• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorating effects of deer antler extract on the learning and memory impairments induced by the administration of scopolamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. Tacrine was used as a positive control agent for evaluating the cognition enhancing activity of deer antler extract in scopolamine-induced amnesia models. The results showed that the deer antler extract-treated group (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and the tacrine-treated group (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia based on the Morris water maze test. Although there was no statistical significance of brain ACh contents among the experimental groups, the brain ACh contents of the deer antler extract-treated group was slightly higher than that of the scopolamine-treated group. The inhibitory effect of deer antler extract on the acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was significantly lower than that of scopolamine-treated group. The tacrine- and the deer antler-treated groups reduced the MAO-B activity compared to the scopolamine-treated group, but not significantly. These results suggest that the deer antler extract could be an effective agent for the prevention of the cognitive impairment induced by cholinergic dysfunction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1459-1466
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• 2010

This study was performed to identify the association between the metabolic syndrome and the biochemical measurements and nutrient intakes. A total of 1,431 people (533 males, 898 females) aged over 45 years living in Andong rural area participated in this study in 2003. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), $\gamma$-glutamyl transferase ($\gamma$-GT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in metabolic syndrome were significantly higher than those in normal group. In multiple logistic regression, those biochemical measurements were found to be positively associated with the metabolic syndrome as the adjusted odds ratios (OR) 1.839 (p<0.001) by AST, 2.302 (p<0.01) by ALT, 2.143 (p<0.001) by $\gamma$-GT, and 1.874 (p<0.001) by TBARS. We also found that the increased level of those measurements tended to be strongly associated with high triglyceride among the metabolic syndrome components. However, the nutrient intakes between the metabolic syndrome and the normal group were not significantly different. Also, we could not find any nutrient intakes significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome, except high carbohydrate intake (>70% of kcal) compared to normal intake (55~70% of kcal) showed OR 0.781 (p<0.05). In analyzing the association of nutrient intakes with metabolic syndrome components, we found that the calorie intake was negatively associated with abdominal obesity (OR 0.696, p<0.05) and high fat intake (>25% of kcal) was positively associated with low HDL-cholesterol (OR 1.864, p<0.05). This study revealed that the biochemical measurements, such as plasma AST, ALT, $\gamma$-GT, and TBARS, are associated with metabolic syndrome, but considering the nutrient intakes, we suggest that further studies are needed to identify the associations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.548-554
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the immune activity of Mosidae and the physiochemical characteristics of brown rice Dasik prepared with Mosidae (Adenophora remotiflora) powder. We assessed the effects of Mosidae ethanol extract (MEE) on the production of IL-6T, IL-12 and TNF-$\alpha$ by peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) using ELISA. We also determined general compositions, and conducted Hunter's color values, sensory evaluation, and the mechanical characteristics of Mosidae Dasik stored at room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$). With MEE treatment, ILI-6 (75% of LPS: positive control), IL-12 (35.7% of LPS) and TNF-$\alpha$ (27.32% of LPS) were proliferated at a dose of $1000{\mu}g/mL$. In the general compositions of the samples, fat contents of Mosidae Dasik significantly decreased (p<0.05). The more Mosidae powder was added to the samples, the more was the luminance, and Hunter's a and b were significantly decreased (p<0.05). As more Mosidae powder was added to the samples, springiness score was significantly decreased, but the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were increased (p<0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the color, taste and overall quality of the samples (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in texture. We note that, among the samples evaluated herein, Mosidae stimulates some kinds of cytokines from machrophage and 1% Mosidae Dasik (MPD1) for the best commercial value.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1528-1534
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• 2010

