• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to identify predictors differentiating the preparation stage, which is the stage that the smoker is ready to quit smoking, between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Method: A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea from August 2003 to April 2005. To identify the predictors before and after preparation in stages of change of smoking, logistic regression was done. Results: The predictors for before preparation in stages of change of smoking were process of change for smoking abstinence for adolescent smokers and depression for adult smokers. The predictors for after preparation in stages of change of smoking were self-efficacy for smoking abstinence for adolescent smoker and self-efficacy for smoking abstinence and smoking temptation for adult smokers. Conclusion: For each group, adolescent smokers and adult smokers, specific smoking intervention methods need to be developed based on the different ways individuals make the decision to quit smoking within their contexts.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 1992

Background: It is well known that cigarette smoking is the risk factor of lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischemic heart disease. But there are few reports about the immediate effect of cigarette smoking on the cardiopulmonary functions. The serum level of carbon monoxide increases during cigarette smoking. It is known that carbon monoxide increases respration rate, heart rate and cardiac output, with decrease in maximal oxygen consumption. So we have studied to determine the immediate effects of cigarette smoking on the cardiopulmonary function during exercise. Method: Thirteen healthy smoking male subjects were included in this study. Each subject was undertaken pulmonary function test and incremental exercise test on two separate days, one without smoking (control) and the other after smoking three cigarettes per hour for five hours. The order of the two tests was randomized. Results: 1) The mean age of the subjects was $25{\pm}4.9$ year-old and the mean smoking history was $6{\pm}5$ pack years. 2) The mean blood level of carbon monoxide on the smoking day was higher than that on the nonsmoking day ($5.97{\pm}1.34%$ vs. $1.45{\pm}0.83%$; p<0.01). 3) The mean maximal oxygen consumption on the smoking day was lower than that on the nonsmoking day ($2.09{\pm}0.32$ L/min vs. $2.39{\pm}0.32$ L/min; p<0.05). 4) The mean anaerobic threshold on the smoking day was lower than that on the nonsmoking day ($1.33{\pm}0.24$ L/min vs. $1.53{\pm}0.20$ L/min; p<0.05). 5) The mean heart rate at rest on the smoking day was higher than that on nonsmoking day ($84.38{\pm}11.06$ beats/min vs. $75.46{\pm}5.83$ beats/min; p<0.05). But the means of maximal heart rate on both days were not different. 6) The pulmonary function tests were similar on both days. Conclusion: There was no change in pulmonary function test, but the maximal oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold were decreased on the smoking day. So it was concluded that cigarette smoking impaired the cardiovascular functions immediately during exercise.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2005

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate that the stages of change in smoking cessation behavior among coronary artery disease patients for six months progressed following the stages of change suggested by the transtheoretical model. Method: Subjects for this descriptive survey were 59 coronary disease patients who were smoking or who had stopped smoking for less than six months. Result: In the baseline, the distribution of the subjects’ stages of change was as follows: pre-contemplation stage 25.4%, contemplation stage 25.4%, preparation stage 22%, and action stage 27.1%. After six months, more subjects in the contemplation(33.3%) and preparation stages(30.8%) progressed to the action stage than those of the pre-contemplation stage(0%). Eighty-one percent of the subjects in the action stage at baseline progressed to the maintenance stage. The relationship between the numbers of smoking cessation attempts for six months and stages of change at baseline was significant(p=.001). However, the relationships between self-efficacy and nicotine dependence at baseline and progression in stages of change after six months were not significant. Conclusion: Progression in the stages of change for six months among subjects corresponded to the stages of change suggested by the transtheoretical model. Hence, future development and evaluation of intervention programs should be tailored individually considering each patient's stage of change.

• Korean Public Health Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2018

Objective : This study explores whether and how the amount of smoking differs by economic status and perception among the men in working age. Methods : The study utilized the 4th wave of KoWEPS containing the items on perception of economic conditions. Analysis was conducted on ever-married men aged 30-54, who have capacity to work. It used 2 stage regression model methods to examine the mediation effect of perception on economic status. Results : The results shows that the negative perception on economic status has a positive effect on smoking. Disposable income affects smoking only through the perception of economic status. Employment status exerts both direct and indirect effect on smoking. Conclusions : These findings imply that less privileged economic status is related to smoking through anxiety or stress for the negative perception on it.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to investigate factors affecting preparation stage to quit smoking in men. Methods: Based on data from the Community Health Survey conducted in Chungbuk Province in 2008, we estimated rates and odds ratio (OR) of smoking cessation intention for 2,639 men who were current smokers. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors affecting preparation stage to quit smoking. Results: Among current male smokers, the rate of smoking cessation intention was 17.1%. The OR of factors affecting smoking cessation was as follows: Compared to men with middle school education, the OR for rate of smoking cessation intention in men with high school education was 1.47 (p=.018), and for college or higher, 1.55 (p=.017). Compared to being single, the OR for cohabitation after marriage was 1.61 (p=.011) and living alone after marriage, 2.23 (p=.005). The OR for attempt to quit smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke and participation in smoking education were 6.80 (p<.001), 1.32 (p=.020) and 1.69 (p=.005), respectively. Conclusion: Results of this study show that it is necessary to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke and to increase participation in smoking cessation education targeting current smokers to move them from precontemplation or contemplation stage to preparation stage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.655-657
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• 2004

