• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.198-206
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery. To study the effect of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid arterial strips, arterial strips with intact or damaged endothelium were used for experiment using organ bath. The pre-contracted arterial strips with Phenylephrine(PE) was treated with various concentrations of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract(0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and $1.0mg/m{\ell}$). To determine the mechanisms of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang-induced vasorelaxant, DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract were infused into contracted arterial rings which had been pretreated by indomethacin(IM), tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA), $N{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine ($_L-NNA$), methylene blue(MB). And calcium chloride(Ca) 1 mM was infused into precontracted arterial ring induced by PE after treatment of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract in $Ca^{2+}$-free krebs solution. DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract revealed significant relaxation on PE-induced arterial contraction. DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract also had an effective relaxation to the intact endothelium arterial ring. SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery is related with NO-cGMP pathway. Pretreatment of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract inhibited the contraction by influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in contracted arterial ring induced by NE. This study indicated that the relaxation effect of SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery is related with NO-cGMP pathway. Pretreatment of DangGuiSu-San and SamHwangSaSim-Tang extract inhibited the contraction by influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in contracted arterial ring induced by NE.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.307-316
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• 2019

Development of vegetation in stream channel increases resistance to flow, resulting in increase in river stage upon flood and affecting change in stage-discharge relationship. Vegetation revealed in stream by water level reaching a peak and then declined upon flood is mostly found as prone. Taking an account of flow distribution with the number of vegetation, prone vegetation layer might be at height where discharge rate is zero (0) (Stephan and Guthnecht, 2002). However, there is a tendency that flow rate is overestimated when applying the height of river bed to flow area with no consideration of the height of vegetation layer in flow rate by float measurement. In this study, reliable flow measurement in stream with vegetation was calculated by measuring the height of vegetation layer after flood and excluding the vegetation layer-projected area from the flow area. The result showed the minimum 4.34 % to maximum 10.82 % of flow deviation depending on the scale of discharge. Accordingly, reliable velocity-area methods would be determined if vegetation layer-projected area in stream is considered in flow rate estimation using the flow area during the flood.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.727-740
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• 2018

The media in the undersaturated zone is defined as the uppermost layer of the water table at which the groundwater is unsaturated or saturated discontinuously. The properties of the unsaturated zone can affect the reduction of contaminants that flow from the lower part of soil to the water table. In recent, there have been problems in evaluating groundwater contaminations vulnerability because weighted value for permeability is given, regardless of anisotropy and heterogeneity in the unsaturated media. Geological media have various ranges of permeability. When applying the weighted value, representative of permeability for grain sizes standardized, to construction of contamination vulnerability, it will produce more exaggerated result than the case that considers unsaturated geological properties. In this study, we performed laboratory column tests considering two sets of the unsaturated layers in order to investigate the permeability in anisotropic unsaturated zone with anisotropy. On the basis of the tests, average permeability coefficients were calculated considering the properties of unsaturated media obtained from drill cores in the field. The final contamination vulnerability map constructed shows that the contamination vulnerability map applying the properties of geological media of the unsaturated zone coincides much better with the results measured in the field, compared to the case of contamination vulnerability considering the weighted value in the unsaturated zone.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.353-362
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• 2018

The national loss caused by the periodic livestock epidemic is very large. In addition, vehicle movement is the main cause of livestock epidemics in Korea. In this context, this study analyzed the relationship between the degree centrality of livestock facilities and the outbreak of infectious diseases. For this purpose, a livestock vehicle movement network was constructed using the facility entrance data provided by KAHIS. Afterwards, the centrality index was derived for each facility in the vehicle movement network and the mean centrality index of the epidemic and non-epidemic facilities were compared. The analysis results are summarized as follows. First, the degree centrality of epidemic facilities is significantly greater than non-epidemic facilities. As a result of the analysis of the entire period data and the period-based data, in most data, the degree centrality of facilities where livestock infectious diseases occurred was significantly greater than most non-occurrence facilities. Second, in the entire period data, the difference in degree centrality between the epidemic and non-epidemic facilities was smaller for HPAI than for FMD. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in the results of the analysis according to the divided period. The policy implications of the results are as follows. First, proactive management of facilities based on centrality is needed. Second, in the case of cloven-hoofed animal facilities, it is more urgent to introduce a management policy based on the degree centrality.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 2019

This study proposes a new method for categorizing the hydrological soil groups by considering the recent revision results of soil series. Also, the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the categorizing result with those based on existing three different methods. As an example, the proposed method is applied to Jeju Island to estimate the CN value, which is then compared with CN values estimated by applying the existing three different methods. Summaries of the results are as follow. (1) The revision result since 2007 shows that the soil texture has been changed in the 43 soil series, the drainage class in the 1 soil series, the permeability in the 15 soil series, and the impermeable layer in the 26 soil series. (2) The categorizing result of hydrological soil groups by applying the proposed method shows that the group B is the most dominant group covering up to 49.25%. On the other hand, one of the existing method of 1987 provides the group C as the most dominant group (46.43%). Method of 1995 defines the group B as the most dominant group (27.69%). The other method of 2007 distinguishes the group D (35.82%) to be the most dominant group. (3) Also, the CN value estimated by applying the proposed method to Jeju Island is found to be smaller than those based on existing three methods. This result indicates the possible overestimation of the CN value when applying the existing three methods.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2019

