• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.113 no.1
• /
• pp.118-130
• /
• 2024

Rehabilitation of mining areas can reduce damage to ecosystems. However, the effects of rehabilitation on ecosystem services (ESs) and its contribution to local communities are not well known. Thus, the aims of this study were to clearly identify the ES beneficiaries affected by mining activities, to determine how the beneficiaries profit from surrounding areas in cooperation with local stakeholders, and to manage the rehabilitation areas for the ESs that the beneficiaries want. This study chose 18 ESs (4 provisioning, 7 regulating, 5 cultural, and 2 habitat services) based on The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. A semi-structured questionnaire survey using an 11-point Likert scale was conducted among 87 community residents to investigate social awareness and identify key ESs. The survey results from two local communities showed high awareness and demands mainly on cultural (mental and physical health, aesthetic appreciation, and recreation) and regulating services (local climate and air quality, and moderation of extreme events). These services were related to the daily lives of residents in local communities, provided positive benefits, and potentially improved the residents' future livelihoods. However, the average questionnaire scores were limited to 6-7 points, indicating that the benefits to local communities were meager. The residents' awareness of provisioning service was negative, even if it provided goods and profit opportunities. This indicated a disconnection between local communities and provisioning services due to forest rehabilitation that did not consider local communities that traditionally relied on specific provisioning services before the onset of mining activities. Future forest rehabilitation in abandoned mine areas must consider the welfare of local communities for sustainable use of rehabilitated forests and enhancing ESs. In this study, only a qualitative evaluation based on frequency analyses was conducted. The quantification and valuation of key ESs are warranted in the future to promote ESs from forest rehabilitation in abandoned mine areas. The study results would be useful for developing site-specific ES promotion strategies for reforesting mine areas.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
• /
• no.28
• /
• pp.3-33
• /
• 2011

The Office of Crown Properties was established to manage the property of royal properties as an institution belonging to the Department of the Royal Household in April, 1895. However, as the Great Han Empire established and various policies enforcing the power of the emperor became introduced, the Office of Crown Properties came to be expanded to a large financial agency that would be in charge of various financial sources such as Public Land and Maritime Tax. As the Office of Crown Properties came to manage various income sources, it classified the documents dealing with various government agencies in the Capital and other countryside regions by the unit of Section. The Office of Crown Properties classified the documents by Section and filed them according to Sending/Receiving subject. Sometimes, it filed one kind of document only but sometimes many different kinds of documents were filed together. The types of the document can show the characteristics of the document and the hierarchy of the related agencies through the document name. The fact that they filed the documents with different grades in one file shows that the hierarchy of the agency they dealt with was not the primary standard of the filing and that they did not file the documents by its type. The Office of Crown Properties did not file the related documents in the same file, either. We can say the documents are related if they were corresponded with other agencies while they dealt with a specific item. However, they did not file the related documents in the same file but distinguished sending documents from receiving documents. The reason why they filed different kind documents in the same file and separated the related documents in different file was they took 'whether they were sent or received' as the primary filing standard. They separated the sending documents from the receiving documents first and then filed them according to time regardless of the region or institution. The Office of Crown Properties primarily classified the documents by Section, classified the documents with the standard of whether they were receiving documents or sending documents and then filed them in a file according to the time. It means that the Office of Crown Properties came to create the Official Document Classification and filing system.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.79-86
• /
• 2015

Korean territories has formed about 70% of mountainous areas that have acidified serious level to average pH 4-5. There are a number of abandoned metal mines about 1,000 in Korea. However, mine tailings and waste rock included heavy metals are exposed to long-term environment without prevention facility or treatment system. Thus, ongoing management and monitoring of soil environment are required. Most of abandoned mine scattered in forest areas of slopes. Soil erosion due to continuous rainfall in the slopy areas can cause the secondary pollution by the influence eutrophication of water system and the productivity loss of the plant. Therefore, this study would like to estimate pH leaching rate by artificial rainfall using waste neutralization-agent in lysimeter. Moreover, the potentially of secondary pollution related to precipitation is figured out through the experiments, and the optimal planting methods would examinate after neutralizing treatment in soil. Experiments composed three kinds of lysimeter; lysimeter 1 had filled only acidic soil, lysimeter 2 had neutralized soil, and lysimeter 3 had planting plants after neutralized soil. In the results, lysimeter 2 showed the lowest pH leaching, and there is not specific relativity with pH leaching of the seasonal characteristics.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2005

