• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-18
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• 2015

This thesis examines the performance and improvement strategy of SWIFTNet TSU's BPO for computerization and suggests the following results: First, the URBPO should be legally complemented, and the SWIFT and banks need to keep improving the systems to meet trade parties' diverse needs. Second, the SWIFTNet TSU's BPO should have an institutionally unified sharing platform with security, stability and convenience. In other words, it is needed to develop services which meet e-payment paradigm and international and regional environments through continued analysis on market changes and flow. Third, in order for the SWIFTNet TSU BPO to evolve into a perfect global system, there should be an innovative payment solution which can meet all trade parties all over the world. For this, technology standardization for a worldwide e-trade payment system is essential. Lastly, based on the results derived from this study, an analysis framework with which more diverse and practical environmental variables can be analyzed should be developed.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.115-137
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• 2018

The ICC is amending international trade rules such as Incoterms to respond to periodically changing international trade environments. Moreover, a drafting group has been formed for developing the eighth amendment and the Incoterms. Due to the recent development of information and communication technology, interest in smart work is increasing globally. Smart work is a concept that enables works to be performed without time and space constraints, and the mobile office is a typical form of smart work. Smart work has brought significant changes to the way that workers perform their jobs, and it has considerable impacts on international trade transactions. This study examines the impact of the development of information and communication technology on electronic trade customs and analyzes the revision process of Incoterms for electronic document informatization. Also, we provide implications for the 8th amendment of Incoterms.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.9-14
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• 2020

With the distribution modernization policy advanced by the government and consumers preference toward it, the so called "modern market" has undergone rapid growth. Conversely, traditional market is losing popularity with consumers as a result of inadequate modern structures, small market size, convoluted relationships, inefficient operation and disordered transactions, among others. Therefore, this study seeks to utilize ubiquitous computing, that is, the upgrade of context aware information to 6W1H and promote the market through the interface with Smartphone and provide advanced information through the augmented reality technology. For the construction of context-aware system using user context, the results may significantly differ according to how reference rules are applied to and implemented on knowledge base. In light of above, through the use of RFID technology and 6W1H context awareness, we seek to promote traditional markets.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.4282-4290
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• 2010

Recently, business environment is spreading from singular business to supply-chain problem. SCM(Supply Chain Management) is changing from closed and static to opened and dynamic environment, so these environment changes of SCM require to enterprise different approach than past. As supply chain is becoming opened and dynamic, a claim is being naming that converse of real-time the get reaction from to recognizing the level of supply chain problem, grope of alternative plan to solving this problem and choosing optimum alternative plan raise the enterprise competitive. But until present, the research to deal with these changes of SCM is on insufficient situation. Thus in this paper proposes the agent system by a way of realizing dynamic supply chain. The agent is going to accomplish the management activities in real-time depends on environment and given condition and designed for solving problems development and maintenance. Also, algorithms performance of the agent is tested on TAC SCM environment. Agents in TAC SCM are simulations of small manufacturers, who must compete with each other for both supplies and customers, and manage inventories and production facilities.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.2396-2402
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• 2015

Air compressor, as an essential equipment used in the factory and plant operations, accounts for around 30% of the total electricity consumption in U.S.A, thereby being proposed advanced technologies to reduce electricity consumption. When the fluctuation of the compressed airflow rate is small, the system stability is increased followed by the reduction of the electricity consumption which results in the efficient design of the energy system. In the statistical analysis, the normal distribution, log normal distribution, gamma distribution or the like are generally used to identify system characteristics. However a single distribution may not fit well the data with long tail, representing sudden air flow rate especially in extremes. In this paper, authors decouple the compressed airflow rate into two parts to present a mixture of distribution function and suggest a method to reduce the electricity consumption. This reduction stems from the fact that a general pareto distribution estimates more accurate quantile value than a gaussian distribution when an airflow rate exceeds over a large number.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.519-531
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• 2020

Global warming is accelerating as greenhouse gas emissions increase owing to the increase in population and urbanization rates worldwide. As an alternative to this solution, smart cities are being promoted. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a plan for developing energy service modules for the Sejong 5-1 living area, which has been selected as a test-bed for smart cities in Korea. Based on the smart city plans announced by the government for this study, a survey questionnaire on 12 energy services was composed by collecting the opinions of experts. The survey was conducted with 1,000 citizens, the degree of necessity of energy service that citizens think of was identified. Principal Component Analysis and Association Rule Mining were conducted to describe 12 energy service items in a reduced manner and analyze the correlation and relationship of each energy service. Finally, three modules were suggested using the analyzed results so that 12 energy services could be implemented in an efficient platform. These results are expected to contribute to the realization of a smart city to make them easily accessible for those who want to promote platform services in the energy field and envision energy service items.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.77-97
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• 2010

