• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to survey aspects of factors in stages of change and decisional balance on oral examination of adults in their 20s by applying transtheoretical model. Transtheoretical model is the one that was developed in order to explain a human being's behavioral change. The stages of change consist of precontemplation stage, contemplation stage, preparation stage, action stage, and maintenance stage. Decisional balance is utilized with comprising 2 elements such as pros and cons in transtheoretical model, and was mentioned that pros and cons have unique form every behavioral stage of change. As a result of applying the regular oral examination behavior based on transtheoretical model, it was indicated to be precontemplation stage with 79 people(22.1%), contemplation stage with 156 people(43.6%), preparation stage with 38 people(10.6%), action stage with 47 people(13.1%), and maintenance stage with 38 people(10.6%). Subjects, who maintain regular oral examination, were indicated to recognize pros highly in the decision balance. Subjects, who don't have intention of receiving oral examination, were indicated to have characteristic of recognizing cons highly.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.199-203
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• 2011

This study compared the needs for entering graduate school of Dental Hygiene students in Bachelor's Degree Completion Program(BDCP) and 4-year course to provide information about entering graduate school. This survey was conducted for one month from the $26^{th}$ May to the $24^{th}$ June, 2010. The collected data was analyzed using a SPSS WIN 18.0 program. More BDCP students answered that they wanted to enter graduate school (p<0.001). More BDCP students wanted to study Dental Hygiene but more of the 4-year course students wanted to study Dentistry in graduate school (p<0.001). Both groups prefer the part-time curriculum but only if it was the same as the full-time curriculum and more 4-year course students answered in this way (p<0.05). The major was the highest consideration when they choose graduate school, but the BDCP students also considered other reasons (distance, registration fee, period) (p<0.05). Most information was obtained from visiting the web-site (p>0.05). Both groups responded 'yes' to the need for development of a master's course in dental hygiene but a higher proportion of BDCP students (76.6%) answered in the affirmative (p<0.001). In conclusion, graduate schools should find the various ways to give more information to the students.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2011

This study identified knowledge, attitudes and behavior for radiation safety managemen of career dental hygienists and new dental hygienists. Results obtained from this study are as follows. 1. Regarding the knowledge level of radiation safety management, average score was $8.25{\pm}2.47$ for career dental hygienists and $7.42{\pm}2.77$ for new dental hygienists from 15 scale test.(p<.001). In addition, knowledge level of radiation safety management by general characteristics showed statistically significant difference according to health status(p<0.01). 2. Regarding the attitude level of radiation safety management, average score was $4.35{\pm}0.55$ for career dental hygienists and $4.19{\pm}0.60$ for new dental hygienists from 5 scale test.(p<0.01). 3. Regarding the behavior level of radiation safety management, average score was $3.14{\pm}0.98$ for career dental hygienists and $3.33{\pm}0.99$ for new dental hygienists from 5 scale test.(p<0.05). In addition, the behavior level by general characteristics showed statistically significant difference according to attendance rate of radiation safety management training (p<0.01) and defences of clinic (p<.001). 4. Based on the survey of relationship among knowledge, attitude and behavior of radiation safety management, we found that the higher the knowledge level of radiation safety management was, the higher the level of attitude was(p<.001).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface change after 15% carbamide peroxide home bleaching to various restorative materials (composite resin [CR], resin modified glass ionomer [RMGI] and glass ionomer [GI]) and to observe the effect of surface condition of the materials on re-staining. Three esthetic restorative materials (Filtek Z250, 3M, USA; Fuji II LC, GC, Japan; Fuji II, GC, Japan) were used in this study. Twenty specimens per material group were made and divided into two groups (bleached and control). The specimens were immersed in coffee after applying bleaching agent. The color change and surface roughness were measured before and after bleaching and after immersion in coffee. The data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0. The results were as follows: 1. The color of all experiment groups was significantly changed after bleaching (p<0.05). RMGI was the greatest value of ${\Delta}E^*$ and ${\Delta}L^*$. GI and CR groups were in ordering (p<0.05). The ${\Delta}a^*$ value was decreased GI, RMGI and CR. RMGI was only significantly decreased in ${\Delta}b^*$ value (p<0.05). 2. The surface roughness before and after bleaching was significantly different on CR, RMGI and GI (p<0.05). 3. After staining with coffee, the value of ${\Delta}E^*$ was increased in GI, RMGI and CR, furthermore GI and RMGI showed significant difference in the bleaching groups (p<0.05). The ${\Delta}L^*$ value of GI and RMGI was significantly decreased. 4. The change of surface roughness after staining was not significantly different in all groups (p>0.05). The maintenance of color stability in esthetic restorations is one of the most important properties. Tooth whitening is for the aesthetic. Therefore, dental professionals should notice to patients about re-staining after tooth whitening. They should give an instruction that how to prevent and which kinds of agents could be stained.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2013