Policies of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark were compared and analyzed on risk assessment of contaminated sites. These countries were chosen from a feasible preliminary analysis of 18 countries of the European Union and the U. S. All the countries selected met two major criteria : I) implementation of risk assessment to determine the soil contamination and remediation targets of contaminated sites, ii) use of soil guidance values and risk assessment as complementary measures to determine soil contamination. Suggested policy improvements to Korea regarding these issues include i) legislation of a rational risk assessment methodology of contaminated sites, and ii) enactment of collaboration of risk assessment with the soil guidance values. To establish effective risk assessment legislation, additional in-depth research on social, economic and long-term effects of the proposed risk assessment methodologies, as well as the mutual consent of all parties including academia, industry, and administration will be necessary. Linking risk assessment with soil guidance values would be applicable to a site contaminated where the contaminant concentration exceeds a certain soil guidance value. In parallel, application of risk assessment to a site where a contaminant concentration is naturally different such as mining sites would be plausible. The policy suggestions above are not yet conclusive due to a lack of policy implementation, and simulation. Thus, additional research on developing risk assessment methodology is needed. Nevertheless, initiation of the suggested policy would increase the efficacy of Korean policy regarding the survey and remediation of contaminated sites.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.582-587
• /
• 2020

Recently, disasters caused by extreme weather and the damage caused by them are increasing worldwide. The interest in disasters, such as earthquakes, typhoons, and ground subsidence, is increasing in Korea. Korea has enacted a special law based on disaster management, and has built monitoring systems for individual facility units by building precision sensors and related systems to measure the displacement status of long bridges and high-rise composite buildings. On the other hand, the application of a real-time monitoring system is insufficient for slopes, open-pit mines, small and medium structures due to weather, measurement methods, cost, and constant monitoring difficulties. In this study, the displacement monitoring method using the total station was studied and the applicability was suggested through the experiment. Through the research, the concept and operation flow of a monitoring system that can measure the displacement of the terrain or the structure using the total station was presented. The monitoring system allows the user to select the location and operation method of the equipment so that the equipment can be installed according to the site situation, and set the number of observations, the period, and the observation range of the object. Using the experiment on the monitoring system, the station was monitored with precision within 5mm, and it was suggested that the displacement of the object can be monitored using the total station. Further research will be needed to assess the applicability of monitoring to real slopes and structures.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.273-282
• /
• 2009

To render more valuable information, a spatial database is being constructed from digitalized maps in the geographic areas. Transferring file-based maps into a spatial database, facilitates the integration of larger databases and information retrieval using database functions. Geological mapping is the graphical interpretation results of the geological phenomenon by geological surveyors, which is different from other thematic maps produced quantitatively. These features make it difficult to construct geologic databases needing geologic interpretation about various meanings. For those reasons, several organizations in the USA and Australia are suggesting the data model for the database construction. But, it is hard to adapt to a domestic environment because of the representation differences of geological phenomenon. This paper suggests the data model adaptive in domestic environment analyzing 1:50,000 scales of geologic maps and more detailed mine geologic maps. The suggested model is a logical data model for the ArcGIS GeoDatabase. Using the model it can be efficiently applicable in the 1:50,000 scales of geological maps. It is expected that the geologic data model suggested in this paper can be used for integrated use and efficient management of geologic maps.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.315-332
• /
• 2010

All of the water and stone-dust samples with or without flocculant, in and around quarry mines, were analyzed for total concentrations of heavy metals, cyanide(CN), toxic organic compounds and organic phosphorus. Extraction experiments on stone-dust by EDTA and various pH solutions were also carried out, in order to evaluate the contaminant leaching from the long-term heaped stone-dust within quarry mines. The concentrations of $Cr^{6+}$, Hg, CN, TCE/PCE and total phosphorus in all samples (water and stone-dust) were under detection limits, confirming no environmental contamination from stone-dust in quarry mine areas. Lead and cadmium were not detected in all water samples. Copper and zinc were found in some water samples, and arsenic was detected in a few water samples. But they also showed levels much lower than the drinking water standard. Results of the extraction experiments by EDTA and pH solutions showed that Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn were leached out in less amounts or under detection limits. Arsenic was detected only at pH 3. From above results, we suggested that environmental contamination by quarry mine development is likely to be minor or negligible.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2016.05a
• /
• pp.497-497
• /
• 2016

