• Title/Summary/Keyword: 기본 계층

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TCP Congestion Control based on Dynamic Available Bandwidth Estimation for High-Speed Networks (초고속 네트워크에서 동적 가용대역폭 획득 기반 TCP 전송기법)

  • Park, Min-U;Choo, Hyun-Seung
    • Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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    • 2008.05a
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    • pp.995-998
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    • 2008
  • 무선 통신 기술의 발전과 함께 802.11n과 같은 광대역 네트워크 인프라의 구축이 확대됨에 따라, 이에 적합한 높은 성능을 낼 수 있는 전송 계층의 프로토콜이 필요하다. 유선 환경에서 개발된 TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)는 현재 가장 널리 이용하는 전송 프로토콜이다. 하지만 높은 에러율과 긴 딜레이가 발생하는 무선 네트워크상에서는 패킷 손실의 원인을 구별하지 못하기 때문에 성능이 저하된다. 또한, 광대역폭을 지원하는 초고속 네트워크상에서 TCP가 동작할 경우 기존 무선 네트워크에서 처리하는 혼잡윈도우 값보다 커진 값을 제대로 처리하지 못하기 때문에 가용대역폭을 활용하지 못하는 문제점이 발생한다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 초고속 네트워크 안에서 slowstart threshold에 기반하여 가용대역폭을 동적으로 획득하고, 높은 전송률을 보장하는 TCP VEST(TCP Vegas-based Estimator with Slowstart Threshold)를 제안한다. TCP VEST는 기본적으로 송신자기반 무선네트워크에서 우수한 성능을 지원하는 TCP WestwoodVT의 패킷 손실원인 구분법을 사용한다. 그리고 TCP VEST는 패킷 손실의 원인을 구분하고 각각의 경우에 따라서 전송량을 slowstart threshold 값의 변화에 맞춰 조절한다. NS-2를 통한 성능평가에서 VEST는 WestwoodVT와 비교했을 때 링크 에러율이 1%인 환경에서는 20% 이상의 전송률 향상을 나타내며, Westwood와 비교했을 때는 60%의 성능향상이 있다. 또한 초고속 네트워크에서 5%와 10% 사이의 에러율을 가질 때에는 WestwoodVT와는 50%, Westwood와는 300% 이상의 성능향상이 나타남을 보인다. 이를 통해 VEST가 기존의 무선 네트워크와 더불어 초고속 네트워크에서도 동적으로 대역폭을 획득함으로써 높은 전송률을 지원하는 것을 입증한다.

Development of Classification System and Online Service Methods for Collections in Larchiveum-Type Institutions: The Case of the National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government (라키비움 형식의 기관 소장 자료에 관한 분류체계 개발 및 온라인 서비스 방안: 국립대한민국임시정부기념관을 사례로)

  • Hyeyun Lee;Hae-young Rieh
    • Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.113-137
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    • 2024
  • In this study, considering the National Memorial of the Korean Provisional Government as a "Larchiveum," the researchers attempted to develop a classification system that can comprehensively categorize various types of materials and propose a method of providing an online service. To this end, as a case study, the researchers examined the classification system structure and contents of the National Archives of Korea, National Assembly Archives, and Archives of Korean History of the National Institute of Korean History, which are the current material collection institutions of the Korean Provisional Government. Regarding online services, apart from the three institutions above, the Imperial War Museum and the Hoover Institution at Stanford University were also explored. Through the implications derived from the case analysis of domestic and foreign institutions, a basic hierarchical classification system by provenance for the materials held by the institution was established, and a multi-classification system was presented according to the classification criteria of "by type, by era, and by subject." In addition, methods of applying the developed classification system to online services were proposed.

