• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of trail edges in Woraksan National Park, thirty nine plots on the five trails were surveyed. Dominant species in the tree layer on trails were Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora and Q. variabilis, but in the shrub layer, Lespedeza maximowiczii was a dominant species on the all trails except the Dongchang section even though five trails have different situations and use of strength. The similarity index between five trails was $41.6\5%\~66.50\%$. The edge species among trails in Woraksan National Park have a similar pattern.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2011

This study was written about the actual vegetation map by researchig current vegetation and on-site vegetation in the Deogyusan National Park. Current vegetation patterns were classified into 42 types according to correlation. And Quercus mongolica forest was 39.08% out of the total forest vegetation, and was dispersed the most widely. Next were Q. variabilis, Pinus densiflora, and Fraxinus mandshurica forests in order, so that the forests of Deogyusan are different from those of another national parks in that F. mandshurica forest is more widely dispersed. Forest vegetation of Deogyusan national park is broadly classified into three types: deciduous broad-leaved forest (Quercus forest and valley forest), coniferous forest(P. densiflora forest), and sub-alpine forest(Taxus cuspidata forest, Abies koreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii shrub-forest, and prairie). Distribution of DBH of Q. mongolica and Q. variabillis had a higher frequency of young individuals and middle individuals, Q. serrata and Carpinus laxiflora had a higher frequency of young individuals, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. In contrast, F. mandshurica appeared limited to the valley of the sheet and a higher frequency of young individuals, suggesting a continuous domination of these species the development of a climax forest terrain. P. densiflora, Betula davurica, Cornus controversa, B. costata, A. koreana and T. cuspidata had a formality distribution, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.69 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1985

Forest soils mixed with organic matters (green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of Pinus koraiensis, and green leaf of Quercus dentata and Q. variabilis) were incubated under a constant $30^{\circ}C({\pm}1)$ for 53 days to measure the changes of inorganic nitrogen and $CO_2$ evolution rate. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) In the early incubation period the amounts of total inorganic nitrogen in soils by mixture of organic matters decreased rapidly because of immobilization by microbial uptake, and thereafter their amounts increased with further incubation. 2) The rate of immobilization of organic nitrogen in mixed organic matters was the highest in green needle among green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of P. koraiensis, but lower than that of green leaf of Q. variabilis and Q. dentata. 3) The rates of $CO_2$ evolution from soils mixed with organic matters increased sharply in the early time, and then decreased slowly with increasing time. The order of the $CO_2$ evolution rate was green leaf of Q. variabilis > green leaf of Q. dentata > green needle of P. koraiensis > flesh needle litter of P. koraiensis > needle litter of P. koraiensis in F layer from the largest to the least. 4) Nitrate nitrogen concentrations showed a tendency to increase throughout incubation time, so that their concentrations after 53 days were higher than that of ammonium nitrogen.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.132-140
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• 2006

