• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.59-63
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• 2006

A direct photograph measurement technique was used to determine the spatial distribution of the spray droplet diameter in subsonic crossflow and it also obtain that SMD distribution by using PLLIF technique. The injector internal flow was classified as three modes such as a normal, cavitation, and hydraulic flip. The objectives of this research are getting a droplet distribution and drop size measurement of normal flow and compare with the other flow effects. Although the study showed visually that drop size were spatially dependent of Air-stream velocity, fuel injection velocity, and normalized distance from the injector exit length.(x/d, y/d) There are also difference characteristics between cavitation, hydraulic flip and the normal flow.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.735-740
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• 2001

In the nuclear power plant, emergency core coolant system(ECCS) is furnished at reactor coolant system(RCS) in order to cool down high temperature water in case of emergency. However, in this coolant system, it occurs thermal stratification phenomena in case that there is the mixing of cooling water and high temperature water due to valve leakage in ECCS. This thermal stratification phenomena raises excessive thermal stresses at pipe wall. Therefore, this phenomena causes the accident that reactor coolant flows in reactor containment in the nuclear power plant due to the deformation of pipe and thermal fatigue crack(TFC) at the pipe wall around the place that it exists. Hence, in order to fundamental identification of this phenomena, it requires the experimental research of modeling test in the pipe flow that occurs thermal stratification phenomena. So, this paper models RCS and ECCS pipe arrangement and analyzes the mechanism of thermal stratification phenomena by measuring of temperature in variance with leakage flow rate in ECCS modeled pipe and Reynold number in RCS modeled pipe. Besides, results of this experiment is compared with computational analysis which is done in advance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2010

The mixing characteristics of pylon injection in a Scramjet combustor and effects of film cooling to protect pylon from air-heating were investigated. Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with $k-{\omega}$ SST turbulence model were used. Fuel hydrogen and air were considered as coolants. There were remarkable improvements of penetration and mixing rate with the pylon injection. There was also over-heating on the front surface of the pylon without film cooling. The coolant injected parallel to the front surface of the pylon protects the pylon from over-heating.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 2020

In order to investigate the hydraulic characteristics of a boundary layer streaming over the beach cusps appeared in swells prevailing mild seas, we numerically simulated the shoaling process of Edge waves over the beach cusp. Synchronous Edge waves known to sustain the beach cusps could successfully be duplicated by generating two obliquely colliding Edge waves in front of beach cusps. The amplitude A_B and length L_B of Beach Cusp were elected to be 1.25 m and 18 m, respectively based on the measured data along the Mang-Bang beach. Numerical results show that boundary layer streaming was formed at every phase of shoaling process without exception, and the maximum boundary layer streaming was observed to occur at the crest of sand bar. In RUN 1 where the shortest waves were deployed, the maximum boundary layer streaming was observed to be around 0.32 m/s, which far exceeds the amplitude of free stream by two times. It is also noted that the maximum boundary layer streaming mentioned above greatly differs from the analytical solution by Longuet-Higgins (1957) based on wave Reynolds stress. In doing so, we also identify the recovery procedure of natural beaches in swells prevailing mild seas, which can be summarized such as: as the infra-gravity waves formed in swells by the resonance wave-wave interaction arrives near the breaking line, the sediments ascending near the free surface by the Phase II waves orbital motion were carried toward the pinnacle of foreshore by the shoreward flow commenced at the steep front of breaking waves, and were deposited near the pinnacle of foreshore due to the infiltration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2001

