• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 1998.02d
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• pp.1101-1179
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• 1998

최근에 내무부에서는 개발사업으로 인한 토사유출 피해 중 인명과 재산 피해와 같은 재해 성격을 가진 대규모 토사유출을 사전에 미리 저감시킬 목적으로 재해영향평가제를 도입하여 추진하고 있다. 이에 따라 건설 엔지니어링 업계에서는 대규모 개발 사업으로 인한 가속화된 토양손실량 예측과 침사지 설계에 많은 관심이 쏟아지고 있으나 이 분야의 기술축적과 자료부족으로 과업수행에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 강좌에서는 이러한 엔지니어링 업계의 기술적인 어려움을 다소 나마 해소할수 있도록 개발사업으로 인한 가속화된 토양손실량 예측방법과 침사지 설계 기준에 대해 외국의 자료를 바탕으로 그 동안 국내에서 수행한 각종 재해영향평가 자료를 검토하여 제시한다. 먼저, 재해영향평가제의 취지, 토사유출과 재해, 토사유출 재해 저감대책 등에 대해 간략히 설명한다. 다음, 침식량 예측 방법으로 미국의 범용토양 손실공식(USEL) 방법의 적용 절차에 대해 구체적으로 소개한다. 침사지 설계 편에서는 침사지 설계 개념과 구체적인 설계 절차를 제시하고 참사지 규모의 결정방법을 소개한다. 본 강좌의 교재는 미국교통연구단(TRB)의 국립합동도로연구프로그램(NCHRP)#70 자료를 주로 참고하였다. 이 자료는 부록에 원본 전부를 수록하였다. 다만 아직 이 분야 연구가 미흡한 관계로 본 강좌에서는 재해저감 측면에서 합리적인 침사지 설계 기준을 완전히 제시하지 못하고 있다. 참고로 국립방재연구소의 박무종/강대환 연구팀이 기존의 재해영향평가서 자료 중에서 10개를 선정하여 침사지 소요수면적 산정, USEL 적용, 강우침식도 R의 산정 등에 대해 사례 조사 분석한 결과를 부록에 수록하였다.을 기해야 한다. 있다. 청주권의 무심천도 계획상은 대청댐의 물을 공급 받을수도 있도록 되어 있으나 현실상으로 상수도 원수로서의 공급마저도 매년 심한 원수 수질 문제(5-6월, 10월경의 취수장 부근의 부영양화 현상으로 인한 악취와 물 맛의 문제)를 1984년부터 겪고 있다. 이와 같이 도시권 하천의 수자원은 자연적, 인위적, 경제적, 법적, 제도적 여러 제한 요소로서 특성을 가지고 있으며 이는 날로 심해 가고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 최적 물관리 시스템의 개발이 새로이 시작하는 수자원 개발 사업에서는 계획 단계에서부터 절실히 요구되는 바이며 기존 시설물의 관리 운영은 과감히 그 운영 관리 기준을 보완 재 정비하여야 할 것이다. 지금까지 대부분의 수자원 종합 개발 계획이 홍수방이나 용수 공급 및 수력 개발 등에 주력하여 왔으나 이제는 보다 더 수자원의 환경 보전적 차원과 도시의 안정적 발달을 위한 지역 및 권역 계획과 연계지워져서 양적인 안정 공급과 더불어 질적인 향상과 연계지워서 경제-사회적 요구에 부응할 수 있도록 도시권의 수자원을 최적 관리할 수 있는 방안을 강구하여야 할 것이다. 이는 각 도시 하천의 수자원의 정량적·정성적인 특성 및 제한 요소를 충분히 감안하여 수요-공급 개념에 의하여 과감히 기존 시설(예: 팔당댐의 운영, 대청댐의 운영 등)의 관리 운영 체계를 개선하여 나가야 할 것이며, 수질 보전적-환경 보전 차원에서 저수관리 체계를 확고히 할 수 있는 방안을 강구하여야 할 것이다.펄스주입법에 의해 증착된 박박은 강유전성 이력을 나타내었다.지역과 비도시지역을 비교하는 조사 연구가 필요하며, 이러한 조사결과를 바탕으로 자녀의 식습관에 대

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.168-177
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• 2017

In order to reveal formation factors and developmental processes of tafoni this study was conducted with petrological analysis including microscopic observation, measurement of water content and water analysis at Golgulsa temple in Gyeongju, South Korea. The direction of the entrance to tafoni at Golgulsa temple tends to coincide with the direction of slope, and this is thought to be related to the direction of wind flow and water supply. Tafoni's initial developmental processes is judged to have grown as a result of a breakaway of rock fragments along with beddings and cracks in rock. Then, tafoni have been enlarged along at the spots that sufficiently accommodate water supply depending on the direction of wind. The results of water analysis of the stagnant water in gnamma implies that a high meltage of Na and Cl compared to other inland areas can be from the adjacent shore. The effects of such saline substances on rock weathering and development of taponi are currently under way through electronic microscopy and geochemical analysis.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 2005