Forest vegetation classification and species composition of Mt. Ilwol, Yeongyang-Gun, Korea, were studied combining the Braun-Blanquet approach with numerical syntaxonomical analyses (TWINSPAN). Vegetation types and various ecological characteristics such as flora, constancy classes, species ratio of life-form, species diversity and importance value were analyzed. Sixty-eight samples were taken from a $100m^2$ square plot each. Forest communities were identified as two great types: arid landform of mountainside (AM) and humid fertility of piedmont and valley (HP). The former was divided into 3 communities (Rhododendron mucronulatum, Quercus variabilis, Hosta capitat community) and 2groups, and the latter into 3 communities (Tilia amurensis, Vitis coignetiae, Philadelphus schrenckii community) and 2 groups. Vegetation was classified into 8 units. Floristically, the most represented family was Compositae with 26 species. Species with percentage constance degree of more than 61% was Quercus mongolica (72.1%, IV); Carex siderosticat (III) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla (III) were 50.0 and 41.1%, respectively. Life-forms species ratios for trees, subtrees, shrub, vines, grominoids, forbs and ferns were 18.5, 5.7, 14.9, 6.6, 8.8, 42.4 and 3.1%, respectively, PH type showed from $1.70{\pm}0.50\;to\;1.97{\pm}0.57$ and AM type was from $1.40{\pm}0.18\;to\;1.62{\pm}0.20$ in species diversity; therefore, the former type showed higher species diversity than the latter, According to importance value analysis, Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis were higher in the tree layer, Q. mongolica in the subtree layer, Fraxinus sieboldiana, R. schlippenbachii, etc. in the shrub layer and Carex siderosticta, Carex humilis, etc. in the herb layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the forest community classification and vegetation structure in NYNRF(National Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest). We studied by 26 plots($20{\times}20m$) from April to September 2014. NYNRF were classified into the Quercus mongolica Community, Quercus variabilis community and Acer pictum community in the 3 community units. The Q. mongolica Community was subdivided into the Pinus densiflora group and Typical group and A. pictum community was also subdivided into the Euonymus sachalinensis group and Typical group. NYNRF were classified into 3 communities and 4 groups and 5 VU(vegetation units). According to the result of importance value analysis between vegetation units, VU 1 P. densiflora(65.1%), VU 2 Q. mongolica(73.6%), VU 3 Q. variabilis(75.1%), VU 4 E. sachalinensis(33.3%) and VU 5 Lindera erythrocarpa(27.1%) were highly showed in tree layer and VU 1 Rhododendron mucronulatum (19.3%), VU 2 Calamagrostis arundinacea (16.9%), VU 3 Indigofera kirilowii (75.1%), VU 4 and VU 5 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(each other 14.8% and 24.7%) were highly showed in herb layer. In INSPAN(INdicator SPecies ANalysis) of vegetation units, 33 species were analyzed significantly(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.156-168
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• 2024

This study was carried out to provide fundamental data for forest land and the environment by investigating the vegetation structure and soil properties of forest land where Sarcodon impricatus are present. The study area was divided into the Quercus mongolica community, dominated by Q. mongolica and the Quercus variabilis community, a mixed forest with Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora. Also, Calamagrostis arundinacea in the former community and Disporum smilacinum and Carex siderosticta in the latter community showed significant levels as indicator species. Both communities showed a strong correlation between available phosphate and pH, sand, and clay, and the high organic matter content and slightly acidic pH of the soil are believed to be related to the development of S. impricatus. The species appearing at the lower layer continue to dominate because the species appearing at the upper layer have secured realized niches. The site was distributed in a relatively humid place in a north-east direction, and soil was developed with a thin litter layer and low rock exposure. In the selected S. impricatus growing areas, vegetation centered on highly adaptable species to disturbance or external interference was developed. Therefore, it is expected to be used as fundamental data to promote the occurrence of S. impricatus during artificial cultivation, as it is possible to identify the stand where S. impricatus occurs indirectly.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 1995

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forest of Chuwangsan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveryed. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into five groups in twenty five plots by DCA and the dividing groups were Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community(I), P. densiflora-Q. serrata community(II), P. densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana community(III), P. densiflora-F. sieboldiana-Q. spp. community(IV) and P. densiflora-mixed deciduous forest community(V). The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to Carpinus laxiflora in the canopy layer group. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Lespedeza maximowiczii, L. cytobotrya, Rhododendron mucronulatumlongrightarrowStyrax obassia, Stephandra insisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolimlongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. There was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and soil pH, and soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 1984

Seasonal growth performances or root collar diameter and seedling height of Quercus acutissima. Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis were measured at regular intervals of 10 or 15 days after the treatments of some combinations of soil water regime ${\times}$ fertilization. The treatments of soil water regime and fertilization Influenced on the growth performances of seedlings differently with one another in course of time lapse. The growth performances revealed highly significant differences between soil water regimes, between fertilizations and between their interactions after unlike time lapses by species. The effects of soil water regime were exhibited in retard compared with those of fertilization, and to be different outstandingly in the treatments of N or N+P+K fertilization. The limit of soil water potential influencing critically on the growth performances might be estimated to be in -3~-6 bar in all the species. The growth responses were significantly different between N or N+P+K treatment and P or K treatment or control in all the species, and the treatment effects represented more great differences in moist soil water regime than in dry soil water regime. The interactions of soil water regime ${\times}$ fertilization were revealed s lowly with time lapse in all the treatments. The statistical differences of growth responses of root collar diameter according to the treatments were observed in earlier stage compared with those of seedling height. By comparison of the growth responses of the species studied, Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica seemed to be more resistant to moisture stress than Q. acutissima.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 1993

