• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

This study intended to develop a technique for quantitatively and 3-dimensionally predicting the potential failure zone and impulse that may occur when trees are fall down. The main outcomes of this study are as follows. First, this study established the potential failure zone and impulse calculation formula in order to quantitatively calculate the risks generated when trees are fallen down. When estimating the potential failure zone, the calculation was performed by magnifying the height of trees by 1.5 times, reflecting the likelihood of trees falling down and slipping. With regard to the slope of a tree, the range of 360° centered on the root collar was set in the case of trees that grow upright and the range of 180° from the inclined direction was set in the case of trees that grow inclined. The angular momentum was calculated by reflecting the rotational motion from the root collar when the trees fell down, and the impulse was calculated by converting it into the linear momentum. Second, the program to calculate a potential failure zone and impulse was developed using Rhino3D and Grasshopper. This study created the 3-dimensional models of the shapes for topography, buildings, and trees using the Rhino3D, thereby connecting them to Grasshopper to construct the spatial information. The algorithm was programmed using the calculation formula in the stage of risk calculation. This calculation considered the information on the trees' growth such as the height, inclination, and weight of trees and the surrounding environment including adjacent trees, damage targets, and analysis ranges. In the stage of risk inquiry, the calculation results were visualized into a three-dimensional model by summarizing them. For instance, the risk degrees were classified into various colors to efficiently determine the dangerous trees and dangerous areas.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.337-348
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• 2005

Jurassic granite from Pocheon area were tested to investigate the effect of microcracks on mechanical properties of the granite. Three oriented core specimens were used for uniaxial compressive tests and each core specimen are perpendicular to the axes'R'(rift plane),'c'(grain plane) and'H'(hardway plane), respectively Among vacious elastic constants, the variation of Poisson's ratio as function of the directions was examined. From the related chart between ratio of failure strength and Poisson's ratio, H-specimen shows the highest range in Poisson's ratio and Poisson's ratio decreases in the order of C-specimen and R-specimen. The curve pattern is nearly linear in stage $I\simIII$ but the slope increases abruptly in stage H-3. As shown in the related chart, diverging point of a curve is formed when ratio of failure strength is $0.92\sim0.96$ Stage IV -3 is out of elastic region. The behaviour of rock in the four fracturing stages was analyzed in term of the stress-volumetric strain me. From the stress increment-volumetric strain equations governing the behaviour of rock, characteristic material constants, a, n, Q, m and $\varepsilon_v^{mcf}$, were determined. Among these, inherent microcrack porosity$(a, 10^{-3})$ and compaction exponent(n) in the microcrack closure region(stage I ) show an order of $a^R(3.82)>a^G(3.38)>a^H(2.32)\;and\;n^R(3.69)>n^G(2.79)>n^H(1.99)4, respectively. Especially, critical volumetric microcrack strain($\varepsilon_v^{mcf}$) in the stage W is highest in the H-specimen, normal to the hardway plane. These results indicate a strong correlation between two major sets of microcracks and mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio and material constants. Correlation of strength anisotropy with microcrack orientation can have important application in rock fracture studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.10 no.3 s.36
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• pp.423-435
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• 1998

In this paper fatigue strength reduction of butt weld with penetration defect, which can be seen frequently in the steel bridge, was assessed quantitatively. S-N curves were derived and investigated through the constant amplitude fatigue test of fully or partially penetrated welded specimen made of SWS490 steel. The fracture mechanical method was applied in order to calculate the remaining fatigue life of the partially penetrated butt welds. The fatigue limit of the fully penetrated butt welds was higher than that of category A in AASHTO's fatigue design curves, and the slope of S-N curves with 5.57 was stiffer than that of other result for welded part generally accepted as 3. The fatigue strength of the partially Penetrated butt weld was strongly influenced by the size of lack of penetration, D. It decreased drastically with increasing D from 3.9 to 14.7mm. Fracture behaviour of the partially penetrated butt weld is able to be explained obviously from the beach mark test that a semi-elliptical surface crack with small a/c ratio initiates at a internal weld root and propagates through the weld metal. To estimate the fatigue life of the partially penetrated butt weld with fracture mechanics, stress intensity factors K of 3-dimensional semi-elliptical crack were calculated by appling finite elements method and fracture mechanics parameters such as C and m were derived through the fatigue test of CT-specimen. As a result, the fatigue lives obtained by using the fracture mechanical method agreed well with the experimental results. The results were applied to Sung-Su bridge collapsed due to penetration defects in butt weld of vertical member.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.1 s.114
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• pp.30-44
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the location of the ideal bracket positioning plane in lingual orthodontics using the three-dimensional finite element method. Displacement of the anterior teeth were evaluated according to the vertical and the angular movements of the bracket positioning plane. To achieve the ideal movement of anterior teeth in the lingual central plane, the location of the force application point and the amount of the moment applied to the four incisors were evaluated. As the bracket positioning plane was moved parallel toward the incisal edge, uncontrolled tipping and extrusion of the maxillary and the mandibular incisors were increased. But lingual tipping of the crown was decreased in the maxillary and the mandibular canines. As the bracket positioning plane was inclined toward the incisal edge, lingual tipping was increased in the 6 anterior teeth and extrusion of incisors and intrusion of the canine was also increased. As the retraction hook of the canine bracket was elongated, lingual tipping and extrusion of the central incisor and mesial movement and extrusion of the lateral incisor were increased. In the canine, mesial and labial movements of the crown were increased. When the moment was applied to the 4 incisors of the maxillary and the mandibular arch in the lingual central plane, 280 gf-mm in the maxillary central incisor, 500 gf-mm in the maxillary lateral incisor, 170 gf-mm in the mandibular central incisor and 370 gf-mm in the mandibular lateral incisor produced bodily movement of the individual tooth.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2017