우리나라의 모자보건사업 (여성과 어린이 건강문제와 증진방안)

  • Park Jeong-Han
    • 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2002.07b
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    • pp.3-17
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    • 2002
  • 국민건강은 국가발전의 기본조건이다. 국민건강은 건강한 어린이의 출산에서 비롯되고, 건강한 어린이의 출산을 위하여 여성이 건강해야 한다 따라서 여성과 어린이 건강보호와 증진을 위한 모자보건사업은 국가보건사업 중 최우선 사업으로 추진되어야 한다. 우리나라의 모자보건사업은 1960대부터 보건소를 통하여 가족계획, 산전관리, 안전분만유도, 예방접종을 중심으로 하였다. 1980년대에 들어와 전국민의료보험의 실현과 국민생활수준의 향상 등으로 산전관리 수진율과 시설분만율이 급격히 증가하여 1990년대 후반에는 거의 100%에 도달하였고, 가족계획실천율도 1991년에 79.4%까지 증가하여 합계출산율이 1.6으로 감소하였고, 어린이 기본예방접종률도 90%이상이 되어 전염병 발생률이 현저히 감소하였다. 전통적인 모자보건사업 관련 지표들이 이렇게 향상되자 일선 보건요원에서부터 중앙정부의 정책결정권자에 이러기까지 모자보건사업에 대한 관심도가 떨어져 중앙부처의 모자보건업무 담당 부서도 축소되고, 모자보건 사업도 쇠퇴하였다. 그러나 어린이와 여성의 건강실태를 자세히 들여다보면 심각한 문제들이 대두되고 있다. 시설 분만율의 증가에 따라 제왕절개분만율이 40%대까지 급증하였고, 모유수유률은 10%대로 떨어졌다. 어린이의 체격은 커지고 있으나 체력은 떨어지고, 비만한 어린이가 급증하여 당뇨병과 같은 성인병 유병률이 어린이들에게 증가하고, 사고에 의한 어린이 사망과 장애가 늘고 있다. 또한 청소년들의 흡연율과 음주률이 증가하고, 성적 성숙이 빨라지고 사회의 개방풍조로 성(性)활동 연령이 낮아지고 성활동이 증가하여 혼전임신과 성폭력이 증가하고 있다. 여성들은 일찍 단산하고, 폐경 연령은 높아지고, 평균수명은 길어져 중년기와 장년기 그리고 노년기가 길어져 각종 만성질환에 이환될 기회가 늘어났다. 이러한 시기의 중요 건강문제들은 뇌혈관질환, 폐암, 유방암, 골다공증, 뇨실금 등과 같이 해결하기 어려운 것들이다. 이렇게 어린이와 여성들에게 새로운 건강문제들이 대두되고 있으나 이에 대한 대응정책이 없었고, 따라서 새로운 모자보건사업이 개발되지 않았으며 일선 보건요원의 훈련도 없었다. 그리고 이러한 건강실태를 파악하여 대책을 마련하고, 보건사업을 평가할 수 있는 보건정보체계가 없는 실정이다. 1990년대 중반에 소수의 학자들이 어린이와 여성건강문제의 심각성을 제기하고, 모자보건사업 활성화의 필요성을 주장하여 보건복지부가 '모자보건선도보건사업'이라는 이름으로 1999년부터 2001년까지 3년간 23개 보건소에서 시범사업을 시행하였다. 이 시범사업에서는 한정된 자원으로 여성과 어린이 보건문제를 효과적으로 해결하기 위해 새로운 보건사업의 개발과 효율적으로 수행하는 방법의 개발에 역점을 두어 많은 성과를 거두었다. 시범사업의 경험을 바탕으로 2002년에는 전국의 45개 보건소로 확대해나가고 있다. 모자보건선도보건사업에서는 임산부가 대상이었던 기존의 모자보건사업과는 달리 신생아, 영유아, 학동기 어린이, 청소년, 그리고 신혼부부에서부터 장년기 여성에 이르기까지 사업대상을 확대하고 생애주기에 따라 지역사회 건강문제해결을 목표로 한 보건사업을 수행하도록 하였다. 사업수행 과정에서 보건소는 지역내 대학과 협력체계를 구축하여 기술적 지원을 받고, 보건요원의 교육 훈련을 통해 사업기획 능력과 전문지식과 기술을 향상시켰고, 보건교육에 필요한 시설과 장비를 구입하였고, 민간의료기관과 연계하여 보건서비스의 질을 향상시켰다. 모자보건 선도보건소에서 제공하는 서비스는 취약계층 중심의 보건교육, 상담 및 지도, 고위험대상자 조기발견 및 민간기관 의뢰 및 주구관리, 질병 조기발견을 위한 검진 의뢰, 지역 보건통계 생산과 관리, 그리고 지역내 가용자원 안내 등이며, 저소득층에 대해서는 민간의료기관에 의뢰 또는 검진비용을 지원하였다. 이와 같이 지역사회 민간기관과 협력체계를 구축함에 따라 대상자를 지속적으로 관리할 수 있는 정보를 공유하게 되었고, 건강증진 및 질병예방, 치료, 사후관리를 포함한 지속적이고 포괄적인 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 되었다. 특히 고위험 및 건강의심 대상, 임부와 장년기 여성에 대해서는 건강검진서비스를 과감히 민간기관에 의뢰, 위탁하친 보건소는 상담자, 정보관리자로서의 역할로 전환할 수 있었다. 그러나 사업관리자의 양적 평가에 대한 고정관념과 질적 평가에 대한 인식부족, 기본 생정통계와 정보체계의 미비로 인한 부정확한 통계생산, 사업요원의 전문지식과 기술 부족, 그리고 인력부족 등이 문제점으로 대두되었다. 효율적인 사업확산과 조기 정착을 위해 중앙정부의 일관성 있는 정책과 재정적 지원이 필수적이며, 보건정보체계확립, 그리고 공공보건기관과 민간의료기관간의 공식적인 협력체계확립이 필요하다. 사업추진 모니터링 및 평가, 조정을 위하여 중앙에 '모자보건 선도사업 기술지원단'을 구성하여 운영하고, 프로그램 운영이 잘되는 보건소를 특성화 보건소로 지원 육성하고, 사업요원의 업무 적정화를 위한 보건소 조직과 기존 보건사업체계의 평가와 재편이 필요하다. 보건사업요원의 자질 향상을 위한 지속적인 교육 훈련 시스템과 보건통계생산 관리를 위한 정보체계의 구축이 요구된다. 모자보건사업관련 보건교육자료를 수집하고 개발하여 전국 보건소에 공급하는 중앙 보건교육자료 및 정보센터가 필요하다.