The antibacterial effects of seed decontamination during presoaking before sprouting as an intervention step for eliminating foodborne pathogens on red radish seeds were evaluated. The effect of seed decontamination on seed germination rate was also evaluated. Red radish seeds were inoculated (at a level of 3 to 4 log CFU/g) with Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 and decontaminated with 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite, 50 and 100 ppm chlorinated water, acidic electrolyzed water, low-alkaline electrolyzed water, and ozonated water for 6 hours. The control seeds were immersed in distilled water. The germination rate was measured on each treatment for 48 hours. Treatments with 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite, acidic and low-alkaline electrolyzed water were more effective than treatments with chlorinated water and ozonated water. Immersion in 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite resulted in the largest microbial reduction (more than 3 logs). Treatments with acidic and low-alkaline electrolyzed water reduced APC by 3 logs and L. monocytogenes counts by 2 logs. After sprouting, APC and L. monocytogenes counts on seeds treated with 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite, acidic and low-alkaline electrolyzed water were significantly lower than the control. The germination rate ranged from 93.5% to 97.7% except for 20,000 ppm calcium hypochlorite (from 82.3% to 84.8%) after 48 hours. Although the treatments tested in this study will not eliminate L. monocytogenes on inoculated red radish seeds, the results show that rapid growth of surviving cells during sprouting could be prevented if red radish seeds are given a presoak treatment used in combination with a disinfectant treatment of irrigation water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1395-1404
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diet quality in Korean middle-aged women based on their self-rated health status (SRH) as well as to investigate the relationship between SRH and the diet quality. For the study, we obtained data for analysis from the combined 2008~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The study subjects were divided into two groups-'Good' group (${\geq}3.06$, n=622) and 'Bad' group (<3.06, n=1,092)- on the basis of the average SRH value (3.06). The women in the 'Good' group had achieved a higher education level and had a significantly high monthly average income (P<0.05), whereas women in the 'Bad' group had a larger waist circumference (P<0.05). In addition, women in the 'Good' group engaged in more physical activities (P<0.01). In comparison with the women in 'Bad' group, women in the 'Good' group were found to have a superior nutritional status, with a nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of protein (P<0.05), calcium (P<0.05), iron (P<0.05), vitamin A (P<0.05), vitamin $B_2$ (P<0.05), and niacin (P<0.01). The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of women in the 'Good' group was also significantly higher than that of the women in the 'Bad' group. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) of protein (P<0.05), iron (P<0.05), vitamin $B_1$ (P<0.05), and niacin (P<0.05) in women belonging to the 'Good' group were also significantly higher than that in the women assigned the 'Bad' group. The results of regression analysis on the relevance between the diet quality and SRH, MAR, and INQ showed a significantly positive relevance (P<0.001), even after adjusting for disturbance factors. The results of this study show that diet quality seems to be the important factor for improving SRH of women. Therefore, we suggest that developing dietary guidelines and educating women about the guidelines would improve health of middle-aged women in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.774-783
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• 2013

This study investigated the quality characteristics of boiled pork with different amounts (0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2%) of green tea, oolong tea and black tea extracts. Characteristics measured included approximate composition, water holding capacity (WHC), hardness, pH, Hunter's color value, total aerobic bacterial counts, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory qualities. Green tea approximately contained 3.4%, 31.8%, 5.5%, and 57.7% of moisture, crude protein, crude ash, and carbohydrate, respectively. There were no significant differences with the type of tea. However, the crude fat content of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea were 1.6%, 1.0%, and 0.9%, respectively. Green tea had the highest content of crude fat (p<0.05). Boiled pork approximately contained 55.1%, 38.6%, 5.2% and 0.9% moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash, respectively. The WHC of boiled pork, with tea extract added, significantly increased and there were no significant differences according to the type of tea. The hardness of boiled pork significantly increased as the amount of tea extract added increased (p<0.05). The pH of the boiled pork was not significantly different after storage for one day, but significantly decreased in control groups and boiled pork with 0.5% of any tea extract added during storage. However, in boiled pork with 1%, 1.5%, or 2% of any tea extract added, pH was not significantly different during storage. The Hunter's L and b values decreased in all boiled pork. The Hunter's a-values also decreased in boiled pork with green and black tea extract added, but increased in boiled pork with oolong tea extract added. In boiled pork with tea extract added, total aerobic bacterial counts significantly decreased as the amount of tea extract added increased during storage (p<0.05). The VBN values significantly increased during storage in all groups. TBARS values were significantly lower in boiled pork with green tea extract added, oolong tea added (at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, or 2%), and black tea extract added compared to control groups on the first day. The sensory evaluation results showed that the color, flavor, and overall acceptance of boiled pork containing 1% of oolong or black tea extracts had the highest scores but there were no significant differences. However, taste scores were significantly different (p<0.05). These results indicate that boiled pork has improved quality characteristics with 1% of oolong or black tea extracts added.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2013

