• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2020

Since the third inter-Korean summit, the inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang and the U.S.-North Korea summit in Singapore and Hanoi, denuclearization negotiations are under way that will determine the fate of the Korean Peninsula. However, the negotiations are stalled and some skepticism is expected due to the conflicting U.S.-North Korea stance over the terms of denuclearization. The reason why it is difficult to realize the complete denuclearization of North Korea is that there are a variety of variables such as the traditional security dilemma in Northeast Asia, the hegemonic competition between the U.S. and China, and the formation of a new cold-war system. At a turning point when three inter-Korean summits and three U.S.-North Korea summits were held in the wake of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics, North Korea's complete denuclearization has become a must-do historical task for Northeast Asia and world peace beyond the Korean Peninsula. In this sense, the inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang is seen as a historic occasion for presenting a new milestone for the denuclearization of North Korea and the development of inter-Korean relations through the 9.19 Pyongyang Joint Declaration and the Military Agreement. Meanwhile, Constructivism, which has become the main paradigm of international political theory, presents the view that ideological variables such as ideology, history and culture define material factors, identity and interests of state actors, and that the structure of international relations can be changed through interaction. In this study, the historical meaning of the 9.19 Pyongyang Declaration, which is now past its first anniversary, was considered from a constructivist perspective. To this end, the development process of constructivism theory and analysis model and the development process of inter-Korean relations were briefly reviewed, and the military implications of the 9.19 Military Agreement were presented.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.573-590
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• 2020

This study presents the current status of DECOVALEX-2023 project Task G and our research results so far. Task G, named 'Safety ImplicAtions of Fluid Flow, Shear, Thermal and Reaction Processes within Crystalline Rock Fracture NETworks (SAFENET)' aims at developing a numerical method to simulate the fracture creation and propagation, and the coupled thermohydro-mechanical processes in fracture in crystalline rocks. The first research step of Task G is a benchmark simulation, which is designed for research teams to make their modelling codes more robust and verify whether the models can represent an analytical solution for displacements of a single rock fracture. We reproduced the mechanical behavior of rock and embedded single fracture using a three-dimensional grain-based distinct element model for the simulations. In this method, the structure of the rock was represented by an assembly of rigid tetrahedral grains moving independently of each other, and the mechanical interactions at the grains and their contacts were calculated using 3DEC. The simulation results revealed that the stresses induced along the embedded fracture in the model were relatively low compared to those calculated by stress analysis due to stress redistribution and constrained fracture displacements. The fracture normal and shear displacements of the numerical model showed good agreement with the analytical solutions. The numerical model will be enhanced by continuing collaboration and interaction with other research teams of DECOVALEX-2023 Task G and validated using various experiments in a further study.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.57-81
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• 2010

Recently, labor unions' active participation in social issues is drawing people's attention as their concerns are expanding from the conventional wage raise and employment to others such as the environment and poverty eradication. This derives from the notion that a trade union with bargaining power is also an economic agent responsible and able to take a positive role in social issues. This paper explains through a micro economic analysis model that labor union movements can also contribute to social issues such as the global environment. Based on the international oligopoly trade theory, the study analyzes the principal-agent model whereby firms and labor unions pursue their strategic choices based on their interest and influence the implementation of regulatory policies on pollution emission. The analysis confirmed that labor unions' bargaining power and international cooperation are influential in alleviating global pollution emission and in improving social welfare. This conclusion could be presented as a basis for arguing for and requesting the participation and cooperation of labor unions to solve environmental problems discussed at WILL 2006.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.161-190
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• 2014

The Nagoya Protocol will enter into force on 12 October, 2014 during the period of UNCBD COP12 which will be held in Pyeongchang, Korea. In this circumstance, it is essential to analyze other countries' legislations and find various related issues. Based on that analysis, Korea can set its course for related policies and also improve its own legislations. EU and China were selected as comparison countries since EU is one of the leading countries trying to establish an international environmental law system and China is regarded as a model country representing LMMC (Like-Minded Mega-diverse Countries) in the world. Based on this study, it is highly recommended for Korea to assert the need for dispute resolution between private and government parties and also trilateral co-management of trans-boundary genetic resources and related traditional knowledge among Korea, China and Japan. In addition, Korea also needs to improve its legislation towards integrating the management and control of genetic resources.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.307-320
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• 2002

Electronic commerce creates serious problems for tax administration because of difficulties associated with the identification of traders, coding of trade activities and so on. The core issue with respect to resolving tax-related problems in electronic commerce is first, the identification of individual transactions through internet and their contents as well as traders. Secondly, it is the ability of tax authorities to secure effectively such data and information as identifying taxpayers, taxable amount and tax evasion on time. The tax authorities are studying the way to resolve tax evasion associated with electronic commerce by using payment system. Above of all, it is imperative to establish a systematic international cooperation in collecting value added taxes for electronic commerce. In order to enhance the effectiveness of tax system, the authorities of different nations should make joint efforts to collect taxes by exchanging such information as identification and registration of business as well as details of transactions among nations of production and consumption.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.187-214
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• 2010

This article is aimed at understanding the goals of the citizenship educations and changes of political cultures in the Sukarno, Suharto, and the post-Suharto periods in Indonesia. Sukarno's and Suharto's regimes adopted Pancasila, Indonesia's state ideology, as the philosophical basis of education. The citizenship education based on Pancasila was nothing but a political education, which aimed at suppressing the masses and justifying authoritarian rules of the regimes. After the collapse of the Suharto regime, a democratic citizenship education has launched, which emphasized the expanded civic rights and obligations as world citizens and the masses' active participation in politics. However, in this new curriculum, Pancasila is still emphasized as the supporting philosophical pillar of education. The reason is because, through the values of communitarianism represented in the discourse of Pancasila, the state needs to control the possible irresponsible and undemocratic behaviors of local powers and global economy when liberalism is not effectively controlled.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.271-286
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• 2005