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The Characteristics of Healthy City Project in Korea (국내 건강도시 프로젝트 담당자를 대상으로 한 건강도시 관련 특성 조사)

  • Jung, Gil-Ho;Kim, Keon-Yeop;Na, Bak-Ju
    • Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.155-167
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    • 2009
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate healthy city project related characteristics to members of the Korea Healthy Cities Partnership(KHCP). Methods: This study analyzed general characteristics of healthy city, characteristics of healthy city(political support, collaboration & citizen participation, healthy city project, infrastructure development, capacity building), self-evaluation of healthy city and etc by self-questionnaires from February to December, 2007, which were distributed to government workers who were in charged in health city project of 23 membership cities of KHCP. Results: The number of urban city was 11(47.8%) and that of rural municipality was 12(52.5%). Public health center was almost in charge of healthy city project(73.9%). As for the characteristics of healthy city, healthy city municipal budget(91.3%), city health profile(91.3%), technical support of cooperative university(82.6%), healthy city regulation(78.3%), citizen participation(78.3%), committee(73.9%), setting approach(69.9%) and healthy city network(69.6%) were good. But intersectoral collaboration(34.8%), long-term healthy city plan(39.1%), administrative policy or campaign promise(43.5%), programs to the vulnerable population(47.8%), department in charge(47.8%) and seminar(47.8%) were not good. Especially, characteristics of healthy city according to the existence of department in charge were significantly different in intersectoral collaboration, citizen participation, setting approach and healthy city network. Conclusions: In spite of rapid expansion in healthy cities, there were great difficulty in political support, collaboration, department in charge and programs of health equity. So we need to go a long way to achieve the vision of healthy cites by its principles and characteristics.

