• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1996

한반도 쌍자엽식물의 시·공간적 분포역을 식물화석자료를 바탕으로 분석한결과에 따르면 우리나라에서 발견된 가장오래된 쌍자엽식물은 중생대 백악기의 Platanus, Viburnum, Populophyllum등이다. 당시에 남한에서는 17속의 쌍자엽식물이 보고되었으며 그 중 9속(버즘나무 Platanus, 분꽃나무 Viburnum, 버드나무 Salix, 사시나무 Populus, 녹나무 Cinnamomum 감탕나무 Ilex, 장구밤나무 Grewia, 두릅나무 Aralia, 생강나무 Lindera)은 현 재에도 자연적으로 분포한다, 우리나라의 신생대 제3기 팔레오세와 에오세에 대한 화석정보 는 불분명하다. 올리고세의 쌍자엽식물은 황해 봉산에서 12속이 발견되며 그중 11속은 아직 도 자라고 있다. 마이오세에는 북한의 gkarud도와 강원도의 7곳과 남한의 경북과 강원의 4 곳에서 72속의 쌍자엽식물이 출현했으며 16속(Engelhardtia, planera, Hamamelis, Porana, Sassafras, Parrotia, Comptonia, Hemitrapa, Nothofagus, Erica, Pasania, Cryptocary, Phoebe, Entada, Carpites, Trochodendron)을 제외한 나머지 56속은 현생한다. 신생대 제4기 플라이스토세 동안 복한 전역의 7곳과 남한 전역의 10곳에서 53속의 쌍자엽식물이 산출되었 으며 그 중 Engelhardtia, raphidephis, Sapium등 3속을 제외한 모든속이 아직도 자연적으로 분포한다. 홀로세에는 남한의 14곳에서 29속의 쌍자엽식물이 출토되었는데 Lespidobalanus 를 제외한 나머지는 지금도 잘 자라고 있다. 요약하면 한반도에 중생대 백악기에 쌍자엽식 물이 출현한 이래 신생대 제3기 올리고세와 마이오세 그리고 신생대 제4기 플라이스토세와 홀로세까지 큰 변화없이 식물상과 식생이 지속적으로 명맥이 유지되고 번성하였다, 이는 한 반도가 여러 차례가 기후 변화에 따라 식생대의 이동은 있었으나 식물상의 멸종을 가져올 정도의 환경적 격변을 겪지 않고 비교적 안정적인 환경이 장기간 지속되었음을 의미한다. 아울러 기후가 변화할 때마다 식물들리 서식, 생존할수 있는 다양한 피난처가 한반도의 도 처에 산재되어 있었음을 뜻한다,.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 1999

It is only possible by Physical based Water Balance Models such as $BROOK_{TOP}$ developed by me to estimate regional water balances caused by changes of regional ecosystem, which result in climate change, change of vegetation due to climate change, artificial landuse change, etc. This study estimates regional water balances of mid-north agricultural and forest regions in Germany using $BROOK_{TOP}$-Water Balance Model with climate change scenarios developed by PIK in Germany and GCM Scenarios developed by Praha University in Czech. Developing Water Resource Change Estimation System such as this study for global warming with considering climate, surface and underground conditions provides the basis of system development for surface-, groundwater-, cultivation-, ecosystem-, natural emergency-management, landuse and regional planing.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1999

This study examined the spatial distribution of precipitation in Donghae-Shi. The daily, monthly precipitaion on the 2 stations, 3 AWS(Automatic Weather Station) were analyzed by altitudinal distribution, the air pressure type and days of daily precipitation. The results of the study are as follows. 1 Hour greatest precipitation is 62.4mm(1994. 10. 12), Daily greatest precipitation, 200mm(1994. 10. 12), Monthly greatest precipitation, 355.5mm(1994. 10), Maximum depth of snow fall, 35.5cm(1994. 1. 29) in Donghae-Shi, 1993∼1997. Altitudinal distribution of precipitation in Summer tends to have more precipitation at higher altitude, in Winter, high mountains and coast have more precipitation than other sites do. The heavy rainfall in Donghae-Shi is mainly formed by a Typhoon, next is Jangma front. The number of consecutive days of daily precipitation $\geq$20mm is 81days, 44days of those appeared in Summer season. The synoptic environment causes the difference in observed the heavy snowfall amount between high mountains and coast.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 1999

