• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2000

Recently, there is a worldwide concern that a great number of man-made chemicals have a hormone-like action both in humans and in animals. DECD is developing screening programs using validated test systems to determine whether certain substances may have an effect in humans. In the present study. the establishment oj repeated-dose toxicity test method was tried. Flutamide. an anti-androgenic agent. was administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days at dose levels of 0. 0.5. 3 and 18 mg/kg body weight (10-15 rats/sex/group) to examine the effects on general findings. especially reproductive and endocrine parameters. Clinical signs. body weights, food consumption, and sexual cycle were checked and measured. For the gross and microscopic examinations. 10 rats/sex/group were sacrificed at the end of dosing period and the remaining animals of control and high dose groups (5 each) were sacrificed after 14 days recovery. Examinations for hematology and clinical chemistry were carried out at necropsy. There were no treatment-related changes in clinical signs. body weights, food consumption. gross necropsy. hematology and clinical chemistry at all doses of both sexes. The period and regularity of sexual cycle were not adversely affected at all doses by the test agent. At 18 mg/kg. both decreased weights of prostate, seminal vesicle and epididymis in males and increased weights of spleen and thymus in females were observed. In addition, decreased number of spermatids and sperms. increased serum testosterone concentration and increased incidence (100%) of interstitial cell hyperplasia were seen in males. At 18 mg/kg of the recovery group. decreased prostate weight. reduced sperm count and increased incidence (20%) of interstitial cell hyperplasia in males and increased thymus weight in females were observed. At 3 mg/kg. reduced sperm count was found. There were no adverse effects on parameters examined at 0.5 mg/kg of both sexes. The results suggested that the potential target organs of flutamide may be accessory sexual glands including testes for males and spleen and thymus for females. Taken together. this test method was found to be a useful screening test system for endocrine disrupting chemicals.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.419-429
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• 2014

Recent studies have been reported the presence of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds, Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (EDC/PPCPs) in surface and wastewater, which could potentially affect to the complicate behavior in coupled presence of nano-colloid particles and surfactants (adsorption, dispersion, and partitioning). In this study, the adsorption of EDC/PPCPs by Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) as a representative of nano-particles in cationic surfactant solutions were investigated. Hydrophobic interactions (${\pi}-{\pi}$ Electron Donor-Acceptor) have been reported as a potential adsorption mechanisms for EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs. Generally, the adsorptive capacity of the relatively hydrophobic EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs decreased in the presence of cationic surfactant (Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide, CTAB). This study revealed that the competitive adsorption occurred between CTAB cations and EDC/PPCPs by occupying the available SWNT surface (CTAB adsorption onto SWNTs shows five-regime and maximum adsorption capacity of 370.4 mg/g by applying the BET isotherm). The adsorption capacity of $17{\alpha}$-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on SWNT showed the decrease of 48% in the presence of CTAB. However, the adsorbed naproxen (NAP) surely increased by forming hemimicelles and resulted in a favorable media formation for NAP partition to increase SWNTs adsorption capacity. The adsorbed NAP increased from 24 to 82.9 mg/g after the interaction of CTAB with NAP. The competitive adsorption for EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs is likely to be a key factor in the presence of cationic surfactant, however, NAP adsorption showed a slight competition through $CH_3-CH_3$ interaction by forming hemimicelles on SWNT surface.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2000

Chlorophenoxy acid류는 제초제로 폭넓게 사용되고 있는 농약 중의 하나이다. 특히 2, 4-D와 2, 4, 5-T는 내분비계 장애 물질 중의 하나로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 두 가지 물질을 산성하에서 액체-액체 추출법으로 추출한 후 유도체화하여 GC/MS로 분석하였다. 추출용매로 methylene chloride와 diethyl ether를 사용하여 추출율을 비교한 결과 ether를 사용한 경우 2, 4-D는 약 98% 2, 4, 5-T는 약 82%의 좋은 회수율을 보였다. 또한 산성기를 유도체화하기 위하여 $CH_3$I/Acetone -K$_2$CO$_3$와 황산/메탄올로 각각 methylation실험을 행하였고, 산성조건에서 triflouroethanol (TFAA/TEE)과 반응시켜 각각의 검출검도를 비교하였다. 그 결과 TPAA/TEE를 사용하여 반응시킨 결과감도가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

