• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.367-377
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• 2008

We studied the change of bone mineral density (BMD) by age, body mass index (BMI), coffee, carbonated drink, alcohol, smoking, and exercise in adults who checked in health center. The number of study subjects was total 268 persons (women of 136 persons and men of 132 persons). The BMD was determined in lumbar spine and femoral neck by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. And we got some results as below : 1. In women, mean body height was $155.8{\pm}6.0cm$, mean body weight was $56.8{\pm}7.9kg$, and mean BMI was $23.4{\pm}3.1kg/m^2$. In men, mean body height was $169.1{\pm}6.0cm$, mean body weight was $69.0{\pm}9.5kg$, and mean BMI was $24.1{\pm}2.7kg/m^2$. 2. BMD decreased as age increased, and the age was the most determinant factor for BMD (p<0.01). Women's BMD decreased rapidly in the groups aged $\geq$50s, while men's BMD decreased gradually with age. In addition, for both sex, lower BMD was measured in lumbar spine than in femoral neck. 3. BMD increased in high BMI, and BMD with BMI increased distinctly in the group aged 50s. But their relationship was not significant. 4. In view of the distribution by three BMD categories, women's BMD was mostly normal in the groups aged $\geq$40s, but the rate of osteopenia and osteoporosis was similar in the group aged 50s, and the rate of osteoporosis was the highest in the groups aged 60s and 70s. Men's BMD was mostly normal through all groups except the group aged 70s. 5. Coffee and carbonated drink were not influenced in BMD. But alcohol-drinking group showed higher BMD than non-drinking group, and alcohol was statistically significant determinant for BMD (p<0.05). Smoking and exercise were not statistically significant determinant of BMD.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.436-442
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• 2008

Hydroxyproline and Pro-Hyp dipeptide are the digestive products of collagen hydrolysate called collagen peptide. Some suggested that collagen peptides could improve aged or damaged skins, however, the effects of collagen peptides on the skin have not been known. In this study, we investigated the effects of digestive products of collagen peptides, hydroxyproline and Pro-Hyp dipeptide on skin quality using the UV-damaged dorsal skin of hairless mouse as a model system. Female SKH hairless mice were pre-irradiated with UV for 7 weeks, and then hydroxyproline, Pro-Hyp dipeptide were orally administered for 7 weeks with UV irradiation. Wrinkle formation (by replica image), skin elasticity, barrier status (by TEWL, transepidermal water loss), epidermis thickness, and biophysical changes in the stratum comeum (by hematoxylin & eosin staining) were examined. With the oral peptide treatment, effects such as skin barrier maintenance, anti-skin thickening, and recovery of the stratum corneum were observed. These results indicate that oral intake of collagen peptides may have beneficial effects on damaged skin cells.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2001

New technologies will have a large impact on the discovery of new herbicide site of action. Genomics, combinatorial chemistry, and bioinformatics help take advantage of serendipity through tile sequencing of huge numbers of genes or the synthesis of large numbers of chemical compounds. There are approximately $10^{30}\;to\;10^{50}$ possible molecules in molecular space of which only a fraction have been synthesized. Combining this potential with having access to 50,000 plant genes in the future elevates tile probability of discovering flew herbicidal site of actions. If 0.1, 1.0 or 10% of total genes in a typical plant are valid for herbicide target, a plant with 50,000 genes would provide about 50, 500, and 5,000 targets, respectively. However, only 11 herbicide targets have been identified and commercialized. The successful design of novel herbicides depends on careful consideration of a number of factors including target enzyme selections and validations, inhibitor designs, and the metabolic fates. Biochemical information can be used to identify enzymes which produce lethal phenotypes. The identification of a lethal target site is an important step to this approach. An examination of the characteristics of known targets provides of crucial insight as to the definition of a lethal target. Recently, antisense RNA suppression of an enzyme translation has been used to determine the genes required for toxicity and offers a strategy for identifying lethal target sites. After the identification of a lethal target, detailed knowledge such as the enzyme kinetics and the protein structure may be used to design potent inhibitors. Various types of inhibitors may be designed for a given enzyme. Strategies for the selection of new enzyme targets giving the desired physiological response upon partial inhibition include identification of chemical leads, lethal mutants and the use of antisense technology. Enzyme inhibitors having agrochemical utility can be categorized into six major groups: ground-state analogues, group specific reagents, affinity labels, suicide substrates, reaction intermediate analogues, and extraneous site inhibitors. In this review, examples of each category, and their advantages and disadvantages, will be discussed. The target identification and construction of a potent inhibitor, in itself, may not lead to develop an effective herbicide. The desired in vivo activity, uptake and translocation, and metabolism of the inhibitor should be studied in detail to assess the full potential of the target. Strategies for delivery of the compound to the target enzyme and avoidance of premature detoxification may include a proherbicidal approach, especially when inhibitors are highly charged or when selective detoxification or activation can be exploited. Utilization of differences in detoxification or activation between weeds and crops may lead to enhance selectivity. Without a full appreciation of each of these facets of herbicide design, the chances for success with the target or enzyme-driven approach are reduced.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2009