The effect of the relative abundances of planktonic foraminifera juveniles on the climatic and oceanographic history interpretations is documented for the first time (as far as we know) by use of the year-long time-series sediment trap samples. Statistical correlation analysis suggests that many climatic and oceanographic variables such as sinking flux (total number) of planktonic foraminifera, relative abundance of some climatic indicator species G. bulloides and N. dutertrei, temperature, and salinity do not show any significant correlations with the relative abundance of planktonic foraminifera juveniles. However, planktonic foraminifera juveniles show moderate correlations with species diversity indices (species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, and Equitability). These indicate that the juveniles do not affect the relative abundances(%) of species compositions but affect the species diversity indices. Based on this one-year trap result, special care is required when we use species diversity indices for the interpretations of paleoceanography when the juveniles are excluded from total planktonic foraminiferal countings.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 1999

A palynological investigation of the Annyeong-ri, Hwasung-gun Gyeonggi-do, in where Yung-Nung and Gun-Nung are located, was carried out for the first time. From the pollen analysis, two pollen zones are established: Pollen Zone I : Ainus-Quercus-Pinus and Pollen Zone Ⅱ : Pinus. Pollen Zone I is characterized by Mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved vegetation during about 3,500 yr. B.P.-2,000 yr. B.P., while after 2,000 yr. B.P. Pollen Zone Ⅱ appears to be Coniferous vegetation and Evergreen broadleaved vegetation. The former reflects there was a lowland fluvio-lacustrine environment before fully lacustrine one which represents the latter. Pollen analysis indicates the vegetation before 2,000 yr. B.P. was controled by environmental factor such as climate conditions, whereas after that time vegetation was strongly effected by human's impact. It is concluded that pollen analysis is useful to find out the relationship between vegetation history and man's interference. In addition freshwater algae play to tell the lake environments.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.157-159
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• 2003

Much of northern Asia is lacking in high-resolution palaeoclimatic data coverage. This vast region thus represents a sizeable gap in data sets used to reconstruct hemispheric-scale temperature trends for the past millennium. To improve coverage, we present a regional-scale composite of four tree-ring width records of Siberian pine and Siberian larch from temperature-sensitive alpine timber-line sites in Mongolia. The chronologies load closely in principal components analysis (PCA) with the first eigenvector accounting for over 53% of the variance from ad 1450 to 1998. The 20-year interval from 1974 to 1993 is the highest such growth period in this composite record, and 17 of the 20 highest growth years have occurred since 1946. Thus these trees, unlike those recently described at some northern sites, do not appear to have lost their temperature sensitivity, and suggest that recent decades have been some of the warmest in the past 500 years for this region. There are, however, comparable periods of inferred, local warmth for individual sites, e.g., in 1520-1580 and 1760-1790. The percent common variance between chronologies has increased through time and is highest (66.1%) in the present century. Although there are obvious differences among the individual chronologies, this result suggests a coherent signal which we consider to be related to temperature. The PCA scores show trends which strongly resemble those seen in recent temperature reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere, very few of which included representation from Eurasia east of the Ural Mountains. The Mongolia series therefore provides independent corroboration for these reconstructions and their indications of unusual wanning during the twentieth century.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2003

In the year 2000 we culminated a successful five year investigation of climate change by completing a preliminary east-west transect across Mongolia. An earlier tree-ring study at Tarvagatay Pass, Mongolia indicated unusual warming during the 20th century similar to other paleo-investigations of the northern hemisphere. This record had represented one of the few tree-ring records for central Asia. New data from several sites in western Mongolia confirmed the preliminary temperature. The highest twenty-year growth period for the composite record is from 1973-1994. The western Mongolian record was significantly correlated with the Taimyr Peninsula and two northern hemisphere temperature reconstructions reflecting large-scale temperature patterns while showing some important regional differences. These differences should prove useful for climate models. We have also developed a millennial length temperature-sensitive record at the Solongotyin Davaa site (formerly Tarvagatay Pass) using relict wood and living trees. Conspicuous features over the last 1000 years are a century scale temperature decline punctuated by the end of the Little Ice Age in the late-1800s and 20th century warming. The record also shows a cold period early in the 12th century and warm intervals late in the 10th, early in the 15th and at end of the 18th centuries. Despite a limited sample size before 900 AD, the long Solongotyin Davaa record is useful in indicating severe cold events and suggests some cold intervals nearly as severe. These tree ring series, spanning much of the circumpolar northern treeline, have been compiled to create a long-term reconstruction of the Earth's temperature over centuries. The new chronology, in addition to its value as a detailed record of Mongolian climate, provides independent corroboration for such hemispheric and global reconstructions and their indications of unusual warming during the 20th century.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2003

