• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1997

In this study, doffusion barrier properties of 1000 $\AA$ thick molybdenum compound(Mo, Mo-N, $MoSi_2$, Mo-Si-N) films were investigated using sheet resistance measurement, X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Scanning electron mircoscopy(SEM), and Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry(RBS). Each barrier material was deposited by the dc magnetron sputtering and annealed at 300-$800^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in vacuum. Mo and MoSi2 barrier were faied at low temperatures due to Cu diffusion through grain boundaries and defects in Mo thin film and the reaction of Cu with Si within $MoSi_2$, respectively. A failure temperature could be raised to $650^{\circ}C$-30 min in the Mo barrier system and to $700^{\circ}C$-30 min in the Mo-silicide system by replacing Mo and $MoSi_2$ with Mo-N and Mo-Si-N, respectively. The crystallization temperature in the Mo-silicide film was raised by the addition of $N_2$. It is considered that not only the $N_2$, stuffing effect but also the variation of crystallization temperature affects the reaction of Cu with Si within Mo-silicide. It is found that Mo-Si-N is the more effective barrier than Mo, $MoSi_2$, or Mo-N to copper penetraion preventing Cu reaction with the substrate for $30^{\circ}C$min at a temperature higher than $650^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.3 s.40
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

Higher density integration and adoption of new materials in advanced electronic package systems result in severe electrochemical reliability issues in microelectronic packaging due to higher electric field under high temperature and humidity conditions. Under these harsh conditions, metal interconnects respond to applied voltages by electrochemical ionization and conductive filament formation, which leads to short-circuit failure of the electronic package. In this work, in-situ water drop test and evaluation of corrosion characteristics for SnPb solder alloys in D.I. water and NaCl solutions were carried out to understand the fundamental electrochemical migration characteristics and to correlate each other. It was revealed that electrochemical migration behavior of SnPb solder alloys was closely related to the corrosion characteristics, and Pb was primarily ionized in both D.I. water and $Cl^{-}$ solutions. The quality of passive film formed at film surface seems to be critical not only for corrosion resistance but also for ECM resistance of solder alloys.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.875-888
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• 2013

The researches have recently progressed toward the use of the superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) to develop new smart control systems that reduce permanent deformation occurring due to severe earthquake events and that automatically recover original configuration. The superelastic SMA materials are unique metallic alloys that can return to undeformed shape without additional heat treatments only after the removal of applied loads. Once the superelastic SMA materials are thus installed at the place where large deformations are likely to intensively occur, the structural system can make the best use of recentering capabilities. Therefore, this study is intended to propose new buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) with superelastic SMA bracing systems. In order to verify the performance of such bracing systems, 6-story braced frame buildings were designed in accordance with the current design specifications and then nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed at 2D frame model by using seismic hazard ground motions. Based on the analysis results, BRBFs with innovative SMA bracing systems are compared to those with conventional steel bracing systems in terms of peak and residual inter-story drifts. Finally, the analysis results show that new SMA bracing systems are very effective to reduce the residual inter-story drifts.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.913-920
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• 2011

We describe the evaluation of the fatigue life and strength of a lightweight railway bogie frame made of glass fiber/epoxy 4-harness satin-woven composites. To obtain the S-N curve for the evaluation of the fatigue characteristics of the composite bogie frame, we performed a tension-compression fatigue test for composite specimens with different stacking sequences of the warp direction, fill direction, and $0^{\circ}/90^^{\circ}$ direction. We used a stress ratio (R) of -1, a frequency of 5 Hz, and an endurance limit of $10^7$. The fatigue strength of the composite bogie frame was evaluated by a Goodman diagram according to JIS E 4207. The results show that the fatigue life and strength of the lightweight composite bogie satisfy the requirements of JIS E 4207. Given its weight, its performance was better than that of a conventional metal bogie frame based on an SM490A steel material.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.881-887
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• 2012

