• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 1968

1. In pot exreriments, the leaf blades of rice plants grown on Akiochi soil were weakened and the leaves dropped noticeably. This phenomenon could be prevented with application of silicate materials such as potassium silicate, Wallastonite and silicate slag (normally used silicate fertilizer in Korea). 2. Grain yield was increased by application of all the silicate materials. The effect of wollastonite was not lower than the effect of silicate slag. 3. Basal application of wollastonite gives a higher effect on the grain yield than top dressing. With higher wollastonite application, the nitrogen effect on the grain yield increases. This increase in nitrogen effect becomes more pronounced when the nitrogen level is higher. 4. Silica content in the plant waas increased by application of silicate materials to the soil. The increase in silica content in the plant was most noticeable with wollastonite. Basal application of wollastonite proved to be more effective than top dressing. Iron and nitrogen content in the plant decreased by application of the silicate materials. 5. The application of the silicate materials to Akiochi soil increases the resistance of rice to leaf blast, neck blast and Helminthosporium leaf spot. Among the silicate materials, wollastonite was most effective. 6. Damage by leaf blast increased proportionally with the nitrogen level, but decreased clearly with increase in wollastonite level. This phenomon was most pronounced for late transplanting time. 7. Damage by Helminthosporium leaf spot was also proportionally reduced by wollastonite application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 1973

In order to investigate the silica effect of insufficient wollastonite to the official standard (above than 15% of suluble silica (N/2 HCl) on rice plant as silica fertilizer, 9 kinds of wollastonites and slag were adopted to examine the amount of silica absorbed by rice straw during growing period, and soluble silica of wollastonites extracted by 7 buffer solutions were compared with silica content in rice straw. Crystalls of ingredient in wollastonite ores were identified by X-ray diffractometer. The results were that silica content of rice plant at growing stages were increased as same ratio of soluble silica. content in wollastonite. Wollastonite containing more than 10% of souble silica (N/2 HCl) could be applied as fertilizer because absorbed amount of silica by rice plant from them are higher than from slag which contained 30% of soluble silica. Wollastonite powder mixed with impure ores in which soluble silica could not be extracted had the same effect on silica absorption of straw as wollastonite powder which contained conformable amount of soluble silica. The soluble silica of wollastonite extracted by buffer solutions (2% citric acid, N. NaOAc, N. $NH_4OAc$, Petermann solution, 0.1M. EDTA, and Hot water) had high significant relation to silica content in rice straw, but soluble silica extracted N/2 hydrochloric acid solutilon, also, had deep relation to them in rice straw. The adequate solution to extract silica from wollastonites is N/2 hydrochloric acid solution because its extracted silia amount is much higher than other solution (about one hundred times) and can be determined by gravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction pattern would identify qualitatively purity of wollastonite, and large amount of soluble silica was extracted from wollastonite which was appeared to be weathered.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1970

The effect of wollastonite and manganese dioxide on the growth of rice on an acid sulfate soil were investigated in pot experiment. 1. Since aluminum content in the leachate of soil was reduced with increasing the pH and these chemical changes in the leachate were more pronounced by applying wollastonite, aluminum toxicity in flooded paddy rice was overcome by applying wollastonite, or flooding. 2. Poor growth of rice with iron toxicity-like symptoms on the untreated acid sulfate soil may be caused by excess iron and sulfur. Plants applied wollastonite, however, grew normally and did not show any symptoms. Iron and sulfur contents in the plant was reduced by applying wollastonite. 3. Because of the iron content in the both leachate and plant can be lowered by applying wollastonite, iron-toxicity was averted by applying the wollastonite. 4. Application of manganese dioxide in combination with wollastonite did not counteracted iron content in the plant as compared with the wollastonite treatment. 5. The application of wollastonite increased the dry weight of straw and grain yield. Manganese dioxide with wollastonite caused the increase of number of spickelets per panicles and ripened grains as compared with wollastonite. 6. From these results it can be concluded that the major cause of the poor growth of rice on acid sulfate soil is iron toxicity and the Fe-toxicity can be reduced by application of wollastonite.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1970