This study is conducted to examine the woods that were excavated at Jangdo Island. The Jangdo site is located in a small island some 180 meters away from the main island of Wando, Jeollanam-do in southern Korea. This site is known as Cheong-Hea Jin fort for the marine King Jang Bogo during the early 9$^{th}$ century. Total of 101 specimens were collected in three groups； small-size piles, log fences (Mok-check) and logs from a well. The species of the group of piles consisted of Quercus spp. (43%), Pinus densiflora (29%), Pinus koraiensis (5%), Alnus japonica (3%), Fraxinus spp. (3%), Styrax obassia (3%), Juglans spp. (2%), Zelkova serrata (2%), Platycarya strobilacea (2%), Celtis spp. (2%), Torreya nucifera (2%), Quercus myrsinaefolia (2%), and Cinnamomum spp. (2%). The species of Mok-check and logs from the well were identified as all Pinus densiflora. The species composition indicated that the climate around A. D. 9th-10th century in southern Korea was similar to the present.. The wooden fences were also examined for tree-ring analysis. The ages of woods were 50∼60 years. We made two site chronologies. The chronologies indicated that southeastern and southwestern fences were repaired frequently. The results could not give the absolute dates due to lack of reference chronologies in this period.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2003

This study is conducted to examine the data of climate or environmental change in the northeastern Asia during the last glacial maximum. A remarkable feature of the 18,000 BP biome reconstructions for China is the mid-latitude extention of steppe and desert biomes to the modem eastern coast. Terrestrial deposits of glacial maximum age from the northern part of Yellow Sea suggest that this region of the continental shelf was occupied by desert and steppe vegetation. And the shift from temperate forest to steppe and desert implies conditions very much drier than present in eastern Asia. Dry conditions might be explained by a strong winter monsoon and/or a weak summer monsoon. A very strong depression of winter temperatures at LGM. has in the center of continent has influenced in northeast Asia similarly. The vegetation of Hokkaido at LGM was subarctic thin forest distributed on the northern area of middle Honshu and cool and temperate mixed forest at southern area of middle Honshu in Japan. The vegetation landscape of mountain- and East coast region of Korea was composed of herbaceous plants with sparse arctic or subarctic trees. The climate of yellow sea surface and west region of Korea was much drier and temperate steppe landscape was extended broadly. It is supposed that a temperate desert appeared on the west coast area of Pyeongan-Do and Cheolla-Do of Korea. The reconstruction of year-round conditions much colder than today right across China, Korea and Japan is consistent with biome reconstruction at the LGM.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2003

Climate of Mongolia is a driven force on natural conditions as well as socio-economic development of the country. Due to the precariousness of climate conditions and traditional economic structure, natural disasters, specially disasters of meteorological and hydrological origin, have substantial effect upon the natural resources and socio-economic sectors of Mongolia. Mongolia's climate is characterized by high variability of weather parameters, and high frequency and magnitude of extreme climate and weather events. During the last few decades, climate of the country is changing significantly under the global warning. The annual mean air temperature for the whole territory of the country has increased by $1.56^{\circ}C$ during the last 60 years,. The winter temperature has increased by $1.56^{\circ}C$. These changes in temperature are spatially variable: winter warming is more pronounced in the high mountains and wide valleys between the mountains, and less so in the steppe and Gobi regions. There is a slight trend of increased precipitation during the last 60 years. The average precipitation rate is increased during 1940-1998 by 6%. This trend is not seasonally consistent: while summer precipitation increased by 11 %, spring precipitation decreased by 17. The climate change studies in Mongolia show that climate change will have a significant impact on natural resources such as water resources, natural rangeland, land use, snow cover, permafrost as well as major economic activities of arable farming, livestock, and society (i.e. human health, living standards, etc.) of Mongolia. Therefore, in new century, sustainable development of the country is defined by mitigating and adaptation policies of climate change. The objective of the presentation is to contribute one's idea in the how to reflect the changes in climate system and weather extreme events in the country's sustainable development concept.