• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.149-162
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• 1972

韓國産 살모사 亞科의 分類는 종전의 venrals의 數는 中間型이 많이 생기므로 分類特徵이 될수 없어 本人은 새로운 特徵으로 頭部側面에 眼後板에서 목까지에 線狀 무늬의 有無를 分類 特徵으로 定하였다. 全道와 섬에서 採集된 成蛇 337마리와 雪嶽山과 德裕山에서 採集된 임신한 암컷에서 얻은 새끼를 比較하였으며 또한 染色體를 smear法으로 조사해본바, 쇠살모사는 n=16個, 살모사와 까치살모사는 n=15個 였다. 外部形態, 分布, 染色體數를 보아 韓國産 살모사 亞科는 3個의 別個의 集團으로, 즉 Agkistrodon halys, 쇠살모사 Agkistrodon blomnoffii, 살모사 Agkistrodon intermedtas 까치살모사 3種으로 分類하는 것이 타당하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2014

In order to study the home range of the red-tongue viper snake (Gloydis ussuriensis) and the short-tailed viper snake (Gloydius saxatilis) belonging to the viperidae of squamat in Korea, we implanted radio-transmitters which were weighed less than 5% of individual mass in them and traced their location by radio-tracking. Surgeries for transmitter insertion were performed on 5 red-tongue viper snakes and 6 short-tailed viper snakes (total 11 individuals) and the average ratio of transmitter mass to body mass were 4.2% and 2.2%, respectively. After radio-transmitter implantation, all short-tailed viper snakes survived but 4 out of 5 red-tongue viper snakes did not survive during the convalescence stage, showing only 20% of survival rate. The results suggest that the ratio of transmitter mass to body mass should be less than 3.6% at least in these species, although previous studies have recommended various ranges from 1% to 7% as the acceptable ratios.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.159-174
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• 1993

까치 살모사(AEkistrodon snatilis)의 활동기와 동면기에서 일반적인 혈액성상과 혈액내 가스함량의 변화 또한 위장관 점액세포에 대한 형태적 및 조직화학적 변화 양상을 규명 비교하고자 한다 활동기와 동면기에 까치 살모사의 혈액내 총이산화탄소량(TCO2). 이산화탄소부분압(PCO2), 산소압(PO2)과 pH는 활동기보다 동면기에 증가하였으며, 적혈구수, 혈색소, 적혈구 용적 백분율은 활동기보다 동면기에 약간 증가하는 경향이었다. 또한 백혈구수는 활동기보다 동면기에 뚜렷한 감소를 보였다 활동기와 동면기의 위점막에서는 현저한 차이는 없으나, 소장 점막은 동면기에 그 주름수가 감소하고 높이가 낮아지며 점액세포가 위축되었으며, 위 표면 점액세포는 활동기에 중성 점액질과 약간의 Sialomucin을 포함한 산성 점액질로 구성되었으나 동면기에는 중성 점액질과 Sialomucin이 약간 감소하였다 위점액경세포는 활동기에 중성 점액질만을 포함하고 있었으나. 동면기에는Sialomucin을 포함한 산성 점액질이 소량 검출되었다 소장 점액세포는 활동기에 산성점액질과 중성 점액질로 구성되었으며. 산성 점액질에는 Sulfomucin과 Sialomucirr이 포함되어 있었으나 동면기에는 Sulfomucin과 Sialomucin이 다소 감소하는 경향이었다 주사전자현미경 관찰을 통한 까치 살모사의 위장관 표면 상피세포의 미세구조적 변화는 각동면기 별로 차이를 인정할 수가 있었다. 위장관점 막 상피세포는 활동기에 비해 동면기에 상당한 구조적 위축현상을 보이는 경향을 알 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 1976

$M_4$-LDH isozyme was partially purified from the skeletal muscle of Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus. The protein was injected into rabbits and the resulting antiserum was tested for reactivity with crude preparations of LDH isozymes of fifteen vertebrate species. Antisera against $M_4$-LDH isozyme of A. blomhoffii brevicaudus reacted very strongly with the LDH isozymes, except the $H_4$-LDH isozyme, of A. saxatilis and A. caliginosus but weakly with those of Rhabdophis tigrinus at fixed conditions. A. caliginosus showed a difference in the immunodiffusion test and was considered to be a species less related to others of genus Agkisrodon. The suggestion that the H and M lactate dehydrogenase subunits are immunclogically distinct has been reaffirmed in the present study.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.276-296
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• 1990

