• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.155-168
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• 2002

Purpose; Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multi-system involvement and renal damage is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Renal involvement is more common and severe in children than in adults. Therefore, renal biopsy plays a crucial role in planning effective therapy. In this study, we investigated the clinical and pathological findings of lupus nephritis in children to aid clinical care of the disease. Methods: The clinical and pathological data of 40 patients who were diagnosed as SLE with renal involvement in Shinchon Severance Hospital from Jan. 1990 to Sep. 2002 were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The ratio of male to female patients was 1:3 and the median age at diagnosis was 12.1(2-18) years old. FANA(95.0%), anti-ds DNA antibody(87.5%), malar rash(80.0%) were the most common findings among the classification criteria by ARA. Microscopic hematuria with proteinuria(75.0%), nephrotic syndrome(55.0%), and microscopic hematuria alone(15.0%) were the most common renal presentations in the respective order at diagnosis. There were 27 cases with WHO class IV lupus nephritis confirmed by renal biopsy and 3 cases with pathological changes of WHO class type. Different treatment modalities were carried out : prednisolone only in 5 cases, prednisol-one+azat-hioprine in 9 cases, prednisolone+azathioprine+intravenous cyclophosphamide in 14 cases, prednisolone+cyclosporine A+intravenous cyclophosphamide in 12 cases, plasma exchange in 9 cases and intravenous gamma-globulin in 2 cases. The average follow-up period was $51.8{\pm}40.5$ months. During $51.8{\pm}40.5$ months. During follow-up, 4 patients expired. The risk factors associated with mortality were male, WHO class IV and acute renal failure at diagnosis. Conclusion: Renal involvement was noted in 63.5% of childhood SLE, and 67.5% of renal lesion was WHO class IV lupus nephritis which is known to be associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore aggressive treatment employing immunosuppressant during the early stages of disease could be helpful in improving long-term prognosis. But careful attention should be given to optimize the treatment due to unique problems associated with growth, psychosocial development and gonadal toxicity, especially in children.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-62
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• 1969

Throughout the studies the following experimental results were obtained and are summarized: 1. Multiplication of agents in primary cell cultures of both GF classical and CR-64 acute strain of Marek's disease infected chicken kidneys was accompanied by the formation of distinct transformed cell foci. This characteristic nature of cell transformation was passaged regularly by addition of dispersed cell from infected cultures to normal chicken kidney cell cultures, and also transferred was the nature of cell transformation to normal chick-embryo liver and neuroglial cell cultures. No cytopathic changes were noticed in inoculated chick-embryo fibroblast cultures. 2. The same cytopathic effects were noticed in normal kidney cell monolayers after the inoculation of whole blood and huffy coat cells derived from both forms of Marek's disease infected chickens. In these cases, however, the number of transformed cell foci appearing was far less than that of uninoculated monolayers prepared directly from the kidneys of Marek's disease infected chickens. 3. The change in cell culture IS regarded as a specific cell transformation focus induced by an oncogenic virus rather than it plaque in slowly progressing cytopathic effect by non-oncogenic viruses, and it is quite similar to RSV focus in chick-embryo fibroblasts in many respects. 4. The infective agent (cell transformable) were extremely cell-associated and could not be separated in an infective state from cells under the experimental conditions. 5. The focus assay of these agents was valid as shown by the high degree of linear correlation (r=0.97 and 0.99) between the relative infected cell concentration (in inoculum) and the transformed cell foci counted. 6. No differences were observed between the GF classical strain and the CR-64 acute strain of Marek's disease as far as cell culture behavior. 7. Characterization of the isolates by physical and chemical treatments, development of internuclear inclusions in Infected cells, and nucleic acid typing by differential stainings and cytochemical treatments indicated that the natures of these cell transformation agents closely resemble to those described fer the group B herpes viruses. 8. Susceptible chicks inoculated with infected kidney tissue culture cells developed specific lesions of Marek's disease, and in a case of prolonged observation after inoculation (5 weeks) the birds developed clinical symptoms and gross lesions of Marek's disease. Kidney cell cultures prepared from those inoculated birds and sacrificed showed a superior recovery of cell transformation property by formation of distinct foci. 9. Electron microscopic study of infected kidney culture cells (GF agent) by negative staining technique revealed virus particles furnishing the properties of herpes viruses. The particle was measured about $100m{\mu}$ and, so far, no herpes virus envelop has been seen from these preparations. 10. No relationship of both isolates to avian leukosis/sarcoma group viruses and PPLO was observed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.261-265
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• 2001

