 3-dimensional analysis of the size and shape of the maxillary primary central and lateral incisors and prefabricated crowns (celluloid strip, resin veneered stainless steel, and zirconia crowns). The maxillary primary central and lateral incisors of 300 Korean children was scanned with three types of prefabricated crown to create standard three-dimensional tooth models and prefabricated crowns. The shapes of the prefabricated crowns and natural teeth were compared according to four parameters (mesio-distal width, height, labio-palatal width, and labial surface curvature coefficient) and calculated the amount of tooth reduction required for each prefabricated crown. The size 2 resin veneered stainless steel crown, size 1 zirconia crown, and size 2 celluloid strip crown were most similar in shape to the primary central incisor. The size 3 rein veneered stainless steel crown, size 2 zirconia crown, and size 3 celluloid strip crown were most similar to the primary lateral incisor. The amount of tooth reduction was similar in both maxillary primary central and lateral incisors. The incisal reduction was greatest for the zirconia crown. At the proximal surface, the zirconia and celluloid strip crowns required a similar amount of tooth reduction, but more than the resin veneered stainless steel crown. The labial surface reduction was greatest for the zirconia crown. The degree of lingual surface reduction was not significant among the three prefabricated crowns. Among the assessment parameters, mesio-distal crown width was the most important for choosing a prefabricated crown closest to the actual size of the natural crown.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2021

This study aimed to identify regions with a suitable growth environment for Ligusticum chuanxing Hort. and use basic data to identify appropriate cultivation and stable production strategies. Four main areas of cultivation were selected and the relationship between growth characteristics (aboveground and underground parts) and weather and soil environment was analyzed. Overall growth was found to be significantly higher in Pyeongchang. Atmospheric and soil temperatures showed a significant negative correlation with overall height from the ground, stem diameter, and growth characteristics of the underground part; leaf length and width were positively correlated. As insolation increased, the growth characteristics, excluding leaf size, showed a positive correlation. Soil characteristics such as organic matter (OM), N, P, and K showed negative correlations with the overall height of the upper part and growth characteristics of the underground part, including stem diameter. Analysis of roots indicated that OM, N, P, and K were essential and were absorbed through the soil. The OM, N, P, and K values in the Pyeongchang area, which showed the optimal growth, were lower than those in other areas. It is believed that these results can be used to select cultivation sites for L. chuanxing and establish cultivation technology in future.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.199-213
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• 2020

Grain size and shape are the two important components contributing to rice yield and quality. To analyze traits related to grain-shape, a total of 272 varieties derived from japonica, japonica black and Tongil-type rice accession in Korea were evaluated in this study. The traits, grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), length to width ratio (RLW), and 1000-grain weight (TGW) were measured and replicated 10 times. Genes (GW2, GS3, qGL3, qSW5, GS5, TGW6, GW7, and GW8) related to grain-shape were validated in the accessions using specific DNA marker sets. K-mean clustering of the accession based on phenotypic data revealed three groups: group 1 was classified by GW and GT and included most of japonica type, group 2 was classified by RLW and GL reached a medium size and possessed a half spindle-shaped type, and group 3 was classified by TGW, reached a long size and possessed a semi-round shape. In validation tests using the marker sets, both gw2 and tgw6 were validated in less than 1% of the tested accessions and two allelic types, qgl3 and gw8, were only verified in Tongil-type accessions. For GW8 and GW2, any different amplicons were not amplified in any japonica or Tongil-type accessions, respectively. In order to suggest the representative grain-shape gene combinations for each ecotype, the allelic combinations were evaluated by PCR analysis. Cj1 and 2 in japonica (Cj1-7), Cj_b1 and 2 in japonica-black (Cj_b1-3), and CT3 in Tongil-type (CT1-13) turned out to be the dominant combination in each ecotype, respectively. In addition, the results revealed that introgression of four genes (gw2, gs3, qSW5, and GS5) would expand the diversity of grain shape in Korean japonica varieties. The gene combinations information could be utilized practically to understand or enhance grain shape in japonica rice breeding program.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

The applicability of a well-type autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing reactive barrier (L $\times$ W $\times$ D = $3m\;{\times}\;4\;m\;{\times}\;2\;m$) as a long-term treatment option for nitrate removal in groundwater was evaluated. Pilot-scale (L $\times$ W $\times$ D = $8m\;{\times}\;4\;m\;{\times}\;2\;m$) flow-tank experiments were conducted to examine remedial efficacy of the well-type reactive barrier. A total of 80 kg sulfur granules as an electron donor and Thiobacillus denitrificans as an active bacterial species were prepared. Thiobacillus denitrificans was successfully colonized on the surface of the sulfur granules and the microflora transformed nitrate with removal efficiency of ~12% (0.07 mM) for 11 days, ~24% (1.3 mM) for 18 days, ~45% (2.4 mM) for 32 days, and ~52% (2.8 mM) for 60 days. Sulfur granules attached to Thiobacillus denitrificans were used to construct the well-type reactive barrier comprising three discrete barriers installed at 1-m interval downstream. Average initial nitrate concentrations were 181 mg/L for the first 28 days and 281 mg/L for the next 14 days. For the 181 mg/L (2.9 mM) plume, nitrate concentrations decreased by ~2% (0.06 mM), ~9% (0.27 mM), and ~15% (0.44 mM) after $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, and $3^{rd}$ barriers, respectively. For the 281 mg/L (4.5 mM) plume, nitrate concentrations decreased by ~1% (0.02 mM), ~6% (0.27 mM), and ~8% (0.37 mM) after $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, and $3^{rd}$ barriers, respectively. Nitrate plume was flowed through the flow-tank for 49 days by supplying $1.24\;m^3/d$ of nitrate solution. During nitrate treatment, flow velocity (0.44 m/d), pH (6.7 to 8.3), and DO (0.9~2.8 mg/L) showed little variations. Incomplete destruction of nitrate plume was attributed to the lack of retention time, rarely transverse dispersion, and inhibiting the activity of denitrification enzymes caused by relatively high DO concentrations. For field applications, it should be considered increments of retention time, modification of well placements, and intrinsic DO concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.53-60
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• 2008

The cross-sections of continuous multi-span beams sometimes suddenly increase, or become stepped, at the interior supports of continuous beams to resist high negative moments. The three-dimensional finite-element program ABAQUS (2007) was used to analytically investigate the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling behavior of stepped beams subjected to linear moment gradient and resulted in the development of design equations. The ratios of the flange thickness, flange width, and stepped length of beam are considered for the analytical parameters. Two groups of 27 cases and 36 cases, respectively, were analyzed for doubly and singly stepped beams in the inelastic buckling range. The combined effects of residual stresses and geometrical imperfection on inelastic lateral-torsional buckling of beams are considered. First, the distributions of residual stress of the cross-section is same as shown in Pi and Trahair (1995), and the initial geometric imperfection of the beam is set by central displacement equal to 0.1% of the unbraced length of beam. The new proposed equations definitely improve current design methods for the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling problem and increase efficiency in building and bridge design.