CFRP composite materials have been widely used in various fields of engineering because of their excellent properties. They show high specific stiffness and specific strength compared with metallic materiasl. Woven CFRP composite materials are fabricated from carbon fibers with two orientation angles ($0^{\circ}/90^{\circ}$), which influences the mechanical properties. Therefore, woven CFRP composite materials show different types of fracture behavior according to the load direction. Therefore, the fracture behavior of these materials needs to be evaluated according to the load direction when designing structures using these materials. In this study, we evaluate the fracture strength of plain-woven CFRP composite materials according to the load direction. We performed tests for six different angles (load direction: $0^{\circ}/90^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}/-60^{\circ}$, $+45^{\circ}/-45^{\circ}$) and estimated the fracture strength for an arbitrary fiber angle by using the modified Tan's theory and harmonic function.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.283-290
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• 2020

In this study, a floater was developed for a frame-type solar power plant. The floater supports the frame and the solar panels. A finite element analysis was performed to design its shape and thickness, and the floater was manufactured by a rotational molding method using linear low-density polyethylene. It was found that the floater did not cause collapse and it maintained its stiffness even at 4 times the maximum load of 322.7 kgf. To perform a long-term compression test, a weight-type load application device that uses gravity was designed and manufactured. The amount of compressive deformation was measured for 7 days, and a long-term deformation equation was obtained. Even under small loads, continuous deformation was observed. However, the 10-year deformation amount for a constant load of 100 kgf was predicted to be small at about 4.64 mm. As a result, it was found that the developed floater could be used in a solar power plant on a body of water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.313-313
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• 2014

GaN계 물질 기반의 광 반도체는 조명 및 디스플레이 관련 차세대 광원으로 많은 관심을 받고 있고, 효율 증대를 위한 에피, 소자 구조 및 패키지 등의 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 특히, 투명 전극을 이용한 광 추출 효율의 증가에 대한 연구는 전체 외부양자효율을 증가시키는 중요한 기술로 각광을 받고 있다. 이러한 투명전극은 가시광 영역의 빛을 투과하면서도 전기 전도성을 갖는 기능성 박막 전극으로 산화인듐주석이 널리 사용되고 있으나 인듐 가격의 상승과 산화인듐주석 전극 자체의 크랙 특성으로 인하여 많은 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위하여 GaN계 발광 다이오드에 있어서 산화인듐주석 투명 전극의 대체 물질들에 대한 많은 연구들이 활발하게 이루어 지고 있다. 특히, 투명전극 층으로 사용되는 산화인듐주석 대체 박막으로 산화아연에 대한 연구가 각광을 받고 있는 실정이다. 또한, 발광 다이오드의 효율 증가를 위해 발광소자에 표면 요철 구조 형성과 나노구조체 형성 등 박막 표면의 구조 변화를 통한 광추출효율 향상에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 산화아연 박막을 투명전극으로 사용하였으며 광추출효율 향상을 위해 산화아연 투명전극에 패터닝을 형성하고, 그 위에 산화아연 나노막대를 형성하여 기존에 사용하던 산화아연 투명전극보다 우수한 추출효율 및 전류 퍼짐 향상 구조를 제안하고 이에 따른 LED 소자의 광추출효율 향상을 연구하였다. 금속유기화학증착법을 이용하여 c-면 사파이어 기판에 n-GaN, 5주기의 InGaN/GaN 다중양자우물 구조 및 p-GaN의 간단한 LED구조를 성장한 후, p-GaN층 상부에 원자층 증착법을 이용하여 투명전극인 산화아연 박막을 60 nm 두께로 증착하였다. 산화아연 투명전극만 증착한 LED-A와 이후 0.1% HCl을 이용한 습식식각을 통하여 산화아연 투명전극에 육각형 모양의 패턴을 형성한 LED-B, 그리고 LED-B위에 전기화학증착법을 이용하여 $1.0{\mu}m$의 산화아연 나노 막대를 증착한 LED-C를 제작하였다. LED-A, -B 및 -C에 대한 표면 구조는 SEM이미지를 통하여 확인한 바 산화아연의 육각 패턴과 그 상부에 산화아연의 나노막대가 잘 형성된 것을 확인하였다. I-L 분석으로부터 패턴이 형성되지 않은 산화아연 투명전극으로만 구성된 LED-A에 비하여 산화아연 투명 전극에 육각 패턴을 형성한 LED-B의 전계 발광 세기가 더욱 큰 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 육각 패턴에 산화아연 나노막대를 성장시켜 융합구조를 형성한 LED-C에서는 LED-B와 -A보다 더 큰 전계 발광세기를 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, 인가 전류가 고전류로 갈수록 LED-C의 발광세기가 더욱 강해지는 것으로 효율저하현상 또한 나노융합구조의 LED-C에서 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 기존 산화아연 투명전극에 육각형의 패턴 및 나노막대융합구조를 형성할 경우 전류퍼짐현상을 극대화 할 뿐 아니라, 추가적인 광추출효율 향상 효과에 의해 질화갈륨 기반LED 소자의 광효율이 증가된 것으로 판단된다.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.425-433
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• 2017