제지 공정의 효율적인 운영을 위한 수단으로 보류 및 탈수성의 분석은 매우 중요한 작 업 이 다. 보류 및 탈수 특성 을 평 가하기 위 하여 SR(Shopper-Riegler), CSF(Canadian S Standard Freeness tester) 그리고 원형 수초지기 등의 비난류 상태의 자연탈수 특성 평가 장치와 동적 조건의 감압식 탈수성 분석기 등이 사용되고 있다. 하지만 이것들은 제지 공정 에 보다 더 근접한 탈수 및 보류 특성을 평가하기에는 부족한 점이 있다. 특히 wet-end 첨 가제들의 효능을 보다 정확히 분석하는 것이 불가능하다. 이런 이유로 난류 발생과 감압 탈 수 둥을 유도한 탈수 특성 평가 장치 개발의 필요성이 커지고 있다. R RDA - HSF(Retention Drainage Analyzer- Handsheet Former)는 지료조성, 감압탈수 및 습지의 성형이 자동화되어 보류도와 탈수성, 종이지합 및 강도를 종합 평가 할 수 있는 새 로운 실험실용 초지기이다. 보다 현장에 가까운 초지 조건을 구현하기 위해서 지료의 농도 를 높이고 진공 탈수를 실시함에 따라 기존의 탈수성 분석기나 보류도 측정기의 단점을 보 완하게 되 었다. 본 연 구에 서 는 Canadian Standard Freeness test와 Dynamic Drainage Jar test 및 원 형 수초지기를 활용한 기존의 탈수성, 보류도 분석 결과와 RDA-HSF를 비교하여, 자연 탈수를 이용하는 기존의 탈수 및 보류 설비에 비해 현장 공정을 보다 현실적으로 재현할 수 있는 감압 탈수 초지 설비로서 RDA-HSF의 활용 가능성을 분석하였다. RDA-HSF를 활용한 실험실적 분석을 통해 현장의 상황올 유사하게 재현함에 따라 공정 운영 인자의 변화에 따른 제품의 품질 및 생산효율을 예측할 수 있게 된 바, 보다 효율적 인 공정 관리가 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 안료 입자의 경우 피인쇄체의 표면 공극을 채우고, 비히클의 경우 미세한 공극속으로 침투되어 경화됨으로써 피인쇄체가 지니고 있는 공극량을 감소시커 게 될 것이다. 그리고 피인쇄체의 각종 형태의 공극으로 침투된 잉크의 양에 반비례적으로 피인쇄체의 표변에 잉크가 잔류하게 될 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 여러가지 안료를 사용하여 각각 다른 공극 특성을 지니는 도공지를 제조한 후 이들이 가지는 공극 특성과 잉크의 잔류 거동에 대해 고찰해 보고자 하였다.여 표면 유효층 일부만 오버레이시키며I 주조 및 단조가 불가능한 재료까지도 표면부에 오버레이 시킴으로 서 부품 및 설비의 제조에 있어 재료비의 절감과 제품의 수명이 획기적으로 개선될 수 있다. 그리고 최근에는 도금 빛 용사 둥과 같은 표면처리를 할 경우임의 소재 표면에 도금 및 용 사에 용이한 재료를 오버레이용접시킨 후 표면처리를 함으로써 보다 고품질의 표면층을 얻기위한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 국내, 외의 오버레이 용접기술의 적용현황 및 대표적인 적용사례, 오버레이 용접기술 및 용접재료의 개발현황 둥을 중심으로 살펴봄으로서 아직 국내에서는 널리 알려지지 않은 본 기 술의 활용을 넓이고자 한다. within minimum time from beginning of the shutdown.및 12.36%, $101{\sim}200$일의 경우 12.78% 및 12.44%, 201일 이상의 경우 13.17% 및 11.30%로 201일 이상의 유기의 경우에만 대조구와 삭제 구간에 유의적인(p<0.05) 차이를 나타내었다.는 담수(淡水)에서 10%o의 해수(海水)로 이주된지 14일(日) 이후에 신장(腎臟)에서 수축된 것으로 나타났다. 30%o의 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 평균 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 면적은 담수(淡水)에 적응된 개체의 면적보다 유의성있게 나타났다. 해수(海水)에 적응(適應

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.69-83
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• 1999

The permeability of converter slag, replacing material of sand mat on improving soft clay foundation, was evaluated in the laboratory. The effects of grain size, flow water time and aging were investigated using sea and fresh water. In the case of converter slag submerged with fresh water, the coefficients of permeability in A and B samples less than 10 mm grain sizes were measured as $6.52\times10^{-2}cm\; per\; sec\; and\; 5.99\times10^{-1}/cm$ per sec respectively, while they were $1.88\times10^{-2}/cm\; per\; sec,\; 3.86\times10^{-1}/cm$ per sec respectively under sea water condition. Also, the condition of turbulent flow may exit and was experimentally identified from the relationship between hydraulic gradient and seepage velocity. After 100 days under sea water condition, the coefficients of permeability of A and B samples decreased ten times than initial values. The reduction of permeability coefficient was considered to result from the filling of voids in high-calcium quicklime(CaO).