A pot experiment of paddy rice was carried out primarily to find out the effect of potash in relation to the application of wollastonite on paddy rice. The result which showed increased paddy rice yield has been evaluated from the factors of yield, yield components, soil and plant analysis data at different stages of plant growth and the summary of review is described as follows : 1. Effect of potash is likely to be greater in the presence of wollastonite and a larger quantity of wollastonite application would require correspondingly larger quantities of potash. 2. Application of potash and wollastonite resulted increased paddy rice yield may be largely due to increased contents of potassium, calcium and silica in the soil and increased concentration of $K_2O$, CaO and $SiO_2$, $SiO_2/N$ ratio and $K_2O/N$ ratio in rice straw. 3. The maximum paddy rice yield, at less than 300kg/10a application of wollastonite was obtained by applying 8kg of $K_2O$ per 10 are while 600kg/10a application of wollastonite gave the maximum yield by applying 16kg of $K_2O$ application per 10 are. 4. Application of wollastonite decreased the number of ears per hill and number of grains per ear. While ripening percentage and 1,000 grain weight tended to increase with wollastonite. The increased contents of CaO and $SiO_2$ in straw due to wollastonite application showed a negative correlation with the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear but a positive correlation was shown with ripening percentage and 1,000 grains weight. 5. Potash application appeared to be increasing the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear. There was a positive correlation exist between the higher content of $K_2O$ in rice straw and the number of grains per ear 6. Amount of nitrogen absorbed tended to decrease with increase in quantities of potash and wollastonite but the ratio of $SiO_2/N$ was increased by further application of potash and wollastonite. 7. $K_2O/N$ ratio was increased with incrementing in quantities of potash application but in the absence of potash, $K_2O/N$ ratio was decreased as to increasing wollastonite application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.148-155
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• 1985

This study was conducted to find out the effect of rice straw and wollastonite applied to the paddy soil on the growth and yield of the rice plant. The soil was treated with two level of straw 0 and 88gr per pot, of which respectively combined with 4 levels of wollastonite, 0 (Avail $SiO_2$: 50 ppm), 27 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 150 ppm), 85 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 300 ppm) and 185 (Avail. $SiO_2$: 450 ppm) gr per pot. The results for two years experiment were as follows. 1. Application of rice straw and wollastonite, respectively, suppressed the growth of the plant at early stage. As a consequence the hight and number of tiller of the plant were comparatively smaller, but the combined effect of rice straw and wollastonite treatment on the plant growth appeared after the maximum tillering stage and got a better yield as compared with single treatment of rice straw or wollastonite. 2. At the pot of no rice straw and 27 gr wollastonite treatment, and also pot of rice straw and 85gr (in the year of 1983 experiment) as well as 135gr wollastonite treatment (in the year 1984 experiment), the yield of total dry material and unhulled rice of the plant were respectively higher than other pots in different treatment and the plant height showed similar tentency. Application of rice straw in paddy soil appeared to require more wollastonite for growth of the rice plant as compared with no rice straw application. 3. The highest yield was obtained at the pot with rice straw and 85gr of wollastonite treatment in the year of 1983 experiment, were its yield had 25% increament as compared with the control pot, while being studied for residual effect of rice straw and wollastonite application in the next year, the highest yield was obtained at the pot with rice straw and 135gr wollastonite treatment, where its yield had 30% increament as compared with the control pot.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.342-351
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• 2014

The present paper investigates the performance of direct wet mineral carbonation technology to fix carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from relatively high $CO_2$ concentration feeding gas using wollastonite ($CaSiO_3$)-water (and 0.46 M acetic acid) suspension solution. To minimize the energy consumed on the process, the carbonation in this work is carried out at atmospheric pressure and slightly higher room temperature. As a result, carbon fixation is confirmed on the surface of $CaSiO_3$ after carbonation with wollastonite-water suspension solution and its amount is increased according to the $CO_2$ composition in the feeding gas. The leaching and carbonation ratio of wollastonite-water suspension system obtained from the carbonation with 50% of $CO_2$ composition feeding gas is 13.2% and 10.4%, respectively. On the other hand, the performance of wollastonite-acetic acid in the same condition is 63% for leaching and 1.39% for carbonation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1986

Field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of wollastonite and iron refinery slag on the paddy rice yield insandyloam soil in which available silica level is 56 ppm. The results are as follows: 1. Application of wollastonite and iron refinery slag reduced the tillering and the height of rice plant in the early growth stage, while promoted those in the late growth stage. 2. As the same amounts of wollastonite and iron refinery slag were applied, the effectiveness on yield increase was same between the two silicate fertilizers. 3. The recovery ratio as measured by absorbed $SiO_2$ on rice plant over applied $SiO_2$, was greater in wollastonite than in iron refinery slag. 4. The increasing of the ratio of $SiO_2$ over N absorbed in rice plant trends toward decreasing the infection rate of neck blast. 5. The left-over ratio of available $SiO_2$ in soil over applied $SiO_2$, was greater in iron refinery slag than in wollastonite. 6. As measured by silica soluble in 0.5 N-HCl solution, 1 kg application per 10a of both silicate fertilizers increased about 2.3 ppm in soil silica content after harvest, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 1981