In this study we examined the geomorphological and geological characteristics of the granite landforms in the Iksan area. Moreover we investigated the source areas of stones which are used to build the Mieruksaji west stone pagoda. Joint is most identifiable geomorphological and geological structure in the Iksan area. Direction of J1 joint appears to be N71°E∼EW, and that of J2 joint ranges N20°W∼N20°E. Cross-pattern joint is predominant in the study area, and linen.-pattern vertical joint is also observed. Tor and corestone are easily found as geomorphological features in the study area. Corestones forming for are almost 2∼3 m across and 2∼3 m or over 5 m high. Their hardness is mainly of hammer bounce. Tower-type and castle-type of for are characteristic in the Mireuksan granites. Other geomorphological features such as tafoni, gnamma are also observed in the study area. Petrographical and geochemical features of the stones used for the Mireuksaji west stone pagoda are compared with those of the granites cropped out nearby, and indicate that the stones from the Mieruksaji west stone pagoda are quite similar to the Mireuksan granites. In the Mireuksan we can easily find lots of old traces for rock cutting.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.803-818
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• 2013

In this study, a total of 80 rock formations in the romantic road(Nangmangado) were investigated and analyzed and the results are as follows. The area in where the rock formations landscape is seen the most is Yangyang(43 formations), and the formations are most densely concentrated in Jukdo beach when seen from the site group. The most observed landform is weathering landform(61%) and the rest is comprised of coastal landform(24%) and structural landform(15%). For weathering landform, Tafoni takes up the largest portion (33%) and is followed by Corestone(27%), Tor(22%), Gnamma(10%), Groove(4%) and Exfoliation(4%). Considering academic value, rarity and accessibility overall, the 35 landforms are expected to have high utility value as tourism resources and topography filed course. And out of these 35 landforms, 11 are concentrated in Dongsan beach in Yangyang. Therefore, it seems worthy to consider developing Dongsan beach under the name of "Dongsan Coast Rock Park(Tentative Name)" to be actively utilized as tourism resources. The landforms which are evaluated as highly valuable for geomorphology filed course are a total of 16 areas including Fan rock and Op rock formations. In these areas, typical weathering landforms are concentrated in one spot and two or three other types of landform can also be additionally observed, allowing the place to be highly efficient for field education.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.33
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• pp.231-252
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• 2008

This study is to investigate on focus of his political position change to build up his the real form about Park je sang(朴堤上) who had taken an active part within Shila nulgi king(訥祗王) period on base of previous park je sang' study results. that is, this study took attention about excellent capability by diplomat who had shown his diplomatic ability in complicated and international fields of three countries, and about process of entrance on central political fields by private capability in sap lang(?良) district in relation with building up the real form of park je sang. As result, by means of few investigations about park je sang who had taken an active part, we looked into process how local power man in sap lang(?良) district had built up his position to jin-gol(眞骨) status with strategic location of sap lang(?良) district on shila history within Shila nulgi king period. I think that we found valuable means from figures of a district society in process how Shila had grown with a country of centralizing power.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2011

This work is to review the granite landforms studies by Korean geographers. It is verified that geomorphlogical characteristics of granite present landscapes characterized by 1) in case of mountains, are difficultly or irregularly weathered, so as to develop rocky forms such as domes, cliffs, and tors ; 2) in case of stream valley that is inter-massif lowland, low relief hills and flood plains with alluvium. All these facts owe to the difference of weathering mode granite properties. The granite hills and alluvial plains of southwestern coastal parts in Korean peninsula is low undulatory and large owing not only to the existence of highly weathered granitic regolith, but also to frequent flooding. Cultivated brownish field, orchard, meadow and forest are located at granite hills. On the other hand paddy rice field at granite alluvial plains. Korean peninsula have endured erodible geomorphlogical processes since Miocene when warping it up. Therefore many intermontane basins are located on the weathered granite areas which are surrounded by mountains composed of much less Precambrian gneiss complex. In fact, intermontane basin is mainly linear fault-line valley. The landforms of the intermontane basins are characterized by gentle piedmont slopes, alluvial fans, fluvial terraces and alluvial plains.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2024