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.991-995
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 1차원 이송-분산 과정을 연구하고 전단류 흐름 및 분산거동에 있어 Taylor 이론의 핵심이라 할 수 있는 '종방향 이송과 횡방향 확산의 균형'을 기본 개념으로 하여, 이송과 확산을 분리하여 이 두 과정이 순차적으로 발생한다는 가정에 의거한 순차혼합모형을 제시하였다. 본 모형에서는 가상의 하천을 여러 개의 행과 종방향 거리를 길이가 일정한 구획으로 나누어 연속적인 분산과정을 이산적인 형태로 나타낼 수 있게 하고, 횡방향 유속분포에 따라 각 행에 각기 다른 유속을 할당한다. 오염물질은 하폭방향 선오염원으로 원점에 순간주입되며, 주어진 혼합시간 $t_m$ 동안 각 행의 오염물질들이 각자에 할당된 유속을 따라 진행하고 진행이 끝난 후 횡방향 확산이 순간적으로 이루어진다. 횡방향 확산은 횡방향으로 완전하게 일어남을 가정하여, 횡방향 확산이 끝나면 각 열에서의 농도 평균값이 할당된다. 이러한 혼합시간 $t_m$ 동안의 순차적인 이송-확산 과정이 반복되면서 오염물질의 분산이 일어나며, 농도 분포 그래프를 그릴 수 있게 된다. 순차혼합모형을 가상의 직선하천에 적용하여 종분산계수를 유도하였는데, 본 연구에서 유도된 종분산계순식은 Fischer.가 제안한 식과 유사한 형태로 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 본 모형에서 계산된 농도분포 곡선을 해석해와 비교한 결과,두 곡선이 적절히 일치함을 확인할 수 있었으며 해석해와의 비교를 통해 종분산계수 K가 혼합시간 $t_m$과 선형관계임을 확인할 수 있었다. 수심대하폭비에 따라 각기 다른 유속분포에 적용하여 종분산계수 K가 유속편차강도의 제곱에 비례관계에 있음이 밝힐 수 있었다. 수압은 $4.69kg/cm^2$으로 나타났다. 밸브 개폐도가 $100\%$일 때가 밸브를 $60\%$와 $80\%$ 개폐시켰을 때보다 $0.3kg/cm^2,\;0.29kg/cm^2$ 낮게 나타나 밸브를 전체 개방 했을 때 관로내의 수압이 상수설계기준에 적합한 수압을 유지함을 알 수 있다. 상수관로 설계 기준에서는 관로내 수압을 $1.5\~4.0kg/cm^2$으로 나타내고 있는데 $6kg/cm^2$보다 과수압을 나타내는 경우가 $100\%$로 밸브를 개방하였을 때보다 $60\%,\;80\%$ 개방하였을 때가 더 빈번히 발생하고 있으므로 대상지역의 밸브 개폐는 $100\%$ 개방하는 것이 선계기준에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 밸브 개폐에 따른 수압 변화를 모의한 결과 밸브 개폐도를 적절히 유지하여 필요수량의 확보 및 누수방지대책에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.8R(mm)(r^2=0.84)$로 지수적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 유거수량은 토성별로 양토를 1.0으로 기준할 때 사양토가 0.86으로 가장 작았고, 식양토 1.09, 식토 1.15로 평가되어 침투수에 비해 토성별 차이가 크게 나타났다. 이는 토성이 세립질일 수록 유거수의 저항이 작기 때문으로 생각된다. 경사에 따라서는 경사도가 증가할수록 증가하였으며 $10\% 경사일 때를 기준으로 $Ro(mm)=Ro_{10}{\times}0.797{\times}e^{-0.021s(\%)}$로