지난 반세기 이상 작물보호제의 수단으로 사용되어 왔던 화학농약은 사용 후 식물과 환경구성 요소 중에 남게 되는 잔류성 문제로 일반사회의 지대한 관심거리로 부상하고 있다. 세계 각 국이 국가차원의 규제로써 등록시 안전성 요구자료를 강화하고 있고 일단 등록된 농약이라 할지라도 주기적으로 안전성은 다시 평가하는 재등록제를 도입하고 있다. 특히 최근 지구환경보호 차원에서 국제기구를 중심으로 잔류성 유기 오염물질 (POPs), 내분비계 장애물질 (EDs)에 대한 관심이 집중됨에 따라 국가차원에서 우리 먹거리의 안전성을 확보하고 환경보전을 위하여 다양한 조사사업과 정책 등이 수립 시행되고 있다. 이들 조사결과에 대하여 과학적인 평가와 진단 그리고 대책들은 소비자의 알 권리를 충족하기 위하여 일반 대중에게 공개되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.431-443
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the perceptions of the opinion leaders, such as government officials, researchers, NGO workers, and journalists on the risks of endocrine disrupters (EDs) and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as well as the related policies on these two hazards or potential hazards. The opinion leaders generally considered the EDs as the most serious hazard among twenty-one environmental health hazards in Korea, and agreed that the EDs would continuously be the most serious hazard. On overall average, the GMOs were ranked the 11th among the twenty-one health hazards. Further investigation indicated that the GMOs were variously ranked by the group of respondents: they were ranked the 2nd by the NGO workers, the 7th by the journalists, the 9th by the researchers and the 11th by the government officials. In general, the respondents considered the dioxin as a hazard with the highest risk while the GMOs were considered less hazardous. The opinion leaders considered that although the risks of the GMOs and EDs were not fully verified, the risks should be controlled through the legislation. The EDs and GMOs should be separately regulated for the time being, while the EDs should put under more strengthened regulation. It is recommended that a web-site containing the information on the EDs and the GMOs be prepared for the journalists. In addition, a training program in relation to the EDs and the GMOs needs to be organized by the Korean Press Foundation and the Korea Food and Drug Administration to educate the journalists. A committee consisting of government officials, scientists, and NGO workers needs to be established, and it should provide framework of future policies and public relations programs.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.248-255
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• 1999

국내 주요 하수 슬러지(Z-1, Z-2시)에서 내분비계 장애물질로 의심 받는 여러 가지 물질 중 octylphenol(OP), nonylphenol(NP), di-octylphthalate(DOP)를 이 염화메탄을 이용하여 Soxhlet 장치로 추출한 후 GC/MS-SIM 방법으로 그들의 함량을 결정하였다. Z-1시 하수 슬러지의 경우 octylphenol, nonylphenol, di-octylphthalate의 함량이 각각 $3.25{\pm}0.07{\mu}g/g$, $1168{\pm}36{\mu}g/g$, $1172{\pm}57{\mu}g/g$이었고, Z-2 하수 슬러지는 octylphenol, nonylphenol, di-octylphthalate가 각각 $0{\mu}g/g$, $10.8{\pm}0.1{\mu}g/g$, $80{\pm}62{\mu}g/g$이 검출되었다. 특히 Z-1하수 슬러지에서 검출된 nonylphenol과 di-octylphthalate의 양은 매우 높은 값으로 생태계로 순환될 경우 매우 위험한 수준으로 평가되었으며, 또한 인간의 건강과 생식능력에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.462-471
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• 2021

Background: The number of synthesized chemicals has rapidly increased over the past decade. For many chemicals, there is a lack of information on toxicity. With the current movement toward reducing animal testing, the use of toxicity big data and deep learning could be a promising tool to screen potential toxicants. Objectives: This study identified potential chemicals related to reproductive and estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated toxicities for 1135 cleaning products and 886 laundry products. Methods: We listed chemicals contained in cleaning and laundry products from a publicly available database. Then, chemicals that potentially exhibited reproductive and ER-mediated toxicities were identified using the European Union Classification, Labeling and Packaging classification and ToxCast database, respectively. For chemicals absent from the ToxCast database, ER activity was predicted using deep learning models. Results: Among the 783 listed chemicals, there were 53 with potential reproductive toxicity and 310 with potential ER-mediated toxicity. Among the 473 chemicals not tested with ToxCast assays, deep learning models indicated that 42 chemicals exhibited ER-mediated toxicity. A total of 13 chemicals were identified as causing reproductive toxicity by reacting with the ER. Conclusions: We demonstrated a screening method to identify potential chemicals related to reproductive and ER-mediated toxicities utilizing chemical toxicity big data and deep learning. Integrating toxicity data from in vivo, in vitro, and deep learning models may contribute to screening chemicals in consumer products.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2007