This study attempts to investigate several enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal epithelia of the Korean snakes (Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonotum Rhabdophis tigrina tigrina, Enhydris rufodorsata, Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus, Agkistrodon saxatilis, Agkistodon calginosus). For a light-microscopical examination of immunocytochemistry, the paraffin sections (5 $\mu$ m) of tissue specimens taken from the various parts of the gastrointestinal tract were stained immunocytochemically by PAP procedure with 10 antisera. The frequency of enteroendocrine cells per unit area (mm$^2$) of each mucosa were counted and the shapes of the cells were observed. In Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, Rhobdophis tigrina tigrina, Enhydris rufodorsata, Agkistrodon saxatilis and Agkistrodon caliginosus, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and serotonin cells were observed. But the freuqency of these immunoreactive cells differ trom each portion of gastrointestinal tracts of all species, respectively. In Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus, CCK-8, gastrin and serotonin cells were observed. CCK-8 and serotonin cells were found in whole gastrointestinal tracts and gastrin cells were observed in pylorus and mucosa of small intestine. The frequency of these cells was different from each portion. The shapes of CCK-8, gastrin, PP and serotonin cells were pyramidal or oval and closed type in stomach. A large number of these cells were spindle in shape and open type in small intestine and anterior pant of large intestine, whereas some cells were closed type. In posterior part of large intestine and rectum, these cells were oval in shape and closed type.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 1999

Herpetofauna of Kojedo was surveyed in both May 3, 1998~May 5, 1998 and Nov. 7, 1998~Nov. 8, 1998. 9 species of 6 families in Amphibia and 9 species of 3 families in Reptile were observed by survey and heard the evidence in this study. It was observed relatively rich biota to the Kayasan, Sokrisan, Soraksan and Chirisan National Park in Korea. There were Specific Endangered Animal assigned by Minister of Environment such as Hynobius leechii, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Rana dybowskii, Elaphe rufodorsata, Zamenis spinalis, Dinodon rufo-zonatum rufozonatum, Agkistrodon blomhoffii bevicaudus and Agkistrodon saxatilis. Especially Rana catesbeiana which was originated from North America was very abundantly distributed at one pond. So Rana catesbeiana should be controlled for stable environmental condition of endemic Amphibia distribution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.58-77
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• 1998

Four species(25%) of Viperidae(Agkistrodon brevicaudus, Agkistrodon ussuriensis, Agkistrodon saxatilis) and Cloubridae(Rhabdophis tigrenus tigrenus) were Korean poisonous snake. Copulation season of these species was from July to August. Reproduction mode of genus Agkistrodon species was ovoviviparous but Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus was the other pattern of oviparous. Optimal movement temperature range was from 20$\circ $C to 29$\circ $C(March~September). Wjen atmosphere temperature was below 10$\circ $C, at that time they hibernate at the ground, rock bottom, stone wall and embankment around the end of a field. The venom of these snakes consist mainly Hematoxin, Cytolysin, Neurotoxin and Cardiotoxin of poisonous liquids. These material injection to animal cause systemic syndrome such as Dizziness(25.7%), Vomitting(23.1%), Fever(22%), Visual trouble(18%), Headace(17.7%), Dyspnoea(17.6%) and bring about other local syndrome such as Discoloration(54.2%), Bleeding(20.2%), Bullae(10.7%) and Skin ulcer(!0.8%). The annual distribution was appeared to decrease 1972 after 1992 and average snakebiting patients was 25.6 per year, but practically total estimated snakebiting was 2,700 per year. The seasonal distribution was most frequent in August(25%), and mortality was 1.8%(26 per 1,430). The sex ratio was 2:1 and according to age distribution, it was most prevalent at one's fifties(19%). The most frequent place where the accident happened was the field(48.2%) and most predilection site of the body for victim were hand(47.8%) and foot(39.5%), Commonly bite snake were Agkistrodon ussuriensis(27.1%), Agkistrodon brevicaudus(22.6%) and Agkistrodon saxatilis(9.6%) but 40.7% of species could not be identified. Treatment of antivenin patient was 75.9% (1,068/1,407).