Alvin Toffler mentioned that it is important for future society to keep pace with synchronization and that time deviations can hinder social development. As we experience the new normal era of untact, we have experienced an increase in non-face-to-face contact and accelerated digital transformation. Amid these rapid changes, we can maintain the need for synchronization or change in space. Therefore, we would like to study what kind of settlements people create and choose. We looked at the metaverse as an object that could indirectly find out about this, and used the content called "Animal Crossing" to collect data related to the spatial form of the metaverse. Sampling utilized a judgment sampling method during non-probability sampling to alleviate differences due to the progress of the game. The collected data was classified according to floor plan and location type and briefly organized through descriptive statistics. After matching each facility by use, data was constructed by setting coordinates for each cluster and listing them. This data was interpreted graphically on the coordinate plane for each cluster, and Euclidean analysis was performed to analyze the relationships between clusters and residential choice using a Euclidean matrix. As a result of the analysis, it could be interpreted that efficiency was pursued by arranging similar functions in close proximity. Nevertheless, when choosing a residence, it was interpreted that the intention was to create a community through arrangement adjacent to residents rather than efficiency or convenience. Due to the differences between the metaverse and the real world, it is expected that there will be limitations in equating it with reality. However, through the space expressed in the virtual world by people who are far away from the constraints of reality, we can indirectly know the wishes that we have not been able to express due to our lack of awareness.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1988

Effect of suppression for zoosporangial germination and mycelial growth of Phyto­phthora capsici causing red pepper fruit rot, was carried out in vitro test by using $NH_4OH$ and $KNO_2$, as ammonium/ammonia, nitrite/nitrous acid and $CaCl_2$, as calcium ion. Results of in vitro tests with $NH_4OH$, $KNO_2$, and $CaCl_2$, mol solutions demonstrated that zoosporangial germination of P. capsici was inhibited about 15 to 50% compared with control, according to $NH_3$, HNO as nonionized form and $Ca^{+2}$ ions. Ammonia concentration$(NH_3)$ was proportionally increased by high pH level and mol concentration, whereas low pH and high mol concentration showed rather higher concentration of $HNO_2$. Ammonia were more toxic at pH 8 than at pH 7 under the same concentration, while nitrous acid$(HNO_2)$ was more toxic than at pH 8. The zoosporangial germination inhibition in the ammonium/ammonia and nitrite/nitrous acid solutions demonstrated that $NN_3$, and $HNO_2$, were primarily responsible for the inhibition at lower concentration and mor" toxic by increasing concentration. $Ca^{+2}$ ions showed that zoosporangial germination was inhibitory by high pH level and increasing mol concentration in comparison with buffer conlrol. pH levels affected to mycelial growth of the fungus, and especially, high pH caused rather retardation of mycelial growth. There was no definite inhibitory response of mycelial growth at various degree concentrations of the toxicant solutions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.284-289
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• 2007

Background: To define the clinical features of patients with lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancer through a review of the histopathology, clinical features and follow-up results. Methods: Patients with lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancer who were diagnosed in Young dong Severance Hospital from 1992 to 2005, were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical data, radiologic findings, pathologic findings, treatment modalities were evaluated. Result: There was a total of 20 patients with aerodigestive tract cancer who were diagnosed with lung cancer over a 13 years period. The mean age was $58.45{\pm}15.09$ years and 19 cases were male. There were 14 smokers with an average pack year of 46 years. Twelve patients had aerodigestive tract cancer and later developed lung cancer, and 5 lung cancer patients were later diagnosed with aerodigestive tract cancer. Conclusion: These results suggest that cancers of the aerodigestive tract and lung can arise as either dependent or independent events and most aerodigestive tract cancer patients who developed lung cancer are not treated properly. Therefore, regular low dose chest CT with close suspicion is needed to properly manage upper aerodigestive tract cancer patients.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.87-94
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• 2008

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an infectious and highly contagious virus of swine. In order to develop the transgenic tobacco culture cells producing PEDV antigen protein, four vectors expressing PEDV spike protein (SP) gene under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter were constructed. Four fragments of the SP region of PEDV, SP1 (444 bp, 1487-1930 bp), SP2 (1.7 kb, 2300-3987 bp), SP3 (1.4 kb, 1559-2950 bp), and SP4 (2.6 kb, 9-2643 bp) were amplified by PCR and then C-MYC tag was fused to the end of each SP gene, respectively. These cassettes are inserted into the pCAMBIA2300 (named as 35S::SP1-M, 35S::SP2-M 35S::SP3-M, and 35S::SP4-M, respectively). Tobacco (cv. BY-2) cultured cells were transformed by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring expression vector. We selected kanamycin-resistant calli and checked for the presence of the introduced SP gene using PCR, resulting 70% of them showed the foreign gene. We selected the lines with high-level expression of PEDV antigen protein based on dot blot analysis. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the PEDV SP gene was integrated into the genome of the tobacco cultured cells. Northern blot analysis showed that the introduced gene was highly expressed in transgenic cultured cells. Transgenic tobacco cultured cells-derived antigen induced immunogenicity in mice as determined by a plaque reduction neutralization assay. These results suggest that the vectors expressing PEDV spike protein gene in this study will be useful for the development of transgenic plants and cultured cells producing PEDV antigene protein.