• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2015

This study was conducted to monitor residual pesticides in perilla leaf & lettuce and to assess their risk to human health. The total number of perilla leaf & lettuce were 4,063 and 2,248 respectively and these products were collected at the Garak-dong Agricultural & Marine Products Market sold by auction from 2010 to 2012. Multi-residual analysis of 285 pesticides were performed by GC-ECD, GC-NPD, HPLC-DAD and HPLC-FLD. In perilla leaf, 61 pesticides were detected and detection rate was 20.0%. 28 pesticides were detected in case of lettuce and detection rate was 4.8%. In order to do risk assessment by perilla leaf & lettuce consumption, estimated daily intake of residual pesticides were determined and compared to acceptable daily intake, referring to hazard index (HI values). The range of % HI values of perilla leaf was from 0.000% to 0.049%. The range of % HI values of lettuce was from 0.000% to 0.095%. These results show that the risk caused by pesticide residues in perilla leaf & lettuce intake were very low and these vegetable intake was safe.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 2015

In order to identify the causes of various problems related to forage crop growth, such as winter survival, coldness, rainfall, drought etc., and to provide basic data for the stable production and supply of forage year round, we performed a growth survey after the wintering of winter forage crops grown from mid-Sep. 2014 to late-Feb. 2015. The growth of winter forage crops after wintering in the country was generally bad. As shown in the regional distribution in the country, regions with 80% or higher winter survival rates comprised 66%, regions with 79 to 50% winter survival comprised 24.9% and regions with less than 50% winter survival comprised 9.1%. In conclusion, the average winter survival rate was 79% in the country. Winter survival rate and coverage rate after the wintering of winter forage crops under installed drain channels in paddy fields were good at 83% and 80%, respectively. However, the rates without installed drain channels were bad at 67% and 66%, respectively. It was predicted that the crop production of winter forage crops was reduced by 10-15% in Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyeongnam and Jeonnam regions, reduced by 30% in Gyeonggi, Gyeongbuk and Jeonbuk regions and reduced overall by approximately 19% nationwide.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.512-519
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• 2014

This study investegated the effect of Liriope platyphylla (LP) on allergic reactions and its mechanism of action. We investigated the effect of LP on Evans Blue (EB) extravasation induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-IgE in rats. We tested whether the ethanol extract of LP reduced ear skin thickness and historical changes induced by topical application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to ears of mice. We evaluated compound 48/80-induced release of histamine in rats peritoneal mast cell (RPMCs). We also investigated the regulatory effect of LP on the level of inflammatory mediators in PMACI-induced human mast cell (HMC-1); cytokine IL-6, IL-8, TNF-${\alpha}$ in HMC-1, MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38) in HMC-1. The ethanol extract of LP (81.3 mg/100 g body weight) significantly inhibited the PCA reaction compared with the control (P < 0.05). However, LP did not prevent topical applications of DNFB-induced ear skin thickening and histological changes. In RPMCs, histamine release induced by compound 48/80 was significantly attenuated by LP at $100{\mu}g/ml$ (P < 0.05). LP extract ($100{\mu}g/ml$) significantly reduced the PMACI-induced IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion via inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in HMC-1. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of LP inhibited mast cell-derived, immediate-type allergic reactions, and the result suggest the potential of LP for preventing allergic inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.565-570
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to report a clinical case of a patient with CIPN (Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy) successfully treated with Korean medicine interventions including acupuncture, herbal medicine and moxibustion. The patient is a female with CIPN who was diagnosed with ascending colon cancer and suffering from paresthesia of extremities after chemotherapy of platinum compounds. The patient was treated mainly with electroacupuncture (Ex-LE 10), indirect moxibustion and herbal medicine (Ucha-Shinki-hwan granule). The clinical outcomes were measured by NCI CTCAE grade, EORTC QLQ-C30 (CIPN20) scale and patient's assessment of symptoms. In this case, the NCI CTCAE grade was improved from II to I. The scores of global health status and functional scale in QLQ-C30 were increased and symptom scale was decreased. Especially, this case shows a noticeable decrease in sensory scale in QLQ-CIPN20. In patient's general assessment, the scale was changed from 10 to 5. Korean medical interventions including acupuncture, herbal medicine and moxibustion could potentially be an effective treatment for CIPN if further researches are conducted.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.74-79
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• 2015

