• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1029-1044
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• 2021

This research was conducted to investigate the prevalence of depression and convergent factors related to depression in male and female wage workers. Using data from the 2014 and 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 3,763 adults (1,888 males, 1,875 females) between the ages of 19 and under 65 were analyzed. Depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the depression (PHQ-9≥10) of all workers was 4.1% (3.2% for men, 5.0% for women). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the depressive factors of male and female wage workers. In male workers, work-related characteristics such as employment type and working hours per week were found to be significantly related to depression even after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, health-related characteristics, and life style characteristics. However, in female workers, work-related characteristics did not expose a significant relationship, showing a difference from male workers. Therefore it is necessary to develop and implement workplace counselling or mental health promotion programs that take into account the gender characteristics of depression risk factors. Also, as health-related characteristics (diagnosis of depression, suicide plan, perceived stress level, unmet medical services, self-rated health status) were found to be related to depression for both male and female workers, continuous management of these factors is required.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.580-586
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• 2019

This study selected 2,134 fertile women aged 20 to 44 years as the final study subjects using the 6th source data of the National Health and Nutrition Survey. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between female characteristics, chronic diseases and oral health behavior, and the effects of each factor on periodontal diseases. There were statistically significant differences in age(p<0.001), education level(p<0.001), income(p<0.05), marital status(p<0.001), smokes(p<0.05) and pregnancy(p<0.001). Chronic disease factors showed statistically significant differences in hypertension(p<0.001), obesity(p<0.001), diabetes(p<0.001), hypercholesterolemia(p<0.05), hypocholesterolemia(p<0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia(p<0.001). Oral health behaviors were statistically significant in terms of toothache(p<0.05), orthodontic treatment(p<0.05) and chew discomfort(p<0.05). As a result of examining the risk factors affecting periodontal disease, the risk of chronic disease was 1.576 times higher in the obese group, and 2.569 times higher in the diabetic group than in the normal group. The subjective oral health status was 1.372 times higher for normal women and 1.614 times higher for bad women than for good ones. As a result, diabetes has shown the greatest risk among chronic diseases in women, and diabetes and obesity are highly relevant and therefore are considered important variables for the risk factors of dementia. In this regard, it is necessary to examine the risks of chronic and periodical diseases, expand oral health education programs for women's dental disease, and prepare oral health policies.

• Journal of the Health Care and Life Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the current status of the Injury based on the 7th National Data on the National Health and Nutrition Survey, identify the relationship between general characteristics, safety awareness, health status, injury, and identify the factors that affect the occurrence of injury. The subjects were selected for the final analysis of 1,608data. For the analysis, frequency analysis, cross analysis, and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. the results of the study show that in the young-old elderly, gender(woman), marital status(separated of divorced), lower the awareness of safety, body discomfort, sickness, and in-outpatient, Annual unmet medical service experienced are higher the occurrence of injury. Therefore, as a prevention education that lowers the incidence of injury. selective education is required for the Young-old and Old-old elderly, and legal penalties for drunk driving on various means of transportation and an integrated approach to strengthening and education is required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.443-452
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• 2011

