• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 1988

These studies have been carried out to examine the stability of enzyme activity of PGM$_1$subtypes in seminal stains and vaginal stains according to the period of storage time by means of polyacryiamide gel(PAG) isoelectric focusing. The results from the experiments were as follows. (1) The stabflity of enzyme activity of PGM$_1$subtypes was detennined from seminal stains and vaginal stains according to the period of storage time. The PGM$_1$ subtypes of seminal stains stored at room temperature could be detennined 86% after 7 days and 15% after 14 days, but almost impossible after 21 days. (2) In the case of vaginal stains stored at room temperature, PGM$_1$ subtypes could be determined 67% after 7 days, but almost impossible after 14 days. On the other hand, when the vaginal fluid was mixed with seminal fluid, PGM$_1$ subtypes of the seminal fluid could be postulated by the determination of PGM$_1$ subtypes from the vaginal fluid.These results lead to the possibility of application in forensic biology.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 1990

The change of phosphatase activities of the epididymal spermatozoa has been examined during epididymal maturation in mouse. The quantitative analysis of phQsphatase activities have been carried out using the method modified by Emst(1975). The results of experiment were summarized as the followings. Total protein of the caput epididyrnal spermatozoa(CPS) was measured as 59.1 $\pm$8.4(mg/10 9 spermatozoa), and that of the cauda epididymal spermatozoa(CDS) was 14.0$\pm$12.3(mg/10 9 spermatozoa). When phosphatase activities of the CDS in basic reaction medium were 29.2% in alkaline phosphatase, 44.9% in ATPse and 53.8% in acid phosphatase. The activities were eminently decreased in all CDS in contrast to those of CPS. The alkaline phosphatase and ATPase activities of K+ -dependent were decreased in CDS when compared with caput epididymal spermatozoa, and alkaline phosphatase, ATPase and acid phosphatase activities of $Ca^2$+ -dependent were increased in homogenized spermatozoa when compared with intact spermatozoa. From these results, it may be concluded that the decrease of phosphatases activities in spermatozoa during epididymal maturation may play some significant roles in acquiring fertilizing capability.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.78-93
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• 1990

The ultrastructure of epididymal epithelium of 10, 20, 35 and 80 day-old mouse was observed to study the differentiation and function of the epithelial cells in connection with the absorption and secretion during sexual matruation. The differentiation of epididymis was divided into three phases of, 1) undiflerentiated phase until the day 20 after birth, 2) growing and differentiating phase between the day 20 and 35, and 3) maturating phase up to the adult. Each phase was closely related with the lumination of seminiferous tubule and the influx of spermatozoa within testicular fluid from testis. In adult, the ultrastructural features appeared an absorptive function in the principal cells of proximal caput epididymis, and a strong activity of protein synthesis and secretion in distal caput, corpus and cauda epididymis. Clear cells were predominantly located in corpus and cauda epidiymis, and plenty of absorption vesicles including membranous particles assumed to be the cellular residues from spermatozoa were observed at apical region. Therefore, the distribution of various cell types of epithelium and the ultrastructure even in the same type of epithelial cell, were different according to the epididymal regions.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.201-209
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• 2000

Objective: This study has been carried out to evaluation the effect of fertilization promoting peptide (FPP) on the kinematic parameters, capacitation and acrosome reaction of the frozen-thawed human spermatozoa. Methods: After FPP treatment, we examined kinematic parameters, capacitation and acrosome reaction, using the methods of computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) and chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescence analysis. Results: We have obtained the evidence that FPP can promote the capacitation and inhibit the spontaneous acrosome reaction of frozen-thawed human spermatozoa in vitro. FPP ($25{\sim}100$ nM) induced a significant increase in the proportion of B-pattem capacitated spermatozoa, and a significant decrease in the proportion of F-pattem uncapacitated ones without significant stimulation of acrosomal exocytosis. In the kinematic parameters treatment, FPP treated groups maint3ined higher LIN, BCF and STR than those of control. The VAP, VSL, VCL and ALH were not different. Therefore it is suggested that FPP in human seminal plasma may play a positive role in promoting human sperm function.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.345-353
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• 1999

In the studies on the hatching mechanisms in mammals, many investigators focused on the embryonic intrinsic factor(s) in in vitro culture, but the uterine environment as the extrinsic factor(s) is thought to play an important role in hatching mechanism. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of uterine environment on the hatching event in vivo, the immature(GV) and ovulated(MII) oocytes, and the late 2-cell embryos of mouse were transferred to pseudopregnant foster mother's uterus during peri-implantation period. So it was verified whether there would happen hatching by only uterine environment independently on embryonic stage. The ultrastructural changes of the zona surface of transferred group were compared with those 01 in vivo and vitro group by SEM. 36 hrs after transfer, the immature and ovulated oocytes almost degenerated, and the late 2-cell embryos developed to various embryonic stages. However, the embryos which didn't develop to blastula stage did not hatch. The ultrastructural network of ZP in transferred group seemed to be smoothed uniformly, which was different from in vitro group. In conclusion, it is suggested that the uterine environment during peri-implantation period enhances the embryo hatching by provoking the structural change of ZP.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.514-522
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• 1995