Objective: Treatment with sulfonylureas in combination with metformin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but is associated with hypoglycemia and weight gain. This retrospective study aims to compare the effectiveness of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sulfonylureas as an add-on therapy to metformin in patients with T2DM. Methods: Data from medical records of 355 T2DM patients received therapy either DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitor group) or sulfonylurea (SU group) in combination with metformin from 1 March 2009 to 30 September 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Of total 355 patients, 231 patients were in DPP-4 inhibitor group and 124 patients were in SU group. Baseline Hemoglobin $A_{1c}$ ($HbA_{1c}$) level in SU group was higher than DPP-4 inhibitor group with a statistically significant difference (8.6% vs. 7.8%). Comparative analysis between DPP-4 inhibitor group and SU group was performed for $HbA_{1c}$ values, amounts of $HbA_{1c}$ changes, and rates of $HbA_{1c}$ changes from baseline at 6-month intervals and incidence rates of major cardiocerebral events. Results: SU group showed larger $HbA_{1c}$ changes in both amounts and rates compared to DPP-4 inhibitor group, although statistical significance was not found in all study periods. Proportions of patients with stable $HbA_{1c}$ <6.5% or 7% were significantly higher in DPP-4 inhibitor group than SU group (<6.5%: 30.4% vs. 13.4%, <7%: 72.3% vs. 41.2%). Time to achieve stable $HbA_{1c}$ <6.5% was not significantly different, but time to achieve stable $HbA_{1c}$ <7% was shorter in DPP4 inhibitor group than SU group with a significant difference. The incidence rate of cardiocerebral events in group of patients with or without previous events was 1.7%, not significantly lower than that in DPP-4 inhibitor group (4.0%). For newly encountered cardiocerebral events during the treatment, incidence rates of two groups did not differ significantly. Conclusion: DPP-4 inhibitors were as effective as sulfonylureas in achieving the $HbA_{1c}$ goal of less than 6.5% or 7% and cardiocerebral event rates did not differ between the two drugs.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to acknowledge the effects that have the strength exercise done only on the neck extensor, only on the thoracic extensor, and both the neck and the thoracic extensor on forward head posture(FHP) and cervical range of motion. Also is to discover which of the exercise is the most effective. Method: This experiment will be done by selecting 40 people who have 16cm or more FHP and they will be divided into four groups: three experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group will do only the neck extensor strength exercise(NESE). The second experimental group will do only the thoracic extensorstrength exercise(TESE) and the third experimental group will do both the NESE and the TESE. The experimental groups will make a day three times each ten sets of extensor isometric strength exercise but the time will be increased from 4 to 6 and8 seconds until it will be done the ten sets. Then after four weeks, they will be compared which had the best results for the FHP and the cervical range of motion. Result: After the experiment, it was compared the experimental groups with the control group. Every experimental group had an improvement on their FHP and cervical range of motion. However, the only NESE and the only TESE did not have a significantly difference(p>.05). Only the group who did both the NESE and the TESE had a sign ificantly improvement compared to the control group. Conclusion: 1. The only NESE and the only TESE seem that had a positive effect on FHP and cervical range of motion. However, it cannot be conclude that it is effective. 2. When both the NESE and the TESE are done, it is showed statistically a significant difference(p<.05) on FHP and cervical range of motion. The refore, it would be note worthy if this exercise is used to improve the FHP and the cervical range of motion.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2010