As the behavior of the debris flow due to the torrential rains in mountain is affected by shear strength and rheological properties of the fine fraction in the ground, the evaluation of both properties is necessary to estimate the behavior of the debris flow. The objective of this study is to evaluate the shear strength and rheological properties using the direct shear apparatus. The direct shear tests are conducted for two kinds of fine-grained soil specimens, which are in dry state and liquid limit state. From the direct shear tests, shear strengths are measured according to the normal stresses applied on the specimens to evaluate the cohesion and internal friction angle. In addition, reversal shear tests are performed for the fine-grained soil specimens in liquid limit state according to the shear rate to evaluate the residual shear strength. The results of direct shear tests show that the specimen at the liquid limit state has lower internal friction angle and higher cohesion compared to the dry stated, and the residual friction angle and cohesion at the residual state are lower than those at the peak state. In the result of reversal shear test, the residual shear strength is directly proportional to the shear rate and viscosity is calculated as $73.60Pa{\cdot}s$. This study demonstrates that the direct shear apparatus can be effectively used for the evaluation of the shear strength and rheological properties of the fine-grained soils related with the debris flow.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Carbonized biomass is increasingly used as a tool of soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon storage to application of carbonized biomass derived from pear tree pruning.METHODS AND RESULTS: The carbonized biomass was a mobile pyrolyzer with field scale, which a reactor was operated about 400~500℃ for 5 hours. The treatments were consisted of a control without input of carbonized biomass and two levels of carbonized biomass inputs as 6.06 Mg/ha, C-1 and 12.12 Mg/ha, C-2. It was shown that the soil carbon pools were 49.3 Mg/ha for C-1, 57.8 Mg/ha for C-2 and 40.1 Mg/ha for the control after experimental periods. The contents of accumulated soil carbon pool were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with enhancing the carbonized biomass input amount. The slopes (1.496) of the regression equations are suggested that carbon storage from the soil was increased about 0.1496 Mg/ha with every 100 kg/ha of carbonized biomass input amount.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that application of carbonized biomass would be increased the soil carbon contents due to a highly stable C-matrix of carbonized biomass. More long-term studies are needed to be proved how long does carbon stay in orchard soils.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1305-1310
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• 2005

As a way to the optimum design of the collector well lateral in riverbed filtration, experiments were performed using sand tanks which were connected to form a model lateral system. Measured were the residual hydraulic heads along the laterals, the discharge rates at each sand tank and the production rates at the collector well while the model laterals were operated with various scenarios of changing parameters including water level of the collector well, the lateral diameter and length, and the hydraulic conductivity of the sand. Results showed that riverbed filtration could be more efficient when the resistance in the lateral was weak compared with the resistance in the sand, which was indicated by the more flattened distribution of the residual hydraulic heads along the lateral. Results also showed that the discharge rate increased exponentially with the approach to the collector well, and that the exponent increased as the lateral diameter decreased and/or the hydraulic conductivity of the sand increased. It was also seen that the well production increased with the increase in the lateral length and diameter although the marginal productivity decreased. It could be concluded that the axial flow velocity in the lateral was an important factor governing the efficiency of a lateral in riverbed filtration and that the maximum entrance velocity to the collector well, over which the efficiency decreased drastically, was about 1 m/sec under the conditions of this study.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-71
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• 1983