Market timing is an investment strategy which is used for obtaining excessive return from financial market. In general, detection of market timing means determining when to buy and sell to get excess return from trading. In many market timing systems, trading rules have been used as an engine to generate signals for trade. On the other hand, some researchers proposed the rough set analysis as a proper tool for market timing because it does not generate a signal for trade when the pattern of the market is uncertain by using the control function. The data for the rough set analysis should be discretized of numeric value because the rough set only accepts categorical data for analysis. Discretization searches for proper "cuts" for numeric data that determine intervals. All values that lie within each interval are transformed into same value. In general, there are four methods for data discretization in rough set analysis including equal frequency scaling, expert's knowledge-based discretization, minimum entropy scaling, and na$\ddot{i}$ve and Boolean reasoning-based discretization. Equal frequency scaling fixes a number of intervals and examines the histogram of each variable, then determines cuts so that approximately the same number of samples fall into each of the intervals. Expert's knowledge-based discretization determines cuts according to knowledge of domain experts through literature review or interview with experts. Minimum entropy scaling implements the algorithm based on recursively partitioning the value set of each variable so that a local measure of entropy is optimized. Na$\ddot{i}$ve and Booleanreasoning-based discretization searches categorical values by using Na$\ddot{i}$ve scaling the data, then finds the optimized dicretization thresholds through Boolean reasoning. Although the rough set analysis is promising for market timing, there is little research on the impact of the various data discretization methods on performance from trading using the rough set analysis. In this study, we compare stock market timing models using rough set analysis with various data discretization methods. The research data used in this study are the KOSPI 200 from May 1996 to October 1998. KOSPI 200 is the underlying index of the KOSPI 200 futures which is the first derivative instrument in the Korean stock market. The KOSPI 200 is a market value weighted index which consists of 200 stocks selected by criteria on liquidity and their status in corresponding industry including manufacturing, construction, communication, electricity and gas, distribution and services, and financing. The total number of samples is 660 trading days. In addition, this study uses popular technical indicators as independent variables. The experimental results show that the most profitable method for the training sample is the na$\ddot{i}$ve and Boolean reasoning but the expert's knowledge-based discretization is the most profitable method for the validation sample. In addition, the expert's knowledge-based discretization produced robust performance for both of training and validation sample. We also compared rough set analysis and decision tree. This study experimented C4.5 for the comparison purpose. The results show that rough set analysis with expert's knowledge-based discretization produced more profitable rules than C4.5.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.223-258
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• 2013

1967 Outer Space Treaty(Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies; OST) is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. OST is based on the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space announced by UNGA resolution. As of May 2013, 102 countries are states parties to OST, while another 27 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification. OST explicitly claimed that the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies are the province of all mankind. Art. II of OST states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means", thereby establishing res extra commercium in outer space like high seas. However 1979 Moon Agreement stipulates that "the moon and its natural resources are the Common Heritage of Mankind(CHM)." Because of the number of the parties to the Moon Agreement(13 parties) it does not affect OST. OST also established its specific treaties as a complementary means such as 1968 Rescue Agreement, 1972 Liability Convention, 1975 Registration Convention. OST bars states party to the treaty from placing nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications. However OST does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit. China and Russia submitted Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapon in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects(PPWT) on the Conference on Disarmament in 2008. USA disregarded PPWT on the ground that there are no arms race in outer space. OST does not have some articles in relation to current problems such as space debris, mechanisms of the settlement of dispute arising from state activities in outer space in specific way. COPUOS established "UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines" based on "IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines" and ILA proposed "International Instrument on the Protection of the Environment from Damage Caused by Space Debris" for space debris problems and Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA) established "Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Outer Space Activities" and ILA proposed "1998 Taipei Draft Convention on the Settlement of Space Law Dispute" for the settlement of dispute problems. Although OST has shortcomings in some articles, it is very meaningful in international law in considering the establishment of basic principles governing the activities of States in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. OST established the principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space as customary law and jus cogens in international law as follows; the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind; outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all States; outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. The principles of global public interest in outer space imposes international obligations erga omnes applicable to all States. This principles find significant support in legal norms dealing with following points: space activities as the "province of all mankind"; obligation to cooperate; astronauts as envoys of mankind; avoidance of harmful contamination; space activities by States, private entities and intergovernmental organisations; absolute liability for damage cauesd by certain space objects; prohibition of weapons in space and militarization of the celestial bodies; duty of openness and transparency; universal application of the international space regime.