목적 : 기존 연구에서 신문혈 자침은 알코올 및 코카인을 자가섭취하는 동물 모델에서 효과적이라는 점이 밝혀졌으며, 또한 모르핀 자가섭취를 억제할 수 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 자침의 효과가 얼마나 지속될 수 있는지 알아보았다. 재료 및 방법 : 체중 270~300g의 수컷 SD계 흰쥐를 이용하였다. 먹이섭취 훈련을 통과한 후 오른쪽 경정맥에 관을 삽입하는 수술을 거쳐, 0.1mg/kg의 모르핀을 매일 1시간, 총 3주 동안 자가섭취 하도록 하였다. 모르핀을 일정하게 섭취한 동물에게는 다음날 침술을 시행하였다. 두 번째 실험에서는 GABAA 및 GABAB 길항제를 자침 30분 전에 투여하여 침술의 효능과 GABA 수용체계 사이의 관계를 검증하였다. 결과 : 모르핀 자가섭취를 억제하는 신문혈 자침의 효과는 매일 비슷하게 나타나지 않았으며, 4일째에는 유의한 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 5일째와 6일째에는 다시 유의한 효과가 나타나 뒤집어진 U 자형 곡선을 나타내었다. 또한 GABA 수용체의 길항제들은 자침의 효과가 유의하게 나타났을 때 이를 차단하는 결과를 보였다. 결론 : 모르핀 중독 치료에서 침술의 효과는 항상 비슷하게 발휘되는 것이 아니므로 침 치료는 적어도 1주일에 2회 이상 받을 필요가 있다. 아울러 보다 심도 있는 연구를 위하여 뇌신경 체계에 대한 연구가 이루어질 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

When designing a reinforced concrete member using nonlinear finite element analysis results, the bending moment at the critical section should be calculated. In this paper, a bending moment calculation method using the results of reinforced concrete finite element analysis(FEA) using continuum elements is presented and the optimum element size according to the order of the displacement function of the finite element is proposed. The bending moments calculated by integrating the stresses from the FEA are compared with the bending moments calculated using the static equilibrium conditions. In the method of integrating the stress, both the stress due to the reinforcing bar and the stress of the concrete are considered. In addition, various factors affecting the accuracy of the stresses calculated by the FEA were analyzed and the influence of the displacement function and the element size was verified. If the purpose of the analysis is to roughly observe the behavior of the members, it is appropriate to use the first order displacement function and the element size should be about 25% of the section height of the analytical model. When the bending moment of a member with high accuracy is required, it is suggested that the secondary displacement function be used and the element size be 12.5%.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

Cordyceps militaris has been used in traditional Chinese medicine owing to its anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Germanium compounds have also been shown to be associated with many pharmacological functions, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antimutagenic, and immunomodulating effects. In this study, we examined the biological properties of hot water extract from mycelial liquid culture of germanium-enriched C. militaris (CMGe). CMGe displayed a concentration-dependent antiproliferation activity against four human cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative activity of CMGe was 2-4-fold lower than that of hot water extract from mycelial liquid culture in C. militaris (CM). However, CM had a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Contrastingly, CMGe did not cause any cellular damage to MSCs. MSCs cultured with CMGe displayed an increased proliferative activity with no cytotoxic effect. The oral administration of CMGe inhibited increased tumor volume and weight compared with the control group. CMGe has the potential to be used as an industrial product in medicinal foods as well as in pharmaceutical products.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2017

Bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, induces toxicity in cells and in experimental animals. Ginseng extracts were evaluated to determine whether they can inhibit BPA-induced toxicity. The antioxidant activity of fresh ginseng extract (WGE), dried white ginseng extract (DGE), and dried red ginseng extract (RGE) was measured using the DPPH assay. WGE and RGE increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Cell viability was measured in HepG2 cells following treatment with BPA and ginseng extracts using the MTT assay. DGE and RGE increased HepG2 cell viability following treatment with $200{\mu}M$ BPA. RGE reduced levels of biochemical markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) that increased in mice following treatment with BPA. In addition, the regeneration and proliferation of damaged liver cells were significantly increased in RGE-treated mice. Moreover, RGE inhibited hepatic fibrosis in the surrounding area and in the central vein of the liver microstructure. RGE also significantly inhibited BPA-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, RGE protected liver damage and regenerated liver tissues in BPA-treated animals. These results show that RGE may represent a potential candidate drug for the treatment and prevention of liver damage caused by environmental toxins.