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2017

Body scales directly exposed to external environments can be an important factor to understand various characteristics of a species such as habitat features, life history and basic ecology. In this study, we compared size and morphology of dorsal, outermost dorsal, keeled dorsal and ventral scales of total nine snake species in Korea; Oocatochus rufodorsatus, Elaphe dione, Rhabdophis tigrinus, Amphiesma vibakari, Dinodon rufozonatum, Hierophis spinalis in the Colubridae and Gloydius ussuriensis, G. brevicaudus, G. saxatilis in the Viperidae. The morphological characteristics of the scales seem to well reflect foraging modes and moving activity of both families. Uniquely D. rufozonatum had a diamond shape dorsal scale and had the greatest and smallest value of the ratio of width/length of dorsal and ventral scales, respectively. O. rufodorsatus, D. rufozonatum and H. spinalis did not have keeled dorsal scales and E. dione had keel on the few of dorsal scales. In addition, morphological characteristics of scales of three viper species were closely consistent with previously known phylogenetic relationships.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.84-99
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• 1997

Amphibian and Reptilian specimens which were surveyed in Gyebangsan during both from Apr. 26, 1995 to Oct. 15, 1995 and from Apr. 13, 1996 to July 28, 1996 were observed 9 Species in 5 Families on 2 Orders and 10 Species in 3 Families, 5 Fimilies, 9 Species and Reptiles were 2 Suborders, 3 Families on 2 Suborders, respectively. Bombina orientalis was revealed dominant species and Bufo stejnegeri was distributed abundant on this investigation area than other survey studies. Relatively large number of larvae of Rana dybowskii were found among the stream and small ponds at the Suchung-gol valley. There were 5 species of Specific wildlife species in Korea as Hynobius leechii, Rana dybowskii, Onchodactylus fischeri, Bufo stejnegeri and Bufo bufo gargarizans. Meanwhile Bufo stejnegeri were endemic species in Korea. 6 Species among 10 Species which were observed Reptiles in this survey Scincella laterale laterale, Dinodon rufozonatus rufozonatus, Agkistrodon brevicaudus, Agkistrodon saxatilis, Amphiesma vibakari ruthveni and Enhydris rufodorsata were Specific wildlife in Korea. Scincella laterale laterale and Takydromus amuriensis were habitated very abundant in Suchung-gol region. Habitat density of Takydromus amureinsis at Suchung-gol region was 36 individuals/ha. Total number of pressed to death individuals caused by press on the road from May to July, 1995 were 404 specimens in 10 Species. The 1,2,3 and 4 Stations where were found the largest number of death individuals caused by press on the road should considered to construct Eco-corridor to reduced the death individuals with small pipes beneath the road as a migration route. Onchodactylus fischeri have around 500m as moving distance and home range for lifelong and it were the climax of broad-leaved tree and highly moisture area that abundantly region of Onchodactylus fischeri.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.173-184
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• 2016

Knowledge of the relationships among interspecific competition, spatial distributions and ecological niches plays an important role in understanding biogeographical distribution patterns of species. In this study, the distributional characteristics and ecological niches of the three Viperidae species (Gloydius ussuriensis, G. brevicaudus, and G. saxatilis) in South Korea were determined based on observation data and species distribution model. The effects of interspecific competition on geographical distribution and the division of the ecological niches of the vipers were also examined based on the models of predicted species distribution. The results showed that altitude was the most important environmental variable for their distribution, and the altitudes at which these snakes were distributed correlated with the climate of that region. Although interspecific ecological niches are quite overlapped, their predicted distribution patternsvary by the Taebaek Mountains. When overlaying the distribution models, most of the overlapping habitats were forest areas, which were relatively less overlapped than were the entire research areas. Thus, a parapatric distribution pattern was expected. The abundance of species occurring sympatrically was positively correlated with each other, indicating the lack of serious interspecies competition in this region. In conclusion, although the three Viperidae species in South Korea occupy similar ecological niches, these snakes exhibit parapatric distribution patterns without direct competition. Further research on various geographic variables (e.g., altitude, microhabitat characteristics) using relatively fine grid sizes, as well as further detailed ecological and behavioral research, is needed to determine the causative factors for the parapatric distribution pattern.