소아의 소화성궤양은 소아 소화계질환 중에서 발병율이 점차 늘어나고 있는 추세에 있다. 최근 소아과에서 내시경의 활용이 활발해지면서 장기적으로 반복하여 위완통(胃脘痛), 변혈 (便血)및 구혈(嘔血)이 나타나는 경우 궤양성질환의 가능성이 높은 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 본원에서는 유명한 중의사 왕붕비(王鵬飛) 교수의 비완통(脾脘痛) 치험방을 토대로 많은 임상을 거쳐 위평충제(胃平沖劑)를 개발하여 1992년6월부터 1997년12월까지 위내시경 검사를 통하여 위궤양으로 진단된 98명의 소아환자에게 투여하여 관찰한 바 만족스러운 효과가 나타나 이를 보고한다. 위평충제(胃平衝劑)의 처방구성은 자초(紫草), 청대(靑黛), 곽향(藿香), 유향(乳香), 회향(茴香), 정향(丁香), 황련(黃連), 적석지(赤石脂), 황정(黃精) 등이다. 한의학적 이론에 따르면 불규칙하고 자극성이 강한 음식섭취 습관은 비위(脾胃)를 손상시켜 중주(中州)를 옹체(壅滯)시키므로 기(氣)의 원활한 소통이 이루어지지 않으면 부통즉통(不通卽痛)의 기전으로 발전한다. 또한 근래 소아들이 각종 정신적인 압박으로 스트레스가 쌓이면서 간기울결(肝氣鬱結)을 초래하여 울화(鬱火)로 인하여 혈락(血絡)이 손상되면서 출혈증상이 나타난다. 왕교수의 견해에 따르면 체내에 어혈이 제거되지 않으면 기혈(氣血)의 순환이 더욱 악화되어 어적(瘀積)이나 궤양 또는 경새(梗塞) 등을 일으키게 된다고 하였다. 따라서 위평충제(胃平沖劑)는 활혈화어(活血化瘀), 청열해독(淸熱解毒)과 더불어 익기양위(益氣養胃), 거어지통(祛瘀止痛)의 효능이 있는 약물들로 구성되었다. 동물실험에서 위평충제(胃平衝劑)는 궤양표면을 보호하고 치유하며 재발을 방지하는 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었고, 위액의 분비, 위단백질효소의 활성에 대한 억제 및 진통효과도 있는 것으로 입증되었다.행하여 사용하는 것이 바람직하며, 단순한 중약 투여는 일부 양약에 의한 소아성장에 미치는 영향을 피할 수 있어 더 많은 임상연구가 이어져야 한다.(當歸) 목단피(牧丹皮) 울김(鬱金) 정력자(?歷子) 세신(細辛) 오미자(五味子) 구기자(枸杞子) 산수황육(山茱黃肉) 황기(黃?) 감초(甘草) 등을 기본적으로 사용한다. 비신양허형(脾腎陽虛型)은 온보비신(溫補脾腎) 화어척담(化瘀滌痰)을 원칙으로 하며, 처방에는 구마황( 灸麻黃) 세신(細辛) 오미자(五味子) 당귀(當歸) 단삼(丹蔘) 울김(鬱金) 정력자(?歷子) 반하(半夏) 보골지(補骨脂) 선령비(仙靈脾) 태자삼(太子蔘) 황기(黃?) 감초(甘草) 등을 기본적으로 사용한다. 치험(治驗): (1) 천식의 실증(實證)은 치료를 한 뒤 완화단계에 접어들면서 허증(虛證)으로 전화되는데, 허천(虛喘)도 역시 천식이니 만큼 단순히 보법(補法)만 사용하여서는 안된다. 시종일관 천식치료에는 척담화어(滌痰化瘀)의 원칙을 지켜야 한다. 폐내(肺內)의 담어(痰瘀)가 철저하게 제거되어야 폐(肺)의 순환기능을 개선시켜 기도(氣道)의 염증을 신속히 흡수하고 치유할 수 있다. 이와 같은 치료과정은 약 3-6개월이 필요하다. 완화단계의 기간이 길어질수록 완치될 확률도 높아진다. (2) 급성기 천식은 폐(肺)를 다스려야 한다. 폐(肺)를 다스리는 방법에는 선폐(宣肺), 청폐(淸肺), 온폐(溫肺), 윤폐(潤肺) 및 척담거어(滌痰祛瘀) 등이 있다. (3) 증상이 완화되면 신(腎)을 다스린다. 천식은 신허(腎虛)가 근본적인 원인이므로 완화단계에서 심지어 발작기에도 보신제(補腎劑)를 추가하여 사용하면 배의 효과를 얻을 수 있다. (4) 비(脾)의 기능을 강화하여 근본을 채우는 부비배본(扶脾培本)도 중요하다. 후천의 수곡정미(水穀精微)로 선천을 충족시키고 자양하는 것은 질병에 대한 저항력을

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.230-239
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• 1994