Mapping Heterogenous Ontologies for the HLP Applications - Sejong Semantic Classes and KorLexNoun 1.5 - (인간언어공학에의 활용을 위한 이종 개념체계 간 사상 - 세종의미부류와 KorLexNoun 1.5 -)

  • Bae, Sun-Mee;Im, Kyoung-Up;Yoon, Ae-Sun
    • Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.95-126
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    • 2010
  • This study proposes a bottom-up and inductive manual mapping methodology for integrating two heterogenous fine-grained ontologies which were built by a top-down and deductive methodology, namely the Sejong semantic classes (SJSC) and the upper nodes in KorLexNoun 1.5 (KLN), for HLP applications. It also discusses various problematics in the mapping processes of two language resources caused by their heterogeneity and proposes the solutions. The mapping methodology of heterogeneous fine-grained ontologies uses terminal nodes of SJSC and Least Upper Bounds (LUB) of KLN as basic mapping units. Mapping procedures are as follows: first, the mapping candidate groups are decided by the lexfollocorrelation between the synsets of KLN and the noun senses of Sejong Noun Dfotionaeci(SJND) which are classified according to SJSC. Secondly, the meanings of the candidate groups are precisely disambiguated by linguistic information provided by the two ontologies, i.e. the hierarchicllostructures, the definitions, and the exae les. Thirdly, the level of LUB is determined by applying the appropriate predicates and definitions of SJSC to the upper-lower and sister nodes of the candidate LUB. Fourthly, the mapping possibility ic inthe terminal node of SJSC is judged by che aring hierarchicllorelations of the two ontologies. Finally, the ituorrect synsets of KLN and terminologiollocandidate groups are excluded in the mapping. This study positively uses various language information described in each ontology for establishing the mapping criteria, and it is indeed the advantage of the fine-grained manual mapping. The result using the proposed methodology shows that 6,487 LUBs are mapped with 474 terminal and non-terminal nodes of SJSC, excluding the multiple mapped nodes, and that 88,255 nodes of KLN are mapped including all lower-level nodes of the mapped LUBs. The total mapping coverage is 97.91% of KLN synsets. This result can be applied in many elaborate syntactic and semantic analyses for Korean language processing.

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The Efficient Merge Operation in Log Buffer-Based Flash Translation Layer for Enhanced Random Writing (임의쓰기 성능향상을 위한 로그블록 기반 FTL의 효율적인 합병연산)

  • Lee, Jun-Hyuk;Roh, Hong-Chan;Park, Sang-Hyun
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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    • v.19D no.2
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    • pp.161-186
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    • 2012
  • Recently, the flash memory consistently increases the storage capacity while the price of the memory is being cheap. This makes the mass storage SSD(Solid State Drive) popular. The flash memory, however, has a lot of defects. In order that these defects should be complimented, it is needed to use the FTL(Flash Translation Layer) as a special layer. To operate restrictions of the hardware efficiently, the FTL that is essential to work plays a role of transferring from the logical sector number of file systems to the physical sector number of the flash memory. Especially, the poor performance is attributed to Erase-Before-Write among the flash memory's restrictions, and even if there are lots of studies based on the log block, a few problems still exists in order for the mass storage flash memory to be operated. If the FAST based on Log Block-Based Flash often is generated in the wide locality causing the random writing, the merge operation will be occur as the sectors is not used in the data block. In other words, the block thrashing which is not effective occurs and then, the flash memory's performance get worse. If the log-block makes the overwriting caused, the log-block is executed like a cache and this technique contributes to developing the flash memory performance improvement. This study for the improvement of the random writing demonstrates that the log block is operated like not only the cache but also the entire flash memory so that the merge operation and the erase operation are diminished as there are a distinct mapping table called as the offset mapping table for the operation. The new FTL is to be defined as the XAST(extensively-Associative Sector Translation). The XAST manages the offset mapping table with efficiency based on the spatial locality and temporal locality.