The characteristics of pesticide residues were examined in 18,069 samples from 91 vegetable commodities collected in Seoul from 2007 to 2009, and the vegetable dietary intakes of Seoulites were estimated using the Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey data from 2008. The hazard index was calculated using vegetable pesticide residues and dietary vegetable intake by Seoulites. Detection rates for pesticide residues in vegetables were 11.2 % in 2007, 8.6 % in 2008, and 12.0 % in 2009. Excess rate of Maximum Residue Limits tended to decline from 4.6 % in 2007, to 2.8 % in 2008, and 2.1 % in 2009.Daily vegetable intake for Seoulites was 288.12 ${\pm}$ 214.8 g, and vegetable intake by males was more than that of females (p < 0.001). The hazard index was the highest at $2.76{\times}10^{-2}$ in 2007, and the lowest at $1.69{\times}10^{-2}$ in 2009. The risks caused by multiple pesticides in vegetables were very low and vegetable intake was safe considering the hazard index values.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.437-446
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary intake of vitamin D and the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adults using the 2011 data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Methods: Daily intake of vitamin D and ratio of subjects that consumed less vitamin D than adequate intake (AI) were estimated in 4,879 Korean adults. The relationship between daily intake of vitamin D and serum 25OHD and BMD were analyzed. Results: Average daily intakes of vitamin D were $3.84{\pm}0.23{\mu}g/day$ for men and $2.22{\pm}0.11{\mu}g/day$ for women. Approximately 72~97% of men and 80~99% of women consumed less than the AI of vitamin D for Koreans. Serum 25OHD concentration increased with age, and the ratios of serum vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL) were 47.8~81.1% for men and 59.4~92.8% for women. Average intake of vitamin D was higher in subjects aged < 50 yr than in those ${\geq}50yr$, but lower in serum 25OHD concentration. In subjects aged < 50 yr, serum 25OHD was higher in subjects that consumed $10{\mu}g/day$ of vitamin D than in those that consumed less than $5{\mu}g/day$. In female subjects aged ${\geq}50yr$, average intake of vitamin D was associated with higher bone mineral density. Conclusion: It was found that dietary intake of vitamin D could increase serum 25OHD concentration in young adults and bone mineral density in old women. Therefore, nutrition policies for enriched foods with vitamin D and nutrition education to consume more vitamin D-rich foods are needed to ameliorate vitamin D status of the Korean population. Adequate intake for Korean population aged < 50 yr might be adjusted upwardly up to $10{\mu}g/day$.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.463-476
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• 2016

Objectives: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. Methods: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ${\geq}19$ years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. Results: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. $631.6 {\mu}gRE/day$) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). Conclusions: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7978-7989
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• 2015

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardio-cerebrovascular disease. Although the prevalence among Korean adults is very high, its management is known to be poor. The aim of this study was to access the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of dyslipidemia according to treatment guideline rather than diagnostic criteria. The risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular disease were evaluated to apply the appropriate risk-based threshold of the lipid treatment targets according to risk category. Analysis was done using nationally representative data (n = 16,263) collected from adults aged 20 years and older participating the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANS) 2010-2012. The age-standardized prevalence rate of dyslipidemia according to treatment criteria was 34.1%. Of these prevalent cases, however, only 19.2% were aware; 9.5% treated; and 8.7% controlled. The age-standardized control rate among treated persons was 47.5%. Men had a significantly higher prevalence than women (39.7% vs. 28.8%), but a significantly lower rate of awareness, treatment, and control (16.0% vs. 22.3%, 7.7% vs. 11.3%, and 6.1% vs. 11.2%, respectively). As the higher risk category, the prevalence rate was higher but the control rate was lower. The prevalence of patients with diabetes was 82.5% when applying the treatment criteria (LDL-cholesterol level of ${\geq}100mg/dL$ and triglyceride level of ${\geq}200mg/dL$). However, only 11.9 % of these were controlled, whose LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were lower than the treatment goals. Our findings suggest that effective strategies are required to decrease the gap between the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the following treatment. It would be worthwhile to strengthen the follow-up management of patients with dyslipidemia in the National Health Screening Program, especially in the high risk group of cardio-cerebrovascular disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.257-269
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the risk of metabolic factors in adults consuming 3-in-1 coffee from the 2012~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: A total of 5,872 subjects (male = 2,253, female = 3,619) aged 19~64 yrs were presented with food frequency questionnaires, and they were classified according to coffee consumption level and types of coffee consumed (black coffee, ${\leq}1$ time/day of 3-in-1 coffee, > 1 and ${\leq}2$ times/day of 3-in-1 coffee, > 2 times/day of 3-in-1 coffee). Analysis was conducted by gender for age-stratified groups: 19~39 (male = 968 and female = 1,285) and 40~64 (male = 1,468, female = 2,151) yrs old. Results: Black coffee consumption was associated with a significantly higher education level and household income compared to 3-in-1 coffee consumption in both males and females. The > 2 times/day group had significantly more smokers compared to other patterns of coffee consumption in both males and females. In the 40~64 yrs age group, males and females in the > 2 times/day group had significantly lower density of micronutrients such as fiber, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium compared with black coffee consumption. In the 40~64 yrs age group, males (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.13~3.64) in the > 2 times/day group were at a higher risk of metabolic syndrome compared with black coffee consumption after multivariable adjustment. Conclusion: We found that frequency of 3-in-1 coffee consumption may be associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome in males aged 40~64 yrs.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2015