한국은 제1, 2차 경제개발 5개년계획으로 산업화와 경제 발전을 이룩하면서 심각해진 도 ${\cdot}$ 농격차의 해소를 위해 1970년대 초부터 농촌지역사회 개발을 위한 새마을 운동을 전개하였다. 새마을운동은 근면, 자조, 협동을 기본 정신으로 한 잘살기 운동으로 1970년 당시 대통령이 농촌개발에 대한 강한 욕구와 집념을 천명하면서 농촌 새마을운동에서 시작되었다. 자원이 부족하고 농촌의 사정은 더욱 열악하여 국민의 70%를 차지하는 농민의 상당수가 끼니를 걱정해야 했으며, 도 ${\cdot}$ 농간의 격차는 벌어져 도시로 인구가 몰려들고 사회는 불안정한 상태에서 농촌지역사회의 개발 없이는 나라의 발전도 안정도 기대하기 어려운 실정이었다. 농촌 개발을 위한 환경개선과 소득증대 사업에 주력했던 새마을 운동이 성공할 수 있었던 요인을 정부의 관심과 지원도 있었지만, 새마을 교육을 이수한 새마을 지도자들, 그 지도자들과 함께 근면, 자조, 협동을 실천했던 마을 사람들, 지역사회 주민들의 공동 노력이었다. 이 논문에서는 농촌에서 시작된 새마을운동이 도시의 직장, 공장 새마을운동으로 번져 범국민적 운동으로 나라 근대화의 원동력이 되었으며 성공할 수 있었던 요인들을 살펴보고 국제협력 사업의 일환으로 개발도상국의 농촌 지역사회 발전을 위해 새마을운동 경험을 공유할 수 있는 방안에 관하여 제언하고자 하였다.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2003.10d
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• pp.279-283
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• 2003

ETRI가 참여하고 있는 자동 통역 관련 국제 컨소시엄인 C-STAR에서는 여행자 영역의 대규모 다국어 병렬 말뭉치를 공동으로 구축하였고, 현재 각 기관에서는 이를 이용한 대화체 음성 언어 번역 시스템을 개발 중이다. ETRI에서는 핵심어 처리, 통계정보를 이용하는 구 단위 자동 설정, 설정된 구의 자동대응 및 재배치 등을 특징으로 하는 구 기반 직접 번역 방식(PDMT: Phrase-based Direct Machine Translation)의 번역 방법론을 제안하고 관련 연구를 진행하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 ETRI 대화체 음성 언어 번역 시스템의 구성에 대해 알아보고 PDMT 번역 방법론의 등장 배경과 그 구체적인 번역 방법 및 특징에 대해 자세히 논의하기로 한다.

• Review of KIISC
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.63-78
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• 2007

국제표준화기구 ITU-T SG17 WP2에서는 정보통신 보안에 관한 표준을 주도하는 연구그룹으로, 산하 7개의 연구과제(Question)를 구성하여 정보보호 표준화 작업을 진행하고 있다. 이 연구과제들 중 Q.9/17에서는 안전한 통신 서비스라는 이름으로 모바일 보안, 홈네트워크 보안, 웹 서비스 보안, 그리고 안전한 응용 프로토콜 등에 대한 표준을 개발 중에 있다. 현재, Q.9/17에서 제정된 표준은 한국과 일본이 공동으로 제안하여 2004년 3월에 제정된 모바일보안 2건(X.1121, X.1122)과 OASIS의 제안으로 2006년 6월에 제정된 웹서비스 보안 2건(X.1141, X.1142)이 표준으로 제정된 바 있다. 그리고 Q.9/17에서 작업중에 있는 표준초안은 모바일 보안 3건, 홈네트워크 보안 3건, 웹서비스 보안 1건, 안전한 응용 프로토콜 2건, P2P보안 2건 및 RFID보안 1건에 대해서 개발중에 있다. 특히, 이번 12월 제네바 회의에서는 한국 주도로 개발된 홈네트워크를 위한 보안기술 프레임워크(X.homesec-1) 표준초안이 SG17 총회에서 승인되어 국가별 의견수렴(consent)을 추진키로 합의되었다. 본 논문에서는 Q.9/17에서 수행되고 있는 표준초안들에 대해 간단히 소개하고, 2006년 9월 캐나다 오타와 회의와 2006년 12월 스위스 제네바 회의에서의 주요쟁점사항 및 토론 결과, 그리고 향후 추진방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2013

A probabilistic assessment code, PRO-LOCA ver. 3.7 which was developed in an international co-operative research program, PARTRIDGE was evaluated by conducting sensitivity analysis. The effect of some variables such as simulation methods (adaptive sampling, iteration numbers, weld residual stress model), crack features(Poisson's arrival rate, maximum numbers of cracks, initial flaw size, fabrication flaws), operating and loading conditions(temperature, primary bending stress, earthquake strength and frequency), and inspection model(inspection intervals, detectable leak rate) on the failure probabilities of a surge line nozzle was investigated. The results of sensitivity analysis shows the remaining problems of the PRO-LOCA code such as the instability of adaptive sampling and unexpected trend of failure probabilities at an early stage.