• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.137-151
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• 2007

The characteristics of Hyeonmoyangcheo-ism (wise mother, good wife) in the 1950s, which were observed through the girls' school curriculums and homekeeping textbooks, were arranged as follows. Firstly, Hyeonmoyangcheo-ism in homekeeping textbooks in the 1950s stressed the modern housewife. The Confucianwomen's virtues, such as submissiveness, faithfulness and samjongjido (obedience to father, husband and son), that were in girls' moral training and home management textbooks during the Japanese imperialism. This was a part of girls' education built on democracy and equality asserted by a new Korea, the 'modern nation'. Secondly, with the increasing demands for women's labor after the Korean War, women's occupations were reinforced and incorporated in homekeeping textbooks in the 1950s. Even though having a job was a secondary task to the role of a homemaker, the details of women's occupation illustrates the characteristics of Hyeonmoyangcheo-ism in this period of time. Thirdly, The resident practice program emphasized the tradition women's behavior along with the modern homemaker, the rational designer of homekeeping. This seems to have been reinforced from the criticism towards women based on Westernization after the Korean War.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.56
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• pp.267-295
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper was to introduce the material status of women's epistolary literature published in modern study materials for writing letters in Chinese in 1920~30s and analyze gender consciousness shown in them. To this end, five kinds of representative modern study materials for writing letters in Chinese in 1920~30s were selected and 55 women's letters published in them were summarized. Through this, it was pointed out that the subjects of women's epistolary literature are mainly 'males' of families and the form of 'reply.' This implies that the authors of modern study materials for writing letters in Chinese recognized women's Chinese letters as a secondary means to prepare for inevitable communication with men rather than the leading medium of communication. The first aspect of gender consciousness shown in women's epistolary in modern study materials for writing letters in Chinese is to reaffirm the traditional gender order by calling and resetting women as the position and role in the family. The second aspect of gender consciousness is that female education materials which seemed to reflect the modern gender order are actually mentioned under the very skeptical view. The third characteristic aspect of gender consciousness is that the motif of 'discipline about economic activity' is only noticeable in women's epistolary published in modern study materials for writing letters. This setting was regarded as a means that the authors of modern study materials for writing letters in Chinese transferred the responsibilities of maintaining livelihood and managing household to women. Women's epistolary in modern study materials for writing letters in Chinese is the material which is noticeable in terms of showing the possibility of female Chinese Writing in modern times but according to the analysis of this paper, it is the text showing female form and women's writing judged within thoroughly male-centered imagination. That is, women's epistle text has a significance that allows us to read conservative reentry of modern study materials for writing letters in Chinese more clearly.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-54
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• 2019

Since the birth of melodrama in the early Enlightenment era, it has flowed through various cultures and media. In order to grasp the principle of differentiation of melodrama and the direction of its change, a developmental approach to the formation process of melodrama is necessary. In this regard, this paper examines the formation process of modern melodrama and its aesthetic features around the time of the French Revolution. The modern melodrama was formed in the period between the end of the 18th century and the start of the 19th century. It was born at the intersectional point of the contradictions of the modern imagination and the political paradox of the French Revolution, which demanded an autonomous citizenship but did not recognize a woman as a citizen. The aesthetic of women's sacrifice and tears reproduced in the modern melodrama is a political aspiration to restore a corrupt society by glamorizing a woman as a moral icon. This was an icon to save a society under divide and crisis and a coordination of emotions to conceal sexist violence in the politics of the exclusion of women. The aesthetic of women's sacrifice and tears reproduced in modern melodrama has consistently been considered under negative evaluation such as a play of moral hypocrisy and vulgar drama. However, the academic interest in melodrama in the 1970s has been amplified due to the "Sirk-melo" which is a transition to the new aesthetic of women's sacrifice and tears, encompassing not only women, but also races and classes. In modern society, entering the era of uncertainty, where various social problems, national disasters, and global disasters have become commonplace, 'the aesthetic of women's sacrifice and tears' are shifting from gender differences to various victim narratives. Reviewing new theoretical trends and changes of recent melodrama as well as analyzing specific works are left as follow-up tasks.Since the birth of the melodrama in the early Enlightenment era, it has flowed through various cultures and media. In order to grasp the principle of differentiation of melodrama and the direction of its change, a developmental approach to the formation process of melodrama is basically necessary. In this regard, this paper examines the formation process of modern melodrama and its aesthetic features around the time of the French Revolution.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.64
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• pp.369-407
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• 2020

