• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.815-824
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• 2011

In this study, a non-thermal plasma system was employed to simultaneously remove odorous compounds and organic sludge. The system consisted of two reactors; the first one was the non-thermal plasma reactor where ozone was produced by the plasma reaction and the ozone oxidized hydrogen sulfide, the model odorous compound, and then the ozone-laden gas stream was introduced to the second reactor where wasted sludge was disintegrated and solubilized by ozone oxidation. In this study, the gas retention time (GRT) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) were changed in the two-reactor system, and the effects of GRT and HRT on reduction efficiencies of odor and sludge were determined. As the GRT increased, the ozone concentration increased resulting in an increasing efficiency of hydrogen sulfide removal. However, the overall ozone loading rate to the second sludge reactor was the same at any GRT, which resulted in an insignificant change in sludge reduction rate. When HRTs in the sludge reactor were 1, 2, 4 hours, the sludge reduction rates were approximately 30% during the four-hour operation, while the rate increased to 70% at the HRT of 6 hours. Nevertheless, at HRTs greater than 4 hours, the solubilization efficiency was not proportionally increased with increasing specific input energy, indicating that an appropriate sludge retention time needs to be applied to achieve effective solubilization efficiencies at a minimal power consumption for the non-thermal plasma reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.742-750
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• 1999

Nanosized TiO2 powders were synthesized using the chemical vapor conduensation (CVC) process with various precursor feeding rates (0.37 and 0.752 ml/min) and oxygen flow rates(1-2slm) conditions and powder characteristics were investigated in terms of formation of nanosized powder varying with the above processing conditions. For this study the main thermodynamic and fluid dynamic factors -supersaturation ratio collision frequency and residence time-were theoretically established and compared to the characteristics of formed TiO2 powder. The loosely combined anatase phase powders (including less than 3%of rutile phase) having 20-30nm crystallite size were obtained at overall conditions. The particle size and th degree of agglomeration for a precursor flow rate of 0.376 ml/min turn out to be smaller than for a flow rate of 0.742ml/min. And the decreasing of particles size and particle size distribution were observed with increasing oxygen flow rate as the residence time and collision frequency were reduced by increasing oxygen flow rate,. It appears that further scrutiny is needed to elucidate the influence of the individual thermodynamic and kinetic parameters mdependently.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1992

Hydrodynamics and mixing characteristics such as circulation time, mixing time, circulation velocity and axial dispersion coefficient were investigated using highly viscous pseudoplastic solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) in an external circulation loop air-lift reactor with 13$\ell$ working volume. The superficial gas velocity was changed from 1.9 to 6.2cm/s and CMC concentration from 0 to 1.0wt%. The theoretical model based on the pressure balance is developed mathematically to predict liquid circulation velocity. Gas hold-up, circulation velocity and axial dispersion coefficient of liquid phase increased with increasing gas velocity and decreased slightly with increasing liquid viscosity. Mixing time and circulation time decreased with increasing gas velocity and increased with increasing liquid viscosity. Experimental data on liquid circulation velocity were in good agreement with the predicted values.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.901-906
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• 1997

Ultrafine silicon dioxide($SiO_2$) powder was prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate(TEOS) by the gas-phase reaction. The effects of reaction temperature, flow rate of gas, TEOS concentration, and preheating temperature of reactants on the particle size were investigated. As the reaction temperature increased, average particle size of the silicone dioxide powder became smaller. Smaller particles were also obtained with decreasing the residence time of reactants in the reaction zone. Larger particles having narrow size distribution were produced with the high concentrations of the reactants. The effect of the preheating temperature was not considerable on the average particle size. The range of average particle size was from 30 nm to 58 nm depending on experimental conditions.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.241-244
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• 2000

Continuous $H_2$ production from CO and water was studied in a trickle bed reactor(TBR) using Rhodopspedomonas palustris P4. To achieve high cell density, R. palustris P4 were cultivated by a fed-batch culture mode under chemoheterotrophic and aerobic condition, and final cell concentration was 13 g/L. TBR could provide sufficient residence time for CO to contact with cell suspension circulating TBR. The maximum CO uptake rate was found to be 16 mmol/L/hr at gas retention time of 50 min and CO partial pressure of 0.4 atm. In our correlation of the experimental data with mathematical model of TBR, the TBR operation with P4 was found to be lie in an intermediate state between mass transfer limitation and kinetic limitation. Due to the high cell density as well as hydrogen production activity in this study, TBR operation showed a superior performance to other previous reports on microbial hydrogen production.

• The Korean Journal of Rheology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 1996

단축 압출 공정에서 혼합 증진 장치로 사용될수 있는 새로운 스크류가 본 연구를 통하여 개발되었다. 스크류의 체널을 따라가면서 정규유동에서 존재하는 폐쇄유선을 깨뜨리 기 위하여 배리어를 공간상에서 주기적으로 배치하여 카오스 혼합을 일으키는 것이 새로운 스크류 설계의 기본적인 아이디어이다. 본 논문에서는 단축 압축기상에서의 카오스 혼합에 관한 기본 역학 구조를 설명하였고 카오스 스크류를 사용하여 실험적으로 카오스 혼합을 관 찰하였다. 단축 압출기에서의 기존 스크류와 비교하여 카오스 스크류를 사용하였을 경우 혼 합성능이 월등하게 증진됨을 실험적으로 얻은 혼합형태로부터 알수 있었다. 또한 카오스 스 크류는 특허 출원된 다른 혼합장치들에 비하여 형상이 간단하여 제작비가 저렴하고 스크류 특성이 우수하며 수해석적 면에서 스크류특성, 체류시간, 변형척도등을 예측할수 있는 장점 이 가진다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2021