Methods for shoot proliferation via pulse treatment onto the microshoots of Quercus acutissima, and ex vitro root induction using peat plug systems of the microshoots of 4 oak trees were described. Pulsing solution was prepared by the addition of BA and/or BA plus zeatin onto the aqueous WPM and sterilized distilled water. Using the solution, pulsing time was adjusted at different levels(0. 1, 2, 5. 9, and 24 hours). Although the effect of pulsing solution prepared by the addition of cytokinins onto the sterilized distilled water was slightly lower in shoot proliferation rate, a little higher in shoot elongation was observed compared with that of aqueous WPM. One hour of pulse treatment revealed best in shoot proliferation and its elongation, whereas the increment of pulsing time slightly suppressed the response. In addition, prolonged pulse time resulted high frequency of hyperhydric shoot appearance. Single treatment of BA was better in shoot proliferation than that of BA combination with zeatin, whereas the latter treatment usually showed rapid and healthy shoot growth. For ex vitro root induction using peat plug systems, black oaks(Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis) revealed excellent rootability compared with white oaks(Q. serrata and Q. mongolica). Shoot-tip necrosis of white oaks eras one of the big problems for survival. In this study, we discribed the effect of pulse treatment, successful ex vitro rooting system by the incorporation of peat plug, and the possibilities for the overcoming the obstacles on micropropagation of oaks.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.190-211
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to provide the preliminary data for maintenance of old trees of natural monuments and establishing protection projects. Accordingly, growth conditions, location circumstances, environment and protection management were analyzed for old trees at 34 sites in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Tree forms, crown, trunk and trees' health, leaves volume were analyzed in survey sites. As the results, the growth of Picrasma quassioides in Songsadong, Andong-si and Catalpa ovata in Hongwon-ri, Cheongsong-gun were not in good condition, along with other old trees of 6 cities (Quercus variabilis in Susan-ri, Uljin-gun, Juniperus chinensis in Hujeong-ri, Uljin-gun, Pyrus ussuriensis in Ssangjeon-ri, Uljin-gun, Salix glandulosa var. pilosa in Deokchon-ri, Cheongdo-gun, Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis in Hwasan-ri, Mungyeong-si, Pinus densiflora in Daeha-ri, Mungyeong-si). Accoding to these results, protection project and consistent monitoring are necessary. The analysis results of growth conditions per location circumstances showed that the old trees in the small spaces with large traffic of people were in bad condition. Therefore, it is necessary to secure sufficient space and soil improvement for such trees. The analysis results of growth conditions per species showed that Zelkova serrata, Quercus spp., Pinus densiflora are in good condition while Salix koreensis and others, i.e. a singular tree, are in poor condition. Thus, relatively smaller individuals and separately situated trees need careful management in their protection. The analysis results of trunk's growth ratio showed that Pinus densiflora, Ginkgo biloba, Zelkova serrata are in good condition whereas Juniperus chinensis, Quercus variabilis, Salix koreensis are not. It is a recent trend that tree surgeries are gradually decreasing; there are a number of damaged trees with no maintenance/management, and several sites requiring mend trunks management and cabling, bracing in protection and management projects. Hence, in the future, local government and management organizations should plan for systematic management and establish a protection plan for the natural monument trees. Also, 12 sites were found to be in need to purchase lands in order to secure the growth spaces, and since most of these areas are available for purchase, it is needed to promote a budget and purchase those areas through persuasion of the owner. These areas seems crucial in order to maximize the effect of conservation efforts and budgets for the preservation and restoration of the old trees.