This study was conducted to find out the effect of wollastonite application in degraded saline soil condition on the growth of japonica rice variety. The variety, Palgweng was tested with 4 levels of wollastonite (200, 400, 600 and 400/200 kg/l0a) and two nitrogen levels (12 and 16 kg/l0a). The effect of wollastonite was higher in 16 than 12 kg of nitrogen application. The wollastonite application reduced rice leaf blast and dead left at lower nodal position, and increased percentage of effective tillers, percentage of ripened grains and 1, 000 grain weight. The SiO$_2$ content of upper leaf was higher than lower leaf in 200 kg of wollastonite application, but there was no difference under high wollastonite application (400 kg/l0a). Highly significant positive correlationships were obtained between SiO_2 content of plant at heading and percentage of ripened grains, (r=0.613) and SiO_2 content of flag leaf and percentage of ripened grains (r=0.407). Wollastonite application did not affect the development and degeneration of primary and secondary rachis branches of panicles, but it increased the number of spikelets. The highest grain yield was obtained with 16 kg of nitrogen and 600 kg of wollastonite.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 1987

In order to find out more effective countermeasures against growth damage of paddy rice due to the irrigation of livestock waste water, pot experiments were carried out in 1985 and 1986. Experiment I conducted in 1985 was to find out the effects of irrigation control and application of ameliorators to paddy soil with irrigation of animal waste water. Experiment II conducted in 1986 was to find out the amounts of wollastonite to be applied. The results obtained were as follows. Experiment I ; Rice yields were higher in the treatment of continuously submersion until harvest than in that of intermittent irrigation. The yield was also increased with the application of soil ameliorators and it showed higher increase in the treatment of zeolite and wollastonite. Nitrogen contents in plant were increased with the nitrogen application and more amounts of irrigation of waste water, but they were considerably decreased with the application of soil ameliorators. Experiment II ; Rice yields were increased with the application of wollastonite and the optimum level of wollastonite for maximum yield in condition of 3.0 g/pot of nitrogen application was belived to be 60g/pot. The increment of yield by the application of wollastinte was though to be due to increase of No. of grains per panicle and ripening ratio. Steriled neck occurred by rice disease such as rice blast was increased with increasing the amounts of nitrogen application and nitrogen contained in irrigated waste water but that was remarkably decreased with the application of wollastonite.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1972

The effects of limestone and wollastonite on an acid sulfate soil were studied. In addition, the effect of wollastonite was analyzed in terms of those due to calcium and to silica in the paddy field and in the laboratory with equivalent amounts of lime and wollastonite on a calcium basis. 1. Lime and wollastonite as liming materials were equally effective in neutralizing the soil acidity. 2. Lime, however was more reactive, raising the pH up to neutralization point in three days under waterlogged conditions at $25^{\circ}C$, in the lab study, and introduced alkali damage to transplanted rice seedlings showing marked restrictions of tillering in the field even though lime was applied two weeks before transplanting. On the other hand, wollastonite reacted very slowly, taking one week to two weeks to reach neutralization even when thoroughly mixed, and did not restrict the tillering. 3. Both lime and wollastonite effectively reduced the toxic aluminium in soil as well as in the soil solution but not always in the case of ferrous iron. However the reduction effect of the toxic substances in the experimental field was not so great as expected, because typical toxic symptoms were mild only. 4. Lime considerably increased the availability of silica in soil resulting in an increase of silica content in straw. Wollastonite released extra available silica itself resulting in a greater uptake of silica. 5. Increase of silica uptake by these materials was effective in reducing rate of infection of neck blast and resulted in higher rate of ripening, and in turn increased the paddy yield. 6. Application of either one significantly diminished the effect of the other. 7. Wollastonite markedly increased tillering in the early growing stage, but decreased the rate of effective tillers finally, resulting in about the same number of ears per hill at harvesting. 8. These liming materials appear to increase the number of grains per panicle slightly.