Bulnesia sarmienti (BS), a traditional South American herbal medicine native to Gran Chaco, has been used to treat various human ailments. We investigated the cytotoxic activities and the inhibitory effects of BS bark extract(0, 50, 100 and $200\;{\mu}g/\;mL$) on the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), cyclooxygenase (COX) and proinflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml)-stimulated murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The levels of NO, COX, PGE2 production and proinflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$) were measured by ELISA kit. Cell viability, as measured by the MTT assay, showed that BS extract had no significant cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells. BS extract significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO, $PGE_2$ and COX production accompanied by an attenuation of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ formation in macrophages. These results suggest that BS extract has potential as an herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.542-548
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• 2001

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) is becoming an important component of food safety worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate comprehensively the education and knowledge level of food service managers on HACCP as well as applying HACCP system to industrial foodservice. Total 247 foodservice managers participated in the survey and 159 responses were used for analysis. The results were as follows: 1) 89% of foodservice managers were educated about HACCP, and 40.9% felt they did fully understand HACCP and 47.8% did half. 2) The score for the implementation of HACCP was in the order of apparatus and facility sanitation, personal sanitation, and time-temperature/etc. sanitation. 3) Foodservice managers who were taught HACCP kept a deep attention to food and personal sanitation, compared with those without education(p＜0.05). However, the education time on HACCP affected conducting safety management. The results suggest that education and understanding of HACCP are positively related, and understanding of HACCP has a positive influence on conducting safety management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1049-1055
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• 2010

This study investigated the status of mixed grain diet by 68 people with diabetes living in Jeollabuk-do and performed sensory evaluation of different composition of mixed grains to improve the sensory characteristics based on the investigation. BMI of all subjects were measured and found that 61.7% were overweight. 94.1% of them ate mixed grains and females ate more mixed grains than males (p<0.05). Most males and females answered that they ate mixed grains for their health. Females added more mixed grains than males (p<0.01). More females (47.1%) than males said they would continue to eat mixed grains (p<0.05). 59% of them said they had eaten mixed grains for more than 3 years. 46.0% of them said they purchased mixed grains at a small mart near their houses. The mostly added grain to rice was black soybean (76.5%). RMGD-50 is composed of six mixed grains excluding nonglutinous rice and has the mixing rate of 50%. RMGD-40 has the mixing rate of 40%. Sensory evaluation was performed and RMGD-50 got lower score ($3.33{\pm}0.68$, $3.50{\pm}0.81$) than RMGD-40 in the appearances and color. RMGD-40 with Control 1 that includes more glutinous grains and Control 2 that is polished rice were compared. RMGD-40 got lower score than Control 1 in its appearances, smell and color, although there wasn't a meaningful difference. For the people with diabetes who are accustomed to mixed grains, the polished rice got the lowest score in moisture amount, gumminess and overall taste ($3.26{\pm}0.82$, $3.48{\pm}0.85$, $3.19{\pm}0.70$). It showed meaningful difference from RMGD-40 and Control 1 (p<0.01). Consequently people with diabetes preferred mixed grains that include more glutinous grains that have lower mixed ratio. So it is necessary to educate the people with diabetes about eating grains for better blood sugar management. Continual study and development of mixed grains that can help people with diabetes to control their blood sugar are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1038-1048
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg) in 52 commercial herbal pills used as general processed food, to identify weekly heavy metal intakes from herbal pills and to evaluate their potential health risks. The samples were digested with a microwave and determinations of heavy metal residues were carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mercury analyzer. The mean values of heavy metal contents for herbal pills used as general processed food were Pb 0.421 (0.032~1.630), Cd 0.157 (0.011~0.515), Cr 1.033 (0.112~9.933), Cu 6.923 (1.333~16.755), Hg 0.010 (0.001~0.088) mg/kg. Lead contents of herba and cadmium of algae, herba were high (ANOVA-test, p<0.05). Levels of cadmium concentrations exceeding WHO reference values (0.3 mg/kg) were observed in 10 samples (4 species). The significant correlation was observed between Pb and Cd (r=0.633, p<0.01). The weekly intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg from herbal pills were 1.112 (0.072~5.088), 1.614 (0.029~9.257), 3.000 (0.252~23.690), 0.182 (0.008~1.235), 0.220 (0.000~0.420)%, respectively, as compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) established by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for food safety evaluation. Our data suggest regulations limiting heavy metals in herbal pills used as general processed food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1056-1063
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate current nutrition labeling status, levels of recognition and patterns of consumption of domestically processed meat products. The survey results show that 47.4% of products (81 out of 171) were labeled with nutrition information. Where general product labeling and nutrition labeling were provided, it was read by 84.9% and 66.8% of the survey subjects, respectively. The most common reasons for not reading product labeling were 'hard to understand it' (46.2%) and 'not concerned' (30.8%). This was attributed to respondents finding it 'useless' (39.3%) and 'hard to understand the nutrition contents' (32.8%). As for the positive effect of enforcing a nutrition labeling system, 62% of respondents affirmed 'ease of selecting products which are good for health'. The reading of general product labeling showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.01) with the reading of nutrition labeling. The amount the nutrition labeling was read showed a negative correlation (p<0.05) with comprehension of the information on the nutrition labeling contained. Therefore, providing more information on the nutrition labeling for the consumers of processed meat products and also educating them more comprehensively about the nutrition, which would ultimately help them improve their dietary life, is needed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.446-455
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• 1995