Study on Factors Determining Labor Force Participation Rate of Older males : The Elderly Poverty Labor Hypothesis and Skill-Biased Technological Change Hypothesis (고령남성의 경제활동참가 결정요인 연구 - 노후빈곤노동가설 및 숙련편향기술진보설을 중심으로 -)

  • Ji, Eun-Jeong
    • Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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    • v.60 no.3
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    • pp.31-58
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    • 2008
  • This study examines applying the elderly poverty labor hypothesis and skill-biased technological change hypothesis to labor force participation rate(LFPR) of older males in Korea. These hypotheses have hardly been examined on the this group. The analysis is based on the data "Summary of economically active population($1965{\sim}2007$)", "Population projection($1965{\sim}2007$)", "Report on wage structure survey($1993{\sim}2005$)" and "Korea Labor and Income Panel Study($1998{\sim}2006$)". The method employed for this study is logistic regression. The main results from this analysis are summarized in five points. Firstly, Korean older males' LFPR have been increasing since 1965 when industrialization was expanding at full steam. This trend has been different from the decreasing trend of industrialized countries. The second finding is that poor older males' LFPR is, on the average, 5.2% higher than that of non-poor older males from 1998 to 2005. The third result is that the non-elderly man has been increasingly positioned at higher grade occupations, while the elderly man has been held at lower grade occupations. The fourth is that labor demand for highly educated workers has exceeded the increased labor supply of the group, while the demand for low educated workers has decreased far beyond the declined labor supply. As a result, college premium has increased from 139% in 1993 to 157.8% in 2005. The final main implication of this study is that the industrialization theory and modernization hypothesis still holds for the LFPR of Korean older males. However, the elderly affluence hypothesis of the LFPR of older males are hardly persuasive in explaining Korean phenomenon. Especially, we find that the elderly poverty is the main mechanism in determining the Korean LFPR in old ages. This supports the elderly poverty labor hypothesis presented in this study. Skill-biased technological change hypothesis partially explains the LFPR of older man. However, we believe that other factors; human capital specially high school education rather than university education and skill required in less skill biased occupations or the poverty; also have taken effect.

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A Seroepidemiological Study on Hepatitis B Vaccination Program - In Elementary School Student from Kyonggi-Do Province - (B형 간염 예방 접종 실태 평가를 위한 혈청 역학적 연구 -경기도 지역 초등학생을 대상으로-)

  • Lee, Suk-Yong;Choi, Boyoul;Shin, Young-Jeon;Bang, Keum-Nie;Ki, Moran;Park, Hung-Bae;Yoon, Jae-Deuk;Lee, Kye-Chol;Youn, Bae-Joong
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.240-256
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    • 1997
  • Purpose: To evaluate the hepatitis B vaccination program which has been conducted since 1980, Korea. Methods: This study was carry out self reported questionnaire and serologic test covering 2,072 elementary school students who were born between 1980 and 1987, selected by cluster sampling. The HBV serologic markers (HBsAg, Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc) were tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The contents of questionnaire include demographic data of students and parents, vaccination status, vaccination frequency, vaccination age, past history of mother's HBV test. Results: 1) The HBsAg positive rates by sex showed 3.7% for male and 2.7% for female, representing an average rate of 3.4%. The HBsAg positive rates by age group showed 5.6% for 13 years and l.5% for 6 years, representing a tendency of lowering rate as ages being younger. 2) The pre-natal HBV test rate was 10.2%, while post-natal HBV test rate was 42.5%. The test showed that the parents' educational level being higher than others, the pre- and post-natal HBV test showed higher rates. In case the fathers occupation being office worker, the post-natal HBV test showed a higher rate compared with other occupation. 3) Overall vaccination rate was 82.6%, complete vaccination rate 69.8%, booster injection rate 42.8%. The vaccination rate, complete vaccination rate and booster injection rate increased as the age being younger. If the educational level of parents were higher, the vaccination rate, complete vaccination rate and booster injection rate showed higher rates. Younger students showed younger vaccination age, and higher educational background of family showed younger vaccination ages. 4. With regard to positive rate of HBV markers by vaccination age, HBsAg and Anti-HBc positive rate showed higher degrees in the following order; preschool age (1-6 years), school age (6-13 years) and infancy (0-1 year). Anti-HBs positive rate was increased as the frequency of vaccination increased. Five years after initial complete vaccination, minimum protective rate was lowest, 69.6%.