As the problems related to the environmental pollution such as carbon dioxide emission are emerging, the need for the renewable energy and environmentally friendly energy is getting intense. Fuel cells are eco-friendly energy generation devices that generate electrical energy and produce water as a sole by-product. Compared to the traditional proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), anion exchange membrane alkaline fuel cell (AEMAFC) has a main advantage of possibility to use low cost metal catalysts due to its faster kinetics. The AEM, which conducts $OH^-$ ions, should possess high ion conductivity as well as high chemical stability at high pH conditions. We hereby introduce a crosslinked poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) having a spacer-type conducting group as novel AEM, and report a high ion conductivity ($67.9mScm^{-1}$ at $80^{\circ}C$) and mechanical properties (Young's modulus : 0.53 GPa) as well as chemical stability (6.8% IEC loss at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1,000 h,) for the developed membrane.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.355-361
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• 2018

Mining is important as a national key industry that supplies energy and raw materials that are the basis for industrial development. On the other hand, mine development is necessarily accompanied by mineralization, for example, ground subsidence, heavy metal pollution, and water pollution. The mine hazard has a large range of damage, and it takes much time and cost to recover. In addition, there is a need for systematic mining management in order to prevent damages from occurring continuously. In this study, the present status of domestic mining industry and geospatial information construction technology for mining management were investigated. 95% of the mines surveyed were nonmetallic, and limestone mines accounted for 67%, and the constructed mine spatial information is not constructed with 3D geospatial information due to 2D current status, section, and geological map. Considering the results of the survey and analysis of 3D laser scanner and characteristics of Korean mine, handheld scanner is considered to be the most suitable method for constructing mine geospatial information. In addition, the data acquired through the 3D laser scanner can effectively visualize the object, and it can contribute to the systematic management of mining because it can be used for various purposes such as generation of drawings and calculation of volume.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.32-39
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• 1986

A strain of Aspergillus niger CAD 1 which produces considerable amount of beta-galactosidase was selected from extracellular beta-galctaosidase producing fungi isolated from soil. Optimal conditions for the enzyme from Aspergillus niger CAD 1 were the growth in wheat bran supplemented with 0.5% skim milk powder at $30^{\circ}C$ for 72 hrs. The crude enzyme was purified 1,387 fold through DEAE-cellulosc and Sephadex G-100 chromatographr and its recovery was 6.2%, The optimal pH and temperature for the purified enzyme were pH 4.5 ana $45^{\circ}C$, respectively. The Km and Vmax on ONPG were $3.57{\times}10^3M$ and 33.0 unit/mg protein, whereas those on lacose were $83.3{\times}10^3M$and 15.33 unit/mg protein, respectively, The activation energy for the enzyme was 9,900 cal/mol and the enzyme had no metal ion requirement for its activity and stability. The hydrolysis of lactose in skim milk, 4.8% lactose solution and acidic whey were 65%, 70% and 78% after 10 hrs incubation at $45^{\circ}C$, when 182 units of the enzyme were used 50ml of the substrate solutions.