In this study, PASW Statistics ver. 18.0 was used to analyze the correlation between chewing difficulty and osteoarthritis in the population of 8,498 persons aged 50 years and older who had completed the health related questionnaire in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2010~2012. The following conclusion was drawn: The distribution of the chewing difficulty status showed that 38.8% of the respondents had chewing difficulty and that there was no significant difference by gender. Older respondents tended to have significantly greater chewing difficulty 34.3% of the respondents aged from 50 to 64 years and 46.4% of those aged 65 years and older, those who had lower levels of education and income, who were smokers, and who had higher levels of depression and stress suffered from significantly greater chewing difficulty. Chewing difficulty and osteoarthritis were correlated with each other: the respondents having chewing difficulty had 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23~1.70) higher prevalence of osteoarthritis than those with no such difficulty. In addition, such correlation was not found in males: the former had 1.36 (95% CI, 0.98~1.88) higher prevalence of osteoarthritis than the latter, which was not statistically significant. Such correlation was found in females: the former had 1.47 (95% CI, 1.22~1.76) higher prevalence of osteoarthritis than the latter, which was statistically significant. Therefore, the chewing difficulty status affected osteoarthritis for females aged 50 years and older. Therefore, the efforts to solve oral health problems through oral hygiene would help prevent osteoarthritis from worsening and manage the condition.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.326-330
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• 2009

본 연구는 일반 성인남성과 직업군인의 건강형태 및 의료이용에 대해서 2005년도 국민건강 영양조사의 자료를 질병관리본부로부터 획득하여 분석하였고 그 결과를 보면 전체조사 대상자는 8,384명으로 21세~55세의 일반성인남성과 직업군인만을 선정하였으며, 직업군인은 76명, 일반 성인 남자는 8,308명이었다. 보건의식 행태 분포에서 보면 현재 흡연상태는 일반인에 비해 직업군인이 높고, 주관적 체격인식은 일반인의 경우 비만 또는 매우 비만이라 인지하는 비율이 직업군인에 비하여 높게 나타났지만, 실제로 지난 1년간 체중조절 여부는 일반인이 오히려 직업군인에 비해 높게 나타났다. 또한 직업군인의 보건의식 행태는 평균 연령(p<0.05)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 월간 침상와병일수는 직업군인이 상대적으로 높았으나 월간 결석, 결근일수는 오히려 낮게 나타났다. 더불어 월간 결석, 결근일수(p<0.05)는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타났다. 연간 입원이용율은 일반인이 높았으며, 평균 재원일수, 건당 평균 입원기간은 일반인에 비해 직업군인이 길었다. 2주간 외래 이용율은 일반인이 17.2%, 직업군인이 21.6%로 직업 군인의 외래이용이 많았고, 평균 외래이용 횟수에서도 일반인이 1.92, 직업군인이 2.44로 직업군인이 많았다. 이용한 보건의료기관의 종류에서는 일반인은 의원급이, 직업군인은 병원급의 외래이용이 많았고 2주간 약국 이용율은 직업군인이 16.2%로 일반인 22.0% 에 비하여 낮았다. 연간 사고 및 중독 발생자율은 직업군인이 9.5로 일반인 7.9에 비하여 높게 나타 났으며, 사고 및 중독 발생횟수에서는 일반인이 직업군인에 비하여 높았다. 의도성별 분포(p<0.05), 주치료기관(p<0.05)은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 일반적 특성, 보건의식행태, 건강수준의 분석 및 일반적 특성을 보정한 상태에서 일반 성인남성과 직업군인의 보건의식 행태와 의료이용 분포를 비교 분석한 것으로 향후 직업군인의 건강 증진을 위한 효과적인 교육과 정책수립에 필요한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대해 본다.