In Order to evaluate determinants of successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), PTCA was performed for 172 coronary arterial lesions in 120 patients (89 male, 31 female) at Yeungnam university hospital from Sep. 1992 to Aug. 1993. The corinary artery luminal diameter at the site of the original stenosis was eveluated from end-diastolic frames of identical projections of the preangioplasty and immediate post angioplasty. The coronary luminal and balloon diameters were measured with using of computer measuring system. Overall success rate of 172 attempted lesions was 87.2%. Success rate of female patients was 93.5% and higher than those of male patients. According to the clinical diagnosis, success rate in stable angina was 93.7% and higher than those of post myocardial infarction angina, unstable angina and acute myocardial infarcrion. Success rate of American Heart Association type C lesion was 65.5% and lower those of type A (95.7%), type B (89.5%). There was signfifcantly difference in preangioplasty luminal stenosis, elastic recoil and length of lesion between successful PTCA group and failed PTCA group. Success rate of lesion location at a bend > $45^{\circ}$ and presence of intracoronary thrombus were lower than than those of other angiographic findings. In coclusion, primary angioplasty success was affected by specific angiographic factors. Stenosis severity, thrombus, lesion location at a bend > $45^{\circ}$, elastic recoil, and length of lesion were the principle of determinants of coronary angioplasty success rate.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 1999

Background: Patients with acute non-traumatic chest pain are among the most challenging patients for care by emergency physicians, so the correct diagnosis and triage of patients with chest pain in the emergency department(ED) becomes important. To avoid discharging patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) without medical care, most emergency physicians attempt to admit almost all patients with acute chest pain and order many laboratory tests for the patients. But in practice, many patients with non-cardiac pain can be discharged with simple tests and treatment. These patients occupy expensive intensive care beds, substantially increasing financial cost and time of stay at ED for the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial ischemia and AMI. Despite vigorous efforts to identify patients with ischemic heart disease, approximately 2% to 5% of patients presented to the ED with AMI and chest pain are inadvertently discharged. If the cause for the chest pain is known, rapid and accurate diagnosis can be implemented, preventing wastes in time and money and inadvertent discharge. Methods and Results: The medical records of 488 patients from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1997 were reviewed. There were 320(angina pectoris 140, AMI 128) cases of cardiac diseases, and 168(atypical chest pain 56, pneumothorax 47) cases of non-cardiac diseases. The number of associated symptoms were $1.1{\pm}0.9$ in non-cardiac diseases, $1.4{\pm}1.1$ in cardiac diseases and $1.7{\pm}1.1$ in AMI(p<0.05). In laboratory finding the sensitivity of electrocardiography(EKG) was 96.1%, while the sensitivity of myoglobin test ranked 45.1%. Admission rate was 71.6% in for cardiac diseases and 50.6% for non-cardiac diseases(p<0.01). Mortality rate was 8.8% in all cases, 13.8% in cardiac diseases, 0.6% in non-cardiac diseases, and 28.1% especially in AMI. Conclusion: In conclusion, all emergency physicians should have thorough knowledge of the clinical characteristics of the diseases which cause non-traumatic chest pain, because a patient with any of these life-threatening diseases would require immediate treatment. Detailed history on the patient should be taken and physical examination performed. Then, the most simple diagnostic approach should be used to make an early diagnosis and to provide treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose was to assess the result of arthroscopic management of the septic arthritis on the knee in compromised patients. Materials and Methods : Fourteen patients with septic knee were analyzed. The mean age was 55 years and the mean follow-up period was 14.6 months. Underlying diseases included 4 cases of diabetes, and history of direct acupuncture in 4 cases. Clinical stage of septic arthritis was judged by $G\ddot{a}chter's$ classification, which was determined by arthroscopic findings. After arthroscopic irrigation and debridement, we observed the results of laboratory data and improvement of clinical findings. Results : Causative organism was identified in 7 cases and no organism was detected in the remaining 7 cases. Stage I was 1, stage II 8, stage III 4, and stage IV 1, respectively. Eleven of 14 cases were improved by one stage operation. Two cases of stage III were recurred and additional arthroscopic management was done. In 1 case of stage IV, symptom was not improved and needed arthrotomy. The result was unsatisfactory in patients with stage III and IV. Serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were normalized after 29.3 and 20.8 days following the operation, respectively. Clinical symptoms disappeared average 2 days following the operation. Conclusion : Arthroscopic management of acute septic arthritis of the knee would be an effective and satisfactory treatment modality in that its postoperative pain and complications are minimal, and it can be done with ease repeatedly.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2004