3차원 생태계 모델(EMT-3D)을 사용하여 도쿄만의 PFOA을 대상으로 그 적용성을 검토하였으며, 민감도 분석 및 시나리오 분석을 행하여 영향인자를 판별하고 대안에 따른 영향을 평가하였다. 계산치와 대상해역 실측치간의 R값과 $R^2$값이 각각 0.7115${\sim}$0.8759와 0.5062${\sim}$0.7672로 계산되어 모델의 재현성은 비교적 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 민감도 분석결과 용존 PFOA의 경우 계수 변화에 따른 농도변화는 미미한 것으로 나타났으며, 입자성유기물질중 PFOA는 분배계수, 흡착속도, 퇴적속도의 영향이, 식물플랑크톤 체내의 PFOA는 생물농축계수, 섭취속도, 분배계수의 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. PFOA에 대한 모델 적용 시에는 목적하는 상태함수에 따라 이들 계수에 대한 정밀한 고찰이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 도쿄만 인근의 각 지역별 하수처리장으로부터의 유입부하 삭감에 따른 변화는 미미한 것으로 평가되었으며, 각 지역의 하천으로부터 공급되는 PFOA량을 감소시킨 경우는 표층의 경우는 도쿄, 저층의 경우는 치바로부터의 유입부하를 줄였을 경우가 변화가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2005

내분비계장애물질로 분류된 phthalate esters의 제거방법에 대해 연구하였다. 상수처리조건에서 회분식으로 제거실험을 한 결과 응집침전은 $26.6{\sim}33.8%$, 오존산화에서는 $10{\sim}15%$ 제거효율을 나타내었다. 상수처리조건에서 활성탄 흡착에 의해 효과적으로 제거되는 것으로 나타났고 연속공정에서 EBCT를 10분 운전했을 때 원수의 phthalate esters농도가 $100\;{\mu}g/L$일 경우 WHO 및 US EPA 먹는 물 기준 달성이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. Pilot plant 실험결과 응집침전공정에서 $32{\sim}44%$, 사여과 공정에서는 $6{\sim}10%$, 오존산화공정에서 $8{\sim}10%$의 제거효율을 보였으며 활성탄 흡착공정을 거친 후에는 4가지 물질(DEP, DBP, BBP 및 DEHP)모두 검출되지 않았다. 실제 고도처리 정수장에서의 공정별 phthalate esters 제거율은 응집침전 공정에서 $29{\sim}76%$ 정도 제거되었고 모래여과 공정에서 $3{\sim}29%$, 오존산화 공정에서 $17{\sim}22%$ 제거되었으며, 활성탄 처리 후에는 4가지 물질 모두 검출되지 않았다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

Substantial evidences have been accumulated about the hormone-like effects of exogenous substances such as pesticides and industrial chemicals during past years. The effects of these substances on the endocrine system are believed to be either enhancing or reducing of various endocrine action. It is necessary to identify putative causal agents by the batter system and to assess their ability to disrupt the endocrine system. A variety of in vitro and In vivo approaches have been used to determine the androgenic effects of environmental chemicals. To establish the method for assessment of the putative endocrine disruptors with androgenic activity, we carried out the cell proliferation assay by MTS method after treatment with the various concentration of testosterone in LNCaP cells (human prostatic cancer cell line) and also observed the expression of androgen-related genes by quantitative RT-PCR. In the cell proliferation assay, the results showed that the grouth of LNCaP cells increased within level of at least 10pM testosterone. We measured by quantitative RT-PCR method on the effects of testosterone on mRNA expression of androgen receptor (AR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and BMP receptor (BMPR) In LNCaP cells. The results demonstrated that mRNA expression of PSA and BMPR-IB was observed differently within level of at least 0.01 pM testosterone compared with non-treated control. These observations suggest that the detection of PSA and BMPR-IB mRNA by the quantitative RT-PCR in LNCaP cells is very sensitive method to identify the endocrine disruptors to have the androgenic effects.