This article studies the spiritual formation of modern Christian women in the cases of Hwang Ester and Eo Yoon-Hee. I take McGrath's definition of Christian spirituality as my starting point, namely, "Christian spirituality concerns the queset for a fulfilled and authentic Christian existence, involving the bringing together of the fundamental ideas of Christianity and the whole experience of living on the basis of and within the scope of the Christian faith." I center the terms of Christian existence and whole experience of living from McGrath's text, and understand Christian existence to relate to being a disciple and whole experience of living to relate to being a citizen. This study looks at the life history of Hwang Ester and Eo Yun-Hee, and looked at the spirituality of these women with the focus on discipleship and citizenship. Thus, I find that, for modern Christian women, becoming a disciple is inseparable from becoming a citizen. Also, I can see that, in modern women's spirituality, being a true disciple leads to becoming a right citizen.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-24
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop a thesaurus for women's oral history in modern Korea. Literature review and case studies for four thesauri were performed for this study with which a thesaurus was built based upon the index terms in oral history records. The process of developing the thesaurus consisted of five steps. First, there are 1,784 index terms from the oral history records by 53 modern Korean women were extracted and analyzed. Second, possible terms for the thesaurus were selected through regular meetings with experts in the fields of information organization and women's oral history. Third, relationships between terms were defined by focusing on equivalence, hierarchy, and association. Fourth, after developing a Web-based thesaurus management system, terms and relationships were input to the system. Fifth, terms and relationships were again reviewed by experts from the relevant fields. As a result, the thesaurus comprise of 1,076 terms and those terms were classified to 39 broad subject areas, including proper nouns, such as geographic names, places, person's names, corporate names, and others, and it will be expanded with more oral history records from other people during the same period.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.62
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• pp.227-255
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• 2020

This paper aims to explore the nature of the making of speaking subject in early Korean Protestantism, focusing on the educational spaces for women. Traditional women could become a speaking subject through various educational programs provided by Protestantism in modern Korea. Especially three kinds of educational space played the crucial role of making women a speaking subject. The first was Bible class established for women in rural areas. Since most Korean women were unable to read and write, Protestant churches taught them Hangul[Korean alphabet] before teaching the Bible. Korean women studied the Bible in Bible class, Women's Bible School, and Women's High Bible School. Through this education, traditional women were liberated from the world of ignorance and obedience, and then become a speaking subject. The second was speeches and discussions that have emerged in institutional spaces such as mission schools for girls and women's organizations. Students at mission school were able to learn how to express their opinions by way of public speaking and discussion classes. Women were able to become speaking subjects in the process of learning such techniques of modern language. At that time, representative discussion spaces were Lee Mun-hoe, Joyce Chapter, and YWCA. The third was testimony and dialect. Unlike sermons and public prayers, which were only allowed to male elites, testimony and dialectics are a form of speech that transcends gender or status constraints. Especially in the space of the revival movement, women confirmed their dignity through active testimony, and their religious identity was strengthened in the process. Dialect also served as the language of liberation for women suffered and alienated from male-dominant culture. Dialect is a device that exercises the right to speak against transcendental authority. Furthermore, in Protestantism of early modern Korea, the speaking subject's act of speech was elevated beyond personal matters to social issues, women's issues, and ethnic issues.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.14-21
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• 2016

This article explores Changgyeongwon's spatial and cultural characteristics that were created there as the first modern urban park in Kyeongseong in the Japanese colonial era. First, in point of comparison regarding a colonial historical view, the study tried to understand the background of Changgyeongwon's establishment as well as three aspects of Changgyeongwon's characteristics as a modern urban park. The study found that; First, foreign envoys and high ranking members had visited Changgeongwon in the early opening period. This shows that this site was a park for foreign propaganda and modern display. Second, Changgyeongwon was altered as a place of enlightenment in the 1920s. This is related to the tendency of Changgyeongwon's increasing popularity around this period. More facilities and events particularly for women and children were offered at that time. Third, investigating the historical records, Changgyeongwon's cultural characters as a park are discussed. Changgyeongwon was an important place creating a modern park culture in Kyeongseong in the colonial era.