The nutritional properties of the Chol-Pyon were investigated with changing the materials (mugwort and pine leaves). In proximate composition, rice powder added mugwort and pine leaves showed the lligher con-tents of crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash than in rice powder. Ihe pH of rice powder, mugwort and pine leaves was 6.4, 6.8 and 3.5, respectively. The rice powder added pine leaves showed the lowest pH value. The content of the free sugar in raw materials for ChOl-PyOn preparation was 0.9% in rice powder, 0.3% in mugwort and 2.7％ in pine leaves. Eighteen kinds of amino acids were determined in raw materials for ChOl-fyOn preparation and their contents were 4.8% in mugwort, 4.2% in rice powder and 2.8% in pine leaves. The major minerals of raw materials for ChOl-PyOn preparation was 0.9％ increased in the order of K> Na > Mg > Ca in rice powder, Mg > K > Ca > Na in mugwort, and K > Ca > Mg > Na in pine leaves. Both of mugwort and pine leaves additives showed the higher contents of 8 kinds of minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) than in rice powder. In relation to changes in the texture of ChOl-PyOn, hardness, fracturability and adhesiveness at 25${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ were measured to be highest in white ChOl-PyOn. Cohesiveness was shown to be highest at 15％ in case of mugwort and 2.5％ in case of pine leaves. Elasticity was measured to be highest at 0.99 in case that 7.5% mugwort was added to raw materials for ChOl-PyOn. As a result of estimating the sensory qualities of the ChOl-PyOn prepared to which the additives were added in differing amounts, immediately after its preparation the mugwort additive of 7.5％ showed the superior sensory qualities Chol-PyOn (p < 0,01).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.2
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• pp.186-199
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• 1997

The soils derived from granite gneiss occupy almost one third of the land area in Korea. The soils under forest vegetation, formed on granite gneiss, in Sun chon-shi, Chollanam-do in southern part of Korea, were studied to evaluate the weathering and the transformation of primary minerals into secondary minerals, clay minerals. The studied soils contained large amounts of ferromagnesian minerals, weathered biotites and were well weathered, strongly acid and low in organic matters and in ration exchange capacity. The clay contents in the Bt horizon were almost two times higher than those in the C horizon. The O horizon had a thin layer which consisted of a little decomposed plant components with a granic fabric and high porosity, and showed the micromorphological characteristics of moder humus. The related distribution pattern of the E horizon were enaulic and large amounts of silts and small amounts of sand grains were another characteristics of the E horizon. The most striking micromorphological features were multilaminated clay coating and infillings in the voids in the Bt and C horizons, and generally limpid ferriargillans ejected from the biotites and imparted red color to the soils in the Bt horizon. High clay contents in the Bt horizon was not only due to clay translocation, but also due to intensive in situ mineral weathering in this horizon. The most significant pedogenic process, revealed by the petrographic microscope and SEM, was the formation of iron oxides from biotites, the formation of tubular halloysites and the weathering models of biotites; wedge weathering and layer weathering. The thick coating on the weathering biotites showed the characteristics of the weathering process and the synthetic hematites were revealed in clays by TEM. Total chemical analysis of clays revealed extensive loss of Ca, and Na and the concentration of Fe and Al. Mineralogical studies of clays by XRD showed that micas were almost completely weathered to kaolinite, vermiculite-kaolinite intergrade, hematite, gibbsite, while halloysites from other primary minerals. Some dioctahedral mica appeared to be resistant in the soils. Parent rock of the soils contained a considerable amounts of biotites and this forest soils showed especially a dominant characteristics of biotite weathering.