Stretch-activated channels (SACs) responds to membrane stress with changes in open probability (Po). They play essential roles in regulation of cell volume and differentiation, vascular tone, and in hormonal secretion. SACs highly present in Xenopus oocytes and Ascidian oocytes are suggested to be involved in the regulation of pH and fluid transport to balance the osmotic pressure, but remain unclear in mammanlian oocytes. This study was investigated to find the presence of SACs in hamster oocytes and to examine their electrophysiological properties. To infer a role of SAC in relation to the development of early stage, we followed up to the stage of two-cell zygote with patch clamp techniques. Single channels were elicited by negative pressure (lower than ­15 cm$H_2O$). Interestingly, SACs were dependent on permeable cations such as $Na^+$ or $K^+$. As permeable cation removed from both sides across the membrane, SAC activity completely disappeared. When permeable cations present only in intracellular compartment, outward currents appeared at positive potentials. In contrast to this, inward currents occurred only at the negative voltage when permeable cation absent in cell interior. These result suggests that SAC carry cations through the nonselective cation channel (NSC channel). Taken together, we found that stretch activated channels present in hamster oocyte and the channel may carry cations through NSC channels. This stretch activated-NSC channels may play physiological role(s) in oocyte growth, maturation, fertilization and embryogenesis in fertilized oocytes to two-cell zygotes of hamster.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2007

A retrospective study of 94 hypercalcemic dogs was performed to find out most common causes that lead to hypercalcemia through investigating dogs referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University from 2002 to 2004. During the study period, hypercalcemia was found in 94 dogs of 19 breeds, and they were evaluated as case group. Control group was made up of 94 dogs of 18 breeds without hypercalcemia admitted for the same study period. For general signalments, there were no significant differences between case and control group with the exception of age distribution. Shih-tzu(17.02%) and Yorkshire terrier(26.60%) was the most common breed in case and control group, respectively. The most common diseases associated with hypercalcemia were chronic renal failure (18.09%), acute renal failure(14.89%), and renal calculi(6.38%). Malignant neoplasia(lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mammary gland tumor, and multiple myeloma) and endocrinopathies(hyperadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism) occupied 8.5% and 6.4%, respectively. This report is a first retrospective study of hypercalcemic dogs in South Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.428-436
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• 2003

Purpose: Increased periarticular uptake could be associated with peripheral bone marrow expansion in cancer patients with axial bone marrow metastasis. We compared bone scan and bone marrow scan to investigate whether the increased whole body count in patients with increased periarticular uptake on bone scan is useful in the diagnosis of axial marrow metastasis, and evaluate the role of additional bone marrow scan in these cases. Materials and methods: Twelve patients with malignant diseases who showed increased periarticular uptake on bone scan were included. Whole body count was measured on bone scan and it is considered to be increased when the count is more than twice of other patients. Bone marrow scan was taken within 3-7 days. Results: Five hematologic malignancy, 3 stomach cancer, 2 breast cancer, 1 prostate cancer and 1 lung cacner were included. All three patients with increased whole body count on bone scan showed axial marrow suppression and peripheral marrow expansion. Eight of 9 patients without increased whole body count showed axial marrow suppression and peripheral marrow expansion. One turned out to be blastic crisis of chronic myelogeneous leukemia, and seven showed normal axial marrow with peripheral marrow expansion in chronic anemia of malignancy. The last one without increased whole body count showed normal bone marrow scan finding. Conclusion: Increased whole body count on bone scan could be a clue to axial bone marrow metastasis in cancer patients with increased periarticular uptake, and bone marrow scan is a valuable method for differential diagnosis in these cases.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.875-880
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• 2009

Purpose : Iron-deficiency anemia remains the most common nutritional deficiency in young infants. This study aimed to survey the actual condition of feeding patterns and weaning diet and to study the association between these factors and the prevalence of anemia in infants aged over 9 months. Methods : We studied 171 infants aged 9-24 months who were hospitalized in the general ward with mild to moderate acute illnesses. The mothers answered a questionnaire about the feeding patterns and the status of the weaning diet of their infants. The infants were divided into three groups: infants who were exclusively breast-fed, those who had been given mixed feeding, and artificial milk feeders. Results : The incidence of anemia was significantly higher in exclusively breast-fed infants (23/68, 33.8%) than in the infants with mixed feeding (11/62, 17.7%) and artificial milk feeders (5/41, 12.1%). The mothers' awareness about the state of their infants󰡑 weaning diet was not related to the presence of anemia in the exclusively breast-fed infants. About 70% of the infants had started the weaning diet before age 6 months in all three groups, without any difference according to feeding patterns. Conclusion : The incidence of anemia was significantly higher in the breast-fed group than in the other infants. Many mothers of breast-fed infants with anemia also believed that their infants were taking sufficient weaning foods. Therefore, further education of the mothers about iron-rich weaning foods and the importance of iron intake during infancy is needed to prevent anemia, especially in breast-fed infants.