강수의 변동성 중 특히 가뭄과 홍수의 급격한 연간 변화는 기후변화로 인하여 근래에 많이 발생하고 있다. 가뭄이 발생한 이후 홍수가 발생하거나 그와 반대의 현상이 발생하는 것을 날씨 편달(weather whiplash)라고 한다. 이러한 현상은 토양에 매설되어 수분을 저감하는 배수시설로 인하여 토양 수분 변동 및 무기질소 손실에 지배적은 영향을 준다. 이러한 질소 손실은 부영양화를 일으켜 생태계에 막대한 영향을 미치게 된다. 하지만, 토양 무기질소는 토양에서 체류시간이 길기 때문에 강우 변동성에 의해 발생하는 상호작용을 특정하고 분석하기에는 많은 어려움이 따른다. 이 문제를 해결하고자 이번 연구에서는 생태수문모형과 생물지질모형을 결함한 3차원 모델인 Dhara를 이용하여 토양 배수시설에서 유출되는 무기 질소의 농도 및 나이를 분석하였다. 여기서 나이란 화합물이 발생 하여 다른 형태로 변화하는데 걸리는 시간을 의미한다. 집중적으로 관리되는 경작지에 Dhara 모형을 적용하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 토양 수분과 질소의 나이를 분석한 결과 반응 화합물인 질소의 경우 토양 수분(비반응 화합물)과 비교하여 이전의 강우상태에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 분석이 되었다. 가뭄이후 홍수가 발생할 때 배수시설에서 발생하는 질소의 유출이 그 반대 기상 환경인 홍수 이후 가뭄이 발생할 때 보다 더 많이 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 배수 흐름의 경우 질소의 거동과 반대하는 현상을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 질소유출 저감하여 강 및 바다에서 부영양화를 감소하기 위해 강수의 변동성과 연계하여 분석한다면 새로운 질소유출 저감 대책을 수립할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2007

The information on flowpath, storage, residence time, and interactions of water and carbon transport in a catchment is the prerequisite to the understanding and predicting of water and carbon cycling in the mountainous landscapes of Korea. In this paper, along with some up-to-date results, we present the principal methods that are currently used in HydroKorea and CarboKorea research to obtain such information. Various catchment hydrological processes have been examined on the basis of the water table fluctuations, the end-member mixing model, the cross correlation analysis, and cosmogenic radioactive isotope activity. In the Gwangneung catchment, the contribution of surface discharge was relatively large, and the changes in the amount, intensity and patterns of precipitation affected both the flowpath and the mean residence time of water. Particularly during the summer monsoon, changes in precipitation patterns and hydrological processes in the catchment influenced the carbon cycle such that the persistent precipitation increased the discharge of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrated in the surface soil layer. The improved understanding of the hydrological processes presented in this report will enable a more realistic assessment of the effects of climate changes on the water resource management and on the carbon cycling in forest catchments.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.394-403
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• 2016

This study was carried out to verify change and relationship between the concentration of chlorophyll-a and environmental factors including weather, water quality and discharge at before & after Gangcheon and Ipoh weir construction at Namhan river, based on the weather and water quality data provided by the measuring network. We classified the period of before & after weir construction by the cluster analysis with Ward's method, and also through the correlation analysis between the concentration of chlorophyll-a and environmental factors, the influence factors related with algae occurrence(Chlorophyll-a) were analyzed. The result by cluster analysis based on data of the total 12 factors (water temperature, rainfall, daylight, pH, DO, BOD, COD, T-N, $NH_3-N$, $NO_3-N$, T-P, $PO_4-P$) from 2005 to 2015 indicated a clear classification into two periods, before(2006-2007) & after (2012-2013) weir construction. After weir construction, class of BOD at Gangcheon weir was better than before, changed from II class to Ia class, and likewise class of BOD at Ipoh weir was improved from II-III class to Ia-IIclass. Also T-P and T-N concentration also were to be improved in general after weir construction. Concentraion of Chlorophyll-a afterGangcheon and Ipoh weir construction was to be decreased. However, frequency of algae warning was increased from 9 to 15 after Ipoh weir construction due to increasing of HRT and water temperature. After weirs construction, the result of correlation analysis between weather, water quality and discharge and concentration of chlorophyll-a indicated a positive correlation, order of BOD(0.579) > COD(0.413) > temperature(0.237), and a negative correlation, order of $NO_3-N$(-0.344) > T-N(-0.293) at Gangcheon weir. And there were likewise positive correlation, order of BOD(0.795) > pH(0.581) > Water temperature(0.422), and negative correlation, order of $NO_3-N$(-0.457) > T-N(-0.371) > $NH_3-N$(-0.326) > $PO_4-P$(-0.288) > Discharge(-0.213) after Ipoh weir construction. Although water quality after Ipoh weir construction was generally improved, increase of frequency of algae warning occurrence was influenced by change of water conditions such as reduction of the velocity, increase of HRT and water temperature, etc impacted strongly by change of the stream flow more than change of water environments after weir construction.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1985

The sea water exchange of Koje Bay in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula was estimated on the basis of current measurements and oceanographic observation. The exchange ratio was estimated by salinity differences and tidal prism method. The range of exchange ratio at the central part at the entrance of the bay is estimated to be around $26\%$ at spring tide and 5 to $15\%$ at neap tide. The magnitude of exchange ratio, however, can be changed due to water exchange, hydrometeorological and geomorphological conditions. The flushing time deduced by tidal prism was about 48 hours at spring tide and 81 hours at neap tide. Tidal induced eddy motion may play an important role on the seawater exchange in the bay.