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1995

Two-layered fluid with sloping bottom and top(${\beta}$-effect) in rigid cylinder is put on the rotating table. To drive the lower-layer motion in "the Sverdrup type" flow external fluid is pumped into the lower-layer. By introducing inlet-outlet system in the upper-layer, an analogy to the Tsushima Tsugaru, Soya of the East Sea has been tested. The position of the inlet-outlet system and the difference between the strength of inlet or outlet flow are changed to see the effects of the wind stress on the upper-layer. The northern part of inflow toward the outlet may be interpreted roughly as the position of the polar front in the East Sea. Experimental observations have revealed that the inflow flows along the western boundary before it separates into the interior and flows straight toward the outlet position. However, the wind effect is imposed upon the upper-layer, the western boundary flow branches into two parts of which one flows along the boundary and the other flows into the interior under the influence of negative wind stress curl, while southward western boundary flow seems to block the flow and deflect it to the interior. The changes in the position of inlet-outlet system produce more significant changes in flow pattern in that cyclonic flow in the north controls the northern extent of the polar front by deflecting the northward interior motion toward the west(outlet). Interface displacement which depends strongly on the velocity difference between two layers seems to play crucial role in terms of the path of upper-layer flow, particularity, the inflow.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4 s.42
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• pp.195-211
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• 2005

The Kusandong Tuff, known as a representative key bed in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, is a crystal-rich tuff of pyroclastic flow and surge origin. It is 1-4 m thick and laterally extends for more than 200 km intercalated in the upper part of the Hayang Croup. Observations and analyses of the feldspar crystals in the tuff, using polarizing microscopes, EPMA, and BSE images, reveal that the plagioclase crystals in the tuff were completely albitized (>$97\%$ Ab) whereas those in the southernmost localities where the tuff is rich in fine ash matrix are unaltered or partly albitized. K-feldspars are partly albitized at all localities, irrespective of the matrix content of the tuff, Perthitic textures, chessboard twinning, albitization along micro-fractures and cleavages, and the relationship between matrix content and the degree of albitization suggest that feldspars in the Kusandong Tuff were albitized by Na-rich fluid after burial. Albitization is interpreted to start preferentially along micro-fractures and cleavages and be hampered in matrix-rich tuffs with a low permeability. Original composition of the plagioclases in the Kusandong Tuff is also interpreted to have ranged between oligoclase and andesine ($Ab_{62.5}-Ab_{83.3}$) before the albitization.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 1990

Phytoplankton samples for this study were collected by Van Dorn Sampler at 28 oceanographic stations in the southern waters of Korea in February, April and August, 1988 to characterize the distribution and species composition of phytoplankton and their relation to the movement of water masses. During the study periods, phytoplankton standing crops in the southern waters were maximum in April and minimum in February. When the geographical distribution and abundance of the phytoplankton were considered, the highest standing crops were found near the front zone formed between Cheju Island and Tsushima Island. Therefore, their abundance depends ell the location of the front zone. On the other hand, there were relatively low standing crops in the open sea off the coastal area from the front zone in February and August. The cause of the unusal low standing crops found in August at the station 205/01, the central part of the coastal area of the southern waters where the largest standing crops occurred in February and April, seems to be due to the intrusion of Tsushima warm waters. This is because the waters at the station have high temperature and salinity, poor dissolved oxygen and nutrient salts, which are identical to the characteristics of proper Tsushima warm waters. It seems that these warm waters may affect the poor productivity in this area. Seventy-two species in thirty-three genera of the phytoplankton were indentified from the samples. Among them, 61 species in 27 genera belong to diatoms and 12 species in 7 genera to dinoflagellates. The largest number of phytoplankton species occurred in August while the largest number of the tells in April. Predominant species were Eucampia zodiacus in February, Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros curvisetus in April and Chaetoceros affinis in August. Eucampia zodiacus which was dominant in February and April seems to be a indicator of the southern coastal waters of Korea and mixed waters west of Cheju Island.