To enhance the utilization of Allium hookeri (AH) as a food, characteristics of AH roots and leaves cultivated under open field and greenhouse conditions were investigated. The moisture content of the roots and leaves were 81.05 to 84.18% and 88.85 to 90.12%, respectively. The moisture content of AH cultivated in the open field was 2 to 3% lower than the moisture content of AH cultivated in the greenhouse for both roots and leaves. The content of nitrogen-free extract, carbohydrates, was 13.49 to 16.20% in the roots and 7.08 to 7.79% in the leaves. The main mineral generated from both open field and greenhouse cultivation was potassium, at 503.98 to 512.08 mg% in leaves. The free sugar content of roots cultivated in the open field was four times higher than the content in the leaves, and roots cultivated in the greenhouse contained three times lower free sugar than the leaves. In particular, the fructose content of roots cultivated in the open field was about 12 times higher than roots cultivated in the greenhouse. The crude saponin and total polyphenol content was higher in leaves than roots, and was higher in the open field than the greenhouse. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest, 2.74 mg/mL, in 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse. Water and 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse showed no cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. Water extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the open field markedly inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide. These results suggest that AH may be used as the material of health functional food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.759-765
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the quality characteristics of Sikhye, a traditional Korean drink, made with various amounts (0.5, 1, 2, and 3%) of powder from the roots of Doraji (RPD), for different storage periods (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, or 15 days). The pH and Hunter's L value of Sikhye decreased with higher amounts of added RPD, while saccharinity as well as "a" and b values increased. During storage, pH and Hunter's L value of Sikhye tended to decrease while "a" and b values increased. The saccharinity of Sikhye with 0.5% and 1% RPD reached its maximum values on the tenth storage day and continuously decreased during the storage period. In contrast, the saccharinity of Sikhye with 2% and 3% RPD increased during the storage period, and had its maximum saccharinity on the fifteenth storage day. During the storage of Sikhye the total microbial cell count, typically $3.19{\sim}0.35{\times}10^2$ CFU/mL on the third storage day, was undetected in Sikhye with 3% RPD. The total microbial cell count of Sikhye without RPD increased to $1.91{\times}10^9$ CFU/mL by the fifteenth storage day, while Sikhye with 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% RPD added contained $8.43{\times}10^8$, $9.77{\times}10^7$, $2.10{\times}10^7$, and $7.21{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL, respectively. Thus, the total cell count was lower with higher additions of RPD. In sensory tests, the Sikhye control, or with 0.5% and 1% RPD added, didn't show significant differences in the texture of rice granules, plumpness of rice granules, floating of rice granules, taste, flavor, and sweetness values. The overall preference was highest (5.38) for Sikhye with 0.5% RPD, followed by the control, 1% RPD, 2% RPD and 3% RPD. In conclusion, according to preference tests, we recommended the addition of 0.5% or 1% RPD in Sikhye.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1564-1570
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• 2016

The present study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cell-mediated factors. Effect of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on cytotoxicity in macrophages was investigated. Using macrophages, cytotoxicity of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan was evaluated by MTT assay. We treated high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, and $250{\mu}g/mL$ in macrophages. High-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan did not affect macrophage viability. Phagocytic activity was assessed using zymosan. Activity of high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan on macrophages significantly increased as compared with zymosan. We treated high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan to murine NK cells co-incubated with YAC-1 cells. High-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan resulted in significantly increased activity of NK cells as compared with the control. In addition, treatment of macrophages with high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan resulted in significantly increased activity of T cell-mediated cytokine (IL-2, IL-12, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$) levels and CD4+/CD8+ T cells as compared with the control. In conclusion, high-purity ${\beta}$-1.3/1.6-glucan could enhance the immune response through activation of macrophages, NK cells, and T cell-mediated factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1358-1365
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• 2017

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of muffins prepared with different amounts (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%) of fucoidan red yeast (Monascus purpureus) rice powder (FRYR). The weight and pH of muffins increased as the amount of FRYR increased. The height and baking loss rate of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05), whereas moisture content was not significantly different between all samples. L value and b value of muffins significantly decreased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). However, a value of muffins significantly increased when amounts of FRYR increased (P<0.05). Hardness, chewiness, and brittleness increased with increasing FRYR concentration. Cohesiveness was higher with 30% FRYR, whereas springiness was not significantly different between the samples. In the sensory evaluation, the appearance and crumb color of muffins was higher in groups containing 0% FRYR, whereas flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability scores were highest for muffins with 50% FRYR added. The total polyphenol content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of muffins significantly increased with increasing addition of FRYR (P<0.05). Therefore, addition of FRYR could satisfy the sensory function and functional requirements of muffins. Furthermore, this study proposes the development of various products using fucoidan red yeast rice.