This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) extract for atopic dermatitis through maintaining skin barrier and regulating Th2 cell differentiation. We divided NC/Nga mice into 3 groups as follows; atopy-like dermatitis induced group with CR treatment (CT, n=10), no treatment group(Ctrl), atopy-like dermatitis elicited group(AE). Atopy-like dermatitis was induced to NC/Nga mice by sensitizing with dermatophagoides farinae(DfE) on 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13th week. After inducing atopic dermatitis, CR extract was administered 20 mg/kg daily for the experimental duration to the CT group. We measured the integrity of lipid layers in the epidermis and Th2 differentiation through immunohistochemical staining against filaggrin, loricrin, IL-4, and IL-13. We also measured the distribution of subcutaneous collagen fibers by the Masson's trichrome staining. Administration of CR significantly inhibited the reduction of lipid layers in the skin that caused atopy. The expression of IL-4, IL-13, each of which is a cytokine secreted by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, was markedly suppressed in the CT group as compared with AE group (p<0.05). CR treatment also decreased the expression of iNOS, $p-I{\kappa}B$. Atopic dermatitis induced dermatological damage to skin, such as hyperplasia of epithelium, and capillary proliferation was significantly reduced by CR administration. CR effectively inhibited the thinning of the skin barrier and inflammatory responses in atopic dermatitis-induced mice. In particular, it showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of IL-4 and IL-13, Th2 cell cytokines, which play a crucial role in development of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, CR can be a good candidate to ameliorate and treat atopic dermatitis.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-47
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• 2019

Purpose : This study was designed to identify the perception and practice level of infection control among korean medical doctors and to identify factors that may influence the performance and practice level. Methods : Data were collected using the on­line survey method. Seven hundred and eighty four Korean medical doctors(KMD) participated the survey. The study was conducted from December 2018 to January 2019. Results : The results of this study are as follows. 1. Participants who experienced infection risk by needles or sharp instruments were 596(76%). and participants who had experienced blood or body fluid contact with the mucous membrane or skin of the patient during treatment were 226(28.8%) of them. 2. The degree of perception and practice of the infectious guideline was higher in the group over 50 years, in the doctor group, in the group with more than 6 years experience in clinic and in the group who work in the hospital. (p < 0.05) 3. In the performance of the infection control management related to the Korean medical treatment, the practice level of the article 'Discard the remaining needle that used for one patient' was the lowest at 4.02, 'Identify the patient and check the validity period of sterilization of medicines or instruments' was the second lowest in 4.16. 4. Among the contents of "Prevention of Nosocomial infection and Sanitary Safety Guidelines" issued by the Korean Medical Association in 2008, the guideline "Prevention of infection by pathogens such as HIV, MRSA, SARS" were lowest article in the perception and practice level of participants. 5. Regression analysis was performed to find out the factors affecting perception and performance of the participants. The regression model showed significant difference in the regression model of the working years. (p < 0.05) 6. In order to examine the effect of the variables on the perception and practice of the infectious guideline, the mediated effect of the knowledge and education level according to the years of working, age, education degree was found to be significant only in the education degree variable. (p < 0.05) In conclusion : in order to improve the perception and practice of infectious control of Korean medicine doctors, it is necessary to include the contents of infection management as essential education during the continuing education of Korean medicine association.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.201-209
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether parents with developmental disabilities are well represented by the persons with developmental disabilities. Analysis data is based on the data from the Survey on Disability Survey in 2014. We analyzed the consistency and biases of the parent's proxy respondents' opinions by the degree of agreement between the contents of the person with developmental disabilities and the value of items that the parents answered on behalf of the development disabled. First, the parents' proxy respondents responded well to the actual situation such as life satisfaction for the developmental disabled, while the parental proxy respondents showed the positive bias to overestimate the cost items and the negative bias to recognize the discrimination. Second, in relation to independent living, the majority of the parents of the developmental disabled respondents had a high agreement with the developmental disabled person. However, about 5 ~ 10% of the parents' proxy respondents seem to have a tendency to distort the independent living policy by preferring non-standard housing types, unlike those with developmental disabilities. Based on this, it was proposed that the respondents should be able to receive the answers of the possible parties in the future research on desire and independent living related intention toward the developmental disabled, and the research on the matching of the proxy response is needed in a multidimensional manner.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.411-419
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated in vitro immune-enhancing and anti-obesity activity of Abelmoschus manihot roots (AMR) in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells and mouse adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells. AMR increased the production of immunostimulatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW264.7 cells. The inhibition of toll like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 blocked AMR-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway reduced AMR-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors. From these results, AMR is considered to have immune-enhancing activity through TLR2/4-mediated activation of MAPKs signaling pathway. In addition, AMR inhibited lipid accumulation and reduced the protein level such as CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), perilipin-1, adiponectin and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) associated with lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, indicating that AMR may have anti-obesity activity. Based on these results, AMR is expected to be used as a potential functional agent for immune enhancement and anti-obesity.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.70
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• pp.85-117
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the current status of unit tasks, unit task operation, and record management problems used by local governments, and to present improvement measures using text-based big data technology based on the implications derived from the process. Local governments are in a serious state of record management operation due to errors in preservation period due to misclassification of unit tasks, inability to identify types of overcommon and institutional affairs, errors in unit tasks, errors in name, referenceable standards, and tools. However, the number of unit tasks is about 720,000, which cannot be effectively controlled due to excessive quantities, and thus strict and controllable tools and standards are needed. In order to solve these problems, this study developed a system that applies text-based analysis tools such as corpus and tokenization technology during big data analysis, and applied them to the names and construction terms constituting the record management standard. These unit task operation support tools are expected to contribute significantly to record management tasks as they can support standard operability such as uniform preservation period, identification of delegated office records, control of duplicate and similar unit task creation, and common tasks. Therefore, if the big data analysis methodology can be linked to BRM and RMS in the future, it is expected that the quality of the record management standard work will increase.