Speed germination success and robust vegetative growth of citrus rootstock through improved sowing methods and fertilizer inputs offer the usage of root system for the citrus. The current study evaluated the influence of seed coat removal and different fertilizer concentrations on plant germination and plant growth of spontaneous rootstock siblings. Decoated and coated seeds of diploid and tetraploid plants were sown in tubes. Commercial fertilizer concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and $10g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ were added. The experimental layout followed a randomized block $2{\times}6$ factorial design (seed coat removal ${\times}$ fertilizer concentration) for each rootstock. Fertilizer concentrations were 0, 10, 20 and $30g{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of the fertilizer for the resistance of the strength on the salt level. The germination rate of seeds without testa sown in vitro was improved (67-80%) compared to that of nontreated seeds. The eventual tree height of the seeds without testa in the diploid group was increased due to higher fertilization compared to that in the nontreated group. The removal of seed testa promoted the seed germination of both diploid and tetraploid trifoliate orange and resulted in greater height. Their vegetative development was also increased due to the increased fertilization of the rootstock. The Fv/Fm value for the diploid plants was 0.4 and 0.8 for the tetraploid ones under salt stress after 11 days of treatment. The removal of seed testa may improve the seed germination of trifoliate orange. Tetraploid trifoliate orange appears to possess resistance to salt stress compared to the diploid variety.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.642-651
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• 2013

This study sought to evaluate the daily intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose for individuals in Korea with average and high levels of consumption of both these substances. The estimated daily intake of both sweeteners was determined from analytical data and dietary intake data collected as part of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Analysis of the data showed that sodium saccharin was found in 53 (15.6%) of 339 processed foods analyzed, whereas sucralose was found in 141 (23.9%) of 590 processed foods analyzed. The average intake of sodium saccharin was 1.18% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) defined by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The average intake of sucralose was 0.55% of ADI. The 95th percentile intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose were 5.29% and 15.66% of ADI, respectively. Children 6 years old and younger consumed more sodium saccharin and sucralose than did children from any of the other age groups tested. In conclusion, the average daily intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose within members of the Korean population fall within safe levels.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate residual characteristics of insecticide acetamiprid in asparagus under greenhouse condition from July to August and consequentially to obtain basic data for guideline on safe use of this pesticide in asparagus. Residues of acetamiprid in young stem of asparagus before and after removing foliage were analyzed from samples harvested at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after single application before harvest. As a result, residues of acetamiprid in young stem of asparagus before and after removing foliage at 0 day were 0.27 mg/kg and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively, which were higher than tentative limit (0.1 mg/kg). However, 3 days later residues of acetamiprid were lower than the tentative limit, representing 0.08 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg in the asparagus before and after removing foliage, respectively. Acetamiprid was undetectable in both samples at 5 days since the concentrations were less than detection limit (0.02 mg/kg) in this study. In summary, the half-life of acetamiprid in asparagus regardless of removing foliage was quite short under greenhouse condition from July to August, in the range of 1-3 days, and single application of acetamiprid water dispersible granule in/on asparagus at 7 days before harvest would have no problem on safety issues about pesticide residue. This result might be basic information to construct guideline for safe use of acetamiprid in asparagus.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.218-229
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• 2015