마찰식 정미기의 성능에 영향을 미치는 기계설계 및 작동상의 인자로는 스크린의 형태, 롤러의 형태, 롤러회전속도, 출구 저항 등 여러가지가 있다. 이러한 요인들에 대한 연구가 본 논문의 저자에 의해서 시리즈로 연구되어 왔으며, 본 연구는 그의 일환으로 스크린의 단면형상(6각, 8각, 12각 그리고 원통형), 스크린에 뚫려있는 슬랏의 기울기($15^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ 그리고 $-45^{\circ}$), 그리고 출구 저항이 정백미의 질과 양, 정백효율 그리고 정백실내의 정백압력 등에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 이 실험에 사용된 공시 정미기는 임도정 공장에서 널리 사용되고 있는 흡입마찰식이었며, 사용된 시료는 밀양 23호인 통일계품종이었다. 각 처리마다 동력 소모량과 정백실내의 정백압력을 측정하기 위해서 "KYOWA" 스트레인 게이지 시스템(strain gauge system), 토오크 변환기, 압력변환기 등이 사용되었다. 본 실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 정백과정중에 정백실내의 정백압력은 입구에서 가장 높았고 출구쪽으로 갈수록 점차 감소하였다. 평균 정백압력도 순환 횟수에 따라서 변화 하였는데 첫번째 순환에서 가장 높았고 순환횟수가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 2) 본 실험에서 사용한 출구저항 수준은 출구저항 수준 1에서 요구되는 정백도의 백미를 얻기 위한 순환 횟수는 2회 이었고 출구저항 수준 2에서는 4회 이었는데, 이를 출구저항 수준이 정백압력, 정백율, 완전미수율 및 도정 효율에 가장 큰 영향을 주었다. 3) 스크린에 뚫려있는 슬랏 각도가 $15^{\circ}$에서 $45^{\circ}$로 증가함에 따라서 정백실내의 평균 정백압력은 감소하였고, 완전미수율과 도정 효율은 증가하였으나, 일반적으로 도정수율은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. $-45^{\circ}$의 슬랏 각도를 가진 스크린에서는 슬랏 각도 $15^{\circ}$인 스크린에서와 거의 비슷한 정백압력 수준을 나타냈으나 완전미와 정백미의 생산은 매우 낮았다. 4) 스크린 표면에 기다란 강편 (보통 "띠"라고 부름)을 붙인 원통과 12각형의 스크린에서는 강편을 붙이지 않은 6각형과 8각형 스크린에서 보다는 비교적 높은 정백압력을 나타냈다. 전자는 후자에 비해서 정백효율은 높았으나 완전미수율은 떨어졌다. 5) 정백실내에서 가장 낮은 정백압력을 나타낸 8각형 스크린은 높은 도정수율과 완전미수율을 가져왔으나 상대적으로 정백효율은 낮게 나타났다. 6) 정백실내의 반경 방향의 평균 정백압력($P_R$)과 완전미수율($Y_h$)은 다음과 같은 1차적인 역비례 관계가 있었으며(평균 정백압력 범위는 0.5-0.9kg/$cm^2$), $Y_h=-28.661P_R+84.860$ ($r^2=0.858$) 정백효율($Y_e$)과 정백압력($P_R$) 사이에는 다음과 같은 2차적인 관계가 존재함을 알 수 있었다. $Y_e=-597.5P_{R^2}+929.96P_R-210.15$ ($r^2=0.759$) 정백효율은 정백압력이 0.7-0.8kg/$cm^2$일 때 가장 높았으며, 이때 변이도 가장 심한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2014

It is necessary to perform a dynamic analysis to numerically evaluate the effect of blasting on nearby facilities. The blast load time history, which cannot be directly measured, is most often determined from empirical equation. The load has to be adjusted to account for various factors influencing the load and the frequency, but there is not a clear guideline on how to adjust the load. In this study, a series of 2D dynamic numerical analyses that simulates a closely monitored test blasting is performed, from which the blast load that matches the measured vibrations are derived. In the analyses, it is assumed that the hole generated by the blasting is in the form of a circle, and the load was applied normally to the wall of the opening. Special attention was given in selecting the damping ratio for the ground, since it has important influence on the wave propagation and attenuation characteristics of the blast induce waves. The damping ratio was selected such that it matches favorably with the attenuation curve of the measurement. The analyses demonstrate that the empirical blast load widely used in practice highly overstimates the vibration since it does not account for the energy loss due to rock fragmentation. If the empirical load is used without proper adjustment, the numerical analysis may seriously overstimate the predicted vibration, and thus has to be reduced in the analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.163-167
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• 2008

The electronic structure and magnetism of superlattice systems consisted of Heusler compound $Co_2MnSi$ (CMS) and zinc-blende MnAs (MA) are investigated by means of the all-electron full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the generalized gradient approximation. Four superlattice systems are considered, that is CMS(m)/MA(n), where m and n, being either 2 or 4, denote the number of alternatingly arrayed layers of the compounds in a superlattice along [001] direction. From the calculated total magnetic moments as well as the total density of states, it is found that neither of the four systems is half-metallic. It is also found that the Mn atoms are antiferromagnetically coupled in the systems of CMS2/MA2 and CMS2/MA4. The total and atom-resolved density of states of the four superlattices are compared with those of the bulk $Co_2MnSi$ and MnAs, and the influences of the change in the systems symmetry on the magnetism and half-metallicity are discussed.