페루의 Rimac강은 수도인 Rima시를 관통하는 강으로 각종 용수공급 등의 기능을 담당하는 중요한 강이지만 광산, 공장 및 도시 등 점?비점오염원으로 인해 오염이 심각해지고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 Rimac강의 하천복원을 위하여 3단계 수질개선 목표를 설정하고 각 단계별 BOD, TP 및 중금속(Al, As, Cd, Fe) 예측을 수행함으로써 목표달성 가능 평가를 수행하였다. Rimac강 지류인 Rio Santa Eulalia 하천 유입후부터 하구까지 총 57 km를 대상으로 4개의 대구간(Reach), 57개의 소구간(Element)으로 구분하여 QUAL2E 모델을 구축하였다. 2013년을 대상으로 저유량시기(건기)인 12월과 고유량시기(우기)인 1월을 대상으로 BOD, TP, Al, As, Cd, Fe의 모델 재현성을 검토한 결과, Rimac강 하류의 Huaycoloro강 유입이후 BOD, TP가 증가하는 현상을 적절히 재현하는 것으로 나타났다. 중금속은 Romac강 상류와 하류 Huaycoloro강 유입 수질 농도차이가 크지 않아 거리별로 일정한 농도를 나타내는 것으로 모의되었으나 실측정값은 하구로 갈수록 낮아지는 경향이 다소 나타났지만 대체적으로 실측값의 경향을 따르는 것으로 모의되었다. 수질개선 시나리오는 1단계(2016-2018년), 2단계(2019-2021년) 및 최종 3단계(2022-2024년)로 구분하여 저유량시기와 고유량시기의 수질개선 대책에 따른 수질변화를 예측하여 Rimac강 하류의 대표 지점인 La Atargea 취수장 지점에서 목표수질 달성여부를 평가하였다. 저유량시기의 경우, BOD는 1단계 이후 5.9 mg/L에서 목표수질 5.0 mg/L 이하로 농도가 감소되었으며 최종 3단계에 2.2 mg/L로 63.3% 개선하는 것으로 예측되었다. TP는 1단계 25.8% 개선, 3단계는 51.6% 개선되어 목표수질인 0.15 mg/L를 만족하는 것으로 예측되었다. 중금속의 경우 Cd는 당초 수질목표를 만족시키는 상황이었으며 그 외 항목은 Al>As>Fe 순으로 개선효과가 나타났고, 3단계 이후 모두 목표수질을 달성할 것으로 예측되었다. 고유량시기 수질예측 결과, 1단계 BOD, TP는 약 49, 19% 저감효과가 나타났으며 3단계 이후 57, 25%까지 개선되는 것으로 예측되어 목표수질을 만족시키는 것으로 분석되었다. 중금속은 Al이 가장 큰 개선 효과가 나타났으며 3단계에서 77.5%의 개선 효과가 분석되었다. 페루 리막강 유역 수질개선 대책 수립에 따른 수질개선효과 분석 결과, 3단계까지 모든 수질항목의 목표수질 달성이 가능한 것으로 분석되었으나 TP, Al 및 As의 경우에 2단계까지 목표수질 달성이 어려워 더욱 체계적인 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.28-40
• /
• 2019

In order to resolve the imbalances in the supply of living SOCs according to socio-economic status, location, and population groups, the discussions on inclusive city policies are expanding. The purpose of this study is to propose an Index of Park Derivation (IPD) as an alternative indicator for the promotion of an inclusive urban park policy that can be applied in the 7 major metropolitan cities to select a region with a relatively high park needs. The main research results are as follows. First, the concept of an inclusive urban park policy is defined as "a policy to supply to manage high-quality park services with priority given to areas with low socio-economic and environmental status, such as a large amount of elderly, children, low-income families, areas vulnerable to disasters, such as heat and fine dust, and population groups." Second, we developed the index of park derivation (IPD), which is a combination of 17 variables including park service level, demographic characteristics, economic and educational level, health level, and environmental vulnerability. The variables that constitute the index of park deprivation (IPD) can be applied to SOC policies outside the parks, such as sports facilities, daycare centers, kindergartens, and public libraries. Third, applying index of park deprivation (IPD) to 1,148 Eup/Myeon/dong areas of the 7 metropolitan cities resulted in areas with relatively high park service needs. This study implies that the central and the local government suggest an alternative index to promote an inclusive urban park policy based on statistical and geographical information and data that can be easily accessed and utilized.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.39-49
• /
• 2023

Soil contaminants measured and managed in Korea include those of geologic origin such as arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, mercury, and fluoride. This study identifies the distribution of these contaminants using GIS modeling to analyze the spatial probability of soil contamination originating from geology. The modeling found that cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and mercury often exceed the regulated standard by <1%. Concentrations of arsenic and zinc greatly exceeded the standard in the vicinity of mines and industrial complexes: mining and industry seemed to have substantial effects on the concentrations of these metals. Although fluoride was sampled at the lowest number of points, its frequency of exceeding the standard was the highest. No obvious source of artificial contamination has been identified, and fluoride's distribution characteristics showed continuity over a wide area, suggesting a strong correlation between geological characteristics and fluoride concentration. The highest frequencies of fluoride exceeding the standard were in Jurassic granite (40.00%) and Precambrian banded gneiss (34.12%). As these rocks contributed to the formation of soil through their weathering, high fluoride concentrations can be expected in soil in areas where these rocks are distributed.