IPv4가 가지는 주소 부족 및 보안등의 문제들로 인하여, 인터넷 환경은 IPv6로 전이가 이루어지고 있다. 또한 노트북 및 PDA등 단말들이 소형화, 간편화되면서 단말의 이동성 문제가 쟁점화 되고 있다. 이러한 오늘날의 인터넷 환경에서. IPv4에서 IPv6로의 전이 환경에서의 두 프로토콜의 연동을 위해 여러 메커니즘들이 소개되고 있으며 단말의 이동성 제공을 위해 IPv4 기반으로는 이동 IPv4(Mobile IPv4)가 표준으로 제정되었으며 IPv6 기반으로는 이동 IPv6(Mobile IPv6)가 현재 표준 제정 완료 단계에 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 전이 환경에서 이동성 지원을 위하여 이중스택 메커니즘을 사용한 이동 IPv4와 이동 IPv6의 연동 문제 해결 방안에 대해 모색해본다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1265-1278
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• 2000

This study was carried out to assess the perception of decisional balance of Korean subjects about 4 health behaviors and to identify the influencing factor of decisional balance for exercise acquisition, smoking cessation, mammography screening and Kegel's exercise acquisition. All are representative health behaviors nurses can intervene in Korea based on the Transtheoretical model. Convenient samples of 2,484 subjects (191; exercise, 169; smoking cessation, 1903; mammography screening and 221; Kegel's exercise) were selected from cities and counties over 9 provinces throughout Korea, and the data was collected from January 1, 1999 to February 29, 2000. The research instrument were the Decisional Balance Measure for Exercise (Marcus & Owen., 1992), Smoking Cessation (Velicer et al., 1985), Mammography Screening (Rakowski et al.,1992) and Kegel Exercise (Lim, 1999) and Stage of Change Measure for Exercise (Marcus et al, 1992), Smoking Cessation (DiClemente et al., 1991), Mammography Screening (Rakowski et al.,1992) and Kegel's Exercise (Lim, 1999). The data was analyzed by the SAS Program. The results are as follows; 1. According to the stage of change measure, 2,484 subjects were distributed in each stage of change for four health behaviors: 1,233 subjects (49.8%), 745 subjects (30.2%), 113 subjects (4.7%), 156 subjects (6.5%), and 216 (8.7%) belonged to the pre- contemplation stage, contemplation stage, preparation stage, action stage and maintenance stage. They were all series of stages of change in their efforts to do health behavior. 2. Factor analysis identified 3 factors (1 of Pros, 2 of Cons) for the exercise, 4 factors for smoking cessation (2 of Pros, 2 of Cons), 2 factors (1 of Pros, 1 of Cons) for the mammogram screening and 2 factors (1 of Pros, 1 of Cons) for Kegel's exercise of decisional balance. 3. The analysis of variance and multiple comparison analysis showed that for all 4 samples, the Cons of changing the problem behaviors outweighed the Pros for subjects who were in the pre- contemplation stage, The opposite was true for subjects in action and maintenance stage. 4. Through the discriminant analysis, it was found that one factor of Pros for exercise, one factor of Cons for smoking cessation, 1 factor of Cons for mammogram screening and one factor of Cons for Kegel's exercise were the more influencing factors, than others in discriminating the stages of change. Results are consistent with the applications of the Transtheoretical model, which have been used to understand how people change health behaviors. This results provide some evidence that subject's report of his/her health behavior corresponds to beliefs about usefulness of related health behaviors. The results of this study have implications for patients' health education and health intervention strategies. The findings of this study give useful information for nursing educators for 4 health behaviors, especially the factors relating to decision making in the different stages of change.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.161-181
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• 2017

The present study aimed at investigating health information seeking behaviors of health information consumers who changed their health behaviors by using mobile health applications according to the dynamic stages of change. For this purpose, the study analyzed the changes of perception, health information needs and seeking behaviors of health information consumers in each stage by employing Stages of Change as a theoretical framework. A total of 30 college students participated in this study to change health behaviors such as smoking or alcohol cessation, and regular exercise, while using health applications for 3 months; then written interviews were conducted with these students based on their experiences. Findings indicated that the study participants used diverse information sources, including social media and the Internet, seeking for different types of sources of information according to information needs. Above all, the health information needs and seeking behaviors examined in active utilization of health applications by consumers in the stage of action suggest the implications of health information services, particularly through health applications. In addition, stress management and relapse that consumers experienced while attempting health behavior changes, and the positive and negative effects of behavior changes inform health information providers of insights for supporting consumers' changes of health behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.291-310
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• 2004

Institutional Repository offers integrated capture, management. preservation and access intellectual asset of individual institution and is also considered as a strategy to disseminate and exchange intellectual output as part of global 'Knowledge Bank'. A case of Institutional Repository, 'dCollection,' was introduced in Korea Education & Research Information Service(KERIS) as an institutional repository solution. This paper drew related issues in order to apply institutional repository to domestic universities. The results will bring a paradigm shift in scholarly communications, as a guideline of institutional repositories in the university libraries.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1410-1419
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• 2005

Purpose: This study identified and compared influential variables on intention and action to quit smoking between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Methods: For the selection of variables, the transtheoretical theory was used. A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea. Discriminant analysis was used for data analysis Results: The variables of adolescent smokers that predicted an intention to quit smoking were: smoking temptation, self re-evaluation, counter conditioning and stimulus control. The variables that predicted an action to quit smoking were: self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, pros for smoking, self reevaluation, and self liberation. The variables of adult smokers that predicted an intention to quit were: smoking temptation, pros for smoking, cons for smoking, self reevaluation. The variables that self liberation and predicted an action to quit smoking were: self efficacy for smoking abstinence, smoking temptation, and counter conditioning. Conclusions: Developing stage specific smoking intervention methods based on different ways of how individuals make a decision to quit smoking within their contexts needs to be done.