In order to examine the interaction of albumin with the sperm during capacitation in mouse, proteins of cauda epididymal sperm were extracted under various conditions and analyzed with SDS-PAGE. Sperm surface labeling patterms were also examined using fluorochroin~conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Albumin was detached from the sperm surface during the incubation and seemed to be constituted the major protein components of the conditioned media in which sperm incubated for 90 mm. Detachment of albumin from the sperm was not affected by the Ca2+ in the medium. WGA-FITC labeling confirmed that Triton X-100 permeabilired plasma membrane overlaying the apical segment of sperm head and detached plasma membrane associated proteins having negatively charged glycoconjugates. BSA-FITC labeling of epididymal sperm occurred on the apical segment of periacrosoinal region and postacrosomal region of the head. BSA-FITC labeling was not observed in periacrosoinal region of the sperm treated with Ca2+-ionophore ~3187 (10 MM)~ whereas the postacrosome region of acrosome-reacted sperm was still labeled after the AR. These results suggest that albumin bound to the surface of epididymal sperm is detached during the capacitation process, and it might be involved In physiological change of sperm plasma membrane accompanying the capacitation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.341-348
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• 2013

The present study aims to analyze kickers' strategic actions for finishing in penalty shoot-outs among youth soccer players ultimately to increase success rates of shoot-outs and to score a victory. Subjects were experienced 271 soccer players attending high schools located around the capital area. To determine any difference in strategic actions for finishing in penalty shoot-outs among the subjects, frequency analysis or chi-square was used for the analysis. The analysis found the following points: First, the success or failure rates of kickers in penalty shoot-outs were found to depend on subjects' experiences as soccer players. Second, in terms of kickers' shooting qualities, they were found to shoot on goal regardless of shooting positions. Third, an important factor to enhance the shoot-outs probability was found to be a strategic action through the eyes. Fourth, in view of the strategic actions prior to kickers' shooting, goalies were found to check out kickers' positions first and estimate the directions and qualities of shooting via kickers' body actions and eye lines.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.265-279
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• 1975

This study was conducted to investigate the development of Gab river-basin which was a part of the farm land enlargement to contribute to the increased production of food. The results were as follows; 1. Gab river has the upper stream which occupy 50 percent in moumtains and the mid-stream in the Daejeon city area, and the downstream in a field which is about 22.9 percent in which farming area per household is 0.82 ha., agricultural population is 76 percent except of Daejeon city. Also, urban enlargement of mid-stream basin and development of industrial area in the lower stream diminish farm land. Consequently, this area should be developed to farm land to increase farming size. 2. There is no possibility to develop farm land in mountains of which (64.9 percent) is forests and in midstream which was constructed river-improvement. But Weonjeong area and Yongcheon area will be effective area. 3. If river banks of Weonjeong area will make straight with cost of construction 195,000,000 won, bank length 6 km will be useless, water will flow smoothly, flood will be prevented, farm land will develop 21.66 ha in which rice will produce annually 81.698 M/T which is about 10,860,000 won. 4. This area has good conditions of development. that is, investment efficiency (B/C) is 1.47 more than 1.00. 5. This area is a multiple purpose development district. The reasons are that there are beautiful mountains and a reservoir to be expected to construct, so it will be a sight seeing district in the vicinity of Daejeon city. 6. If Honam railway double line and river straight construction had executed simultaneously, cost of construction 50,000,000 won would have saved.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 1992

The effects of continuous restoration of sludge into the reclamating paddy soil and leaching test of sludge components by soil column were investigated. 1. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, C.E.C. and organic matter(O.M.) were increased in/on the paddy soil treated with paper mill sludge than non-treated. 2. Humic layer depth recognized by color showed the non-treated(10 cm), second year(15 cm) and third year(20 cm), respectively. 3. The effects of sludge treatment showed in the contents of O.M. such as non-treatment(0.9 %) < second year(1.39 %) < third year(1.75 %) in 10 cm depth. 4. All components in soil tested with column were increased by holding capacity of sludge, and the contamination effects of soil and ground water were not found by leaching test.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1987

The present experiments have been bone to verify the effects of the warming rate and the degenerated blastomere(s) on further development of the frozen and thawed 4- and 8-cell mouse embryos. The embryos obtained from the mouse superovulated and mated were frozen in the solution of 15M DMSO in PBS containing 10% FCS at a slowly cooling rate($0.3^{\circ}C/min$). Two methods of warming slowly($8^{\circ}C/min$) and quickly ($450^{\circ}C/min$) were applied for thawing embryos. The thawed embryos were grouped according to the number of healthy blastomere(s) in the embryos. Some of the embryos were eliminated their degenerated blastomere(s) by means of a micromanipulation technique. The embryos were examined their developmental phases after 48 or 72 hrs incubation. The rates of blastocyst development from the frozen and thawed 4- and 8-cell embryos were 72.7% and 73.5%, respectively in case of thawing slowly, and were 78.9% and 80.0%, respectively in case of thawing quickly. The rate in case of thawing quickly was significantly higher than that in case of thawing slowly. The rates of blastocyst development from the frozen and thawed 4- and 8-cell embryos eliminated their degenerated blastomere(s) increased 5.9% and 24.4%, respectively compared with those of control groups not eliminated. The more number of degenerated blastomere(s) were eliminated from the embryos, the higher rate of blastocyst development was shown. It may be concluded from the results that the quickly thawing method is better for increasing survival rate than the slowly thawing one, and that the degenerated blastomere(s) in the frozen and thawed embryos affects as an interfering factor for further development of the embryos.