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Deep Learning Architectures and Applications (딥러닝의 모형과 응용사례)

  • Ahn, SungMahn
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.127-142
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    • 2016
  • Deep learning model is a kind of neural networks that allows multiple hidden layers. There are various deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks, deep belief networks and recurrent neural networks. Those have been applied to fields like computer vision, automatic speech recognition, natural language processing, audio recognition and bioinformatics where they have been shown to produce state-of-the-art results on various tasks. Among those architectures, convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks are classified as the supervised learning model. And in recent years, those supervised learning models have gained more popularity than unsupervised learning models such as deep belief networks, because supervised learning models have shown fashionable applications in such fields mentioned above. Deep learning models can be trained with backpropagation algorithm. Backpropagation is an abbreviation for "backward propagation of errors" and a common method of training artificial neural networks used in conjunction with an optimization method such as gradient descent. The method calculates the gradient of an error function with respect to all the weights in the network. The gradient is fed to the optimization method which in turn uses it to update the weights, in an attempt to minimize the error function. Convolutional neural networks use a special architecture which is particularly well-adapted to classify images. Using this architecture makes convolutional networks fast to train. This, in turn, helps us train deep, muti-layer networks, which are very good at classifying images. These days, deep convolutional networks are used in most neural networks for image recognition. Convolutional neural networks use three basic ideas: local receptive fields, shared weights, and pooling. By local receptive fields, we mean that each neuron in the first(or any) hidden layer will be connected to a small region of the input(or previous layer's) neurons. Shared weights mean that we're going to use the same weights and bias for each of the local receptive field. This means that all the neurons in the hidden layer detect exactly the same feature, just at different locations in the input image. In addition to the convolutional layers just described, convolutional neural networks also contain pooling layers. Pooling layers are usually used immediately after convolutional layers. What the pooling layers do is to simplify the information in the output from the convolutional layer. Recent convolutional network architectures have 10 to 20 hidden layers and billions of connections between units. Training deep learning networks has taken weeks several years ago, but thanks to progress in GPU and algorithm enhancement, training time has reduced to several hours. Neural networks with time-varying behavior are known as recurrent neural networks or RNNs. A recurrent neural network is a class of artificial neural network where connections between units form a directed cycle. This creates an internal state of the network which allows it to exhibit dynamic temporal behavior. Unlike feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal memory to process arbitrary sequences of inputs. Early RNN models turned out to be very difficult to train, harder even than deep feedforward networks. The reason is the unstable gradient problem such as vanishing gradient and exploding gradient. The gradient can get smaller and smaller as it is propagated back through layers. This makes learning in early layers extremely slow. The problem actually gets worse in RNNs, since gradients aren't just propagated backward through layers, they're propagated backward through time. If the network runs for a long time, that can make the gradient extremely unstable and hard to learn from. It has been possible to incorporate an idea known as long short-term memory units (LSTMs) into RNNs. LSTMs make it much easier to get good results when training RNNs, and many recent papers make use of LSTMs or related ideas.

Joint Precoding Technique for Interference Cancellation in Multiuser MIMO Relay Networks for LTE-Advanced System (LTE-Advanced 시스템의 다중 사용자 MIMO Relay 네트워크에서 간섭 제거를 위한 Joint Precoding 기술)

  • Malik, Saransh;Moon, Sang-Mi;Kim, Bo-Ra;Kim, Cheol-Sung;Hwang, In-Tae
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.15-26
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    • 2012
  • In this paper, we perform interference cancellation in multiuser MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) relay network with improved Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF) relay protocols. The work of interference cancellation is followed by evolved NodeB (eNB), Relay Node (RN) and User Equipment (UE) to improve the error performance of whole transmission system with the explicit use of relay node. In order to perform interference cancellation, we use Dirty Paper Coding (DPC) and Thomilson Harashima Precoding (THP) allied with detection techniques Zero Forcing (ZF), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) and Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation (OSIC). These basic techniques are studied and improved in the proposal by using the functions of relay node. The performance is improved by Decode-and-Forward which enhance the cancellation of interference in two layers at the cooperative relay node. The interference cancellation using weighted vectors is performed between eNB and RN. In the final results of the research, we conclude that in contrast with the conventional algorithms, the proposed algorithm shows better performance in lower SNR regime. The simulation results show the considerable improvement in the bit error performance by the proposed scheme in the LTE-Advanced system.