• Women's Studies Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.183-206
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• 2009

This study attempts to explore a phenomenon of an expansion of emotional capitalism in the context of marriage migration. Emphasizing that 'emotion,' 'love,' 'affection,' 'intimacy,' and 'care' are neither materialistic nor a work, and noting that they are social roles attached to natural femininity and that they are separated from the economic realm, modern myth has been challenged by the increase of marriage industry, emotional/service work, and care industry. This study discusses the ways in which individual desires for love and intimacy and her/his economical needs are combined or negotiated. Specifically, this study 1) reviews existing literature on how 'love' and 'intimacy' has been combined with economy under capitalism in general, 2) discusses the ways in which a marriage has been commercially negotiated within the context of South Korea, 3) analyzes combined aspects of 'love' and 'economy' within cross-border marriages and suggests that cross-border marriages, even though they are highly commercially negotiated, may not be fully explained by 'economy' only as other marriages have both aspects of 'love' and 'economy.' An analysis on 'love' and 'economy,' not only separated from each other but also controversial, is essential for understanding 'intimacy' and transitions of Korean families in post-modern era. However, the evaluation criteria for commercial trades in 'love' and 'intimacy' have not developed yet. Whereas a certain trade is inevitable or essential, others may threaten our lives. Developing the ethical and political evaluation criteria on such commercial trades requires future study.

• Women's Studies Review
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.139-173
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• 2012

This paper examines the delayed situations for gender equality in South Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese families despite the challenge to the gender division of labor in modern society, and to analyze the contradiction between the notions of gender equality and the experiences women face in East Asia countries. Using EASS data, we analyze the effective difference over the division of household labor according to women's age and length of school time, attitude for gender division of labor, couple's labor time, and family network. In South Korea and Taiwan, men's actual ratio of household division is higher than Japanese men's. On the other hand, Japanese women's ratio of household division is the highest in spite of their progressive attitude for gender equality. It is due to the difference of women's working time among the countries. In South Korea and Taiwan, women tend to work in full time job, so that they seem to inevitably reduce the time for household labor. The family characteristics have an effect on the women's ratio of household division in Taiwan, and the feature of women's employment does in South Korea. The high percentage of three-generation household contributes to the reduction of housework burden in Taiwan. In South Korea, the higher women's education levels, the higher the women's ratio of household division. Women's weakened bargaining power for household labor is due to the relatively low level of high-educated women's economic participation in South Korea. This paper reveals the effective factors on the gender division of household labor. We propose the necessity of the macro-level analysis as well as the analysis of the personal and conjugal feature.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.5-40
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• 2021

This study attempts to analyze gender gaps in voter turnout for three different types of elections held since 2017 at the aggregate level using the Central Election Management Commission's turnout data, paying attention to the importance of women's voting. The findings are as follows. First, modern gender gaps in voter turnout at the aggregate level are confirmed in most regions regardless of election types. Second, the gender gap in turnout varies with age. The gender difference is verified in the "widowhood effect," where turnout decreases in the oldest-old. In the new voter group, modern gender gaps appear in most regions. The reversed gender difference in turnout in the late 20s, which reflects the Korean society's characteristics, is confirmed in all elections. Third, it is unclear whether the reverse gender gap in turnout becomes more pronounced in urbanized districts. As urbanization progressed, modern gender differences in voter turnout across age groups are observed at the population-based size level. Paradoxically, the modern gender gap tends to be weak and turns into the traditional gender gap in younger age groups (in the late thirties) in Gangnam-gu and Seocho-gu, the most modernized districts in Seoul. These results show that the modern gender gap in turnout is now a common phenomenon and continues to be strengthened by newly recruited voters in Korea. Thus we should pay more attention to female voters' political behavior and a new approach beyond the developmental theory to understand the causal mechanism to generate the modern gender gap in voter turnout.