The proficiency testing for the residue laboratories of pesticide registration was conducted in order to improve the reliability and the ability for pesticide residue analysis. On November 2012 the testing was carried out using the soil collected and kept as the moistened state for five years, which was expected to very low residue levels of pesticides. The soil was fortified with azoxystrobin, imidacloprid and methabenzthiazuron in a manner similar to prepare soil samples for indoor soil degradation test, and then sub-samples were prepared for the distribution to participants. Some of them were randomly selected for confirm of homogeneity and to ensure the stability of samples at room temperature. Samples were consisted of two soils treated as different levels, one of which was used to the assessment and another used to confirm. In addition, provided three standard solutions, respectively concentration of 10 mg/L, and untreated soil. Forty eight institutions submitted results. The medians of results were used as the assigned values for pesticide residues. Fitness for purpose standard deviation of proficiency test was calculated by applying 20% RSD as the coefficient of variation allowed in the soil residue test. Z-score was applied for evaluation of individual pesticides, and the average of the absolute value of the Z-score for the overall assessment of pesticides. Laboratories evaluated the absolute value of the Z-score less than 2 to fit the case of azoxystrobin were 48, imidacloprid and methabenzthiazuron 46.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2015

From 2013 to 2014, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed to determine biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) at eight sites in Mt. Mudeung and one site in downtown, by using a GC/Mass-ATD (automatic thermal desorber). The concentration of terpene noted as biogenic volatile organic compounds at Pungamjeong (PA), in a forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa, was 821 pptv, which was the highest among the eight sites. This value was followed by Wonhyogyegok (WH: 785 pptv), Norritzae (NZ, coniferous forest: 679 pptv), Dongjeokgol (DJ, mixed species forest: 513 pptv), Jangbuljae (JB, Abies koreana: 476 pptv), and Seinbongsamgerri (SS, pine trees: 464 pptv). 11~15 species of terpene was detected in the forest depending on the site. At PA in May, α-pinene showed the highest value, occupied 20% of terpene followed by coumarin, sabinene, phellandrene, myrcene, borneol, eucalyptol, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene, γ-terpinene, camphor, camphene, and mentol in the order. The mean concentrations of AVOCs were 0.74~2.52 ppbv in the forests and 3.14 ppbv in the downtown area. From May to July, the AVOCs ratios of the downtown to each forest were 1.9~4.0. Among 10 species of AVOCs, the sum of toluene and benzene was 2.34 ppbv and occupied 75%. In June, the ratios of toluene were 44.1% at DJ site and 53.1% at JW site (downtown). The BVOCs showed a positive correlation with the AVOCs at the forest sites (r = 0.328), which was statistically insignificant (p = 0.184).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2015

$^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT has been known a useful modality to diagnose high-glucose-using cells such as cancer cells by glucose metabolism of FDG. Mainly, FDG takes on cancer and inflammatory cells; however, there have been FDG uptakes on normal tissues by individual physiological characteristics, occasionally. Especially, in fertile females, unusual FDG uptake of breast changes as the menstrual cycle, and disturb diagnosis. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the change of breast FDG uptake in menstrual cycle on $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT. 160 females ($34{\pm}3.5$ years old) who do not undergo a gynecologic anamnesis and have regular menstrual cycle over the previous 6 months were examined. They were divided 4 groups (each 40 patients) as flow phase, proliferative phase, ovulatory phase and secretory phase using Pregnancy Calculator 0.14. and history taking. Discovery Ste (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Mi, USA) was used a s PET/CT. We analyzed SUVs on accumulated region on breast, and 3 nuclear medicine specialists did the Blind test. SUVs on the Breast were flow phase ($1.64{\pm}0.25$), proliferative phase ($0.93{\pm}0.28$), ovulatory phase ($1.66{\pm}0.26$) and secretory phase ($1.77{\pm}0.28$). It showed high uptake value in secretory, flow phase and ovulatory phase (p<0.05). In gross analysis, the accumulation of breast was divided into 3 grades as comparing with lung and liver. The breast's uptake was equal to lung (Grade I); between lung and liver (Grade II); equal to or greater than liver (Grade III). The results showed high uptake value in secretory, flow phase and ovulatory phase (p<0.05). In fertile females, FDG uptake of breast changed as menstrual cycle, and it available to diagnose breast disease. Therefore, we consider reducing false-negative finding of breast disease, by doing examination on appropriate period through history taking about individual menstrual cycle.