• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.27-45
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to trace the path of policy for urban parks and greenbelts (PUPG) pursued by Seoul Mayor Kim Hyeon-ok, who was a protagonist of Seoul's modernization and to reveal the policy's characteristics. A high modernism perspective was projected to advance his PUPG discussion. High modernism was an unavoidable phenomenon that appeared in post-war urban reconstruction projects and emerged in the form of a belief that the national elite creates the ideal social order and rational planning. Its characteristics were to build with legibility, immediacy, and convenience by power, with private participation and profit creation, while realizing the spectacle of "the city being built". As a high-modernist, Seoul Mayor Kim Hyun-ok's urban planning aimed to deal with the booming population and the expansion of Seoul's territory. Although his PUPG extended the parks to the outskirts of Seoul, he showed a dualistic attitude, diverting parks away from the city center. On the other hand, he induced the participation of the private sector to create parks. However, he showed the other side of modernization, eliminating the placeness and excluding related systems. The path taken by Mayor Kim Hyun-ok's PUPG was started to respond to population growth and resolve the encroachment of parks. The ultimate goal was to accept the realization of urban planning and experiment with non-financial methods. The characteristics of his PUPG reflecting high modernism were: First, elites were represented in the National Land Planning Association, HURPI, and Jang Moon-gi participated; second, legibility was ensured by using east-west and north-south axes, elevation standards, and rational planning. Third, parks were quickly released to respond to the rapid urban change. Fourth, it showed off events and spectacles to attract private capital.

• 월간 기계설비
• /
• s.298
• /
• pp.56-65
• /
• 2015

1970년대 고급 아파트촌의 대명사로 불리웠던 동부이촌동이 강북지역 한강변 초고층 주거시설의 랜드마크로 또한번 새롭게 변신한다. 지상 56층, 42층, 36층 총 3개동으로 구성된 초고층 주거시설이 오는 8월 1일부터 입주할 예정이기 때문이다. 이 아파트는 당분간 건립되기 힘든, 강북에서 가장 높은 초고층 주거시설로 지난 2013년 4월 서울시가 한강변 건축물 높이를 35층으로 제한하기 전인 2009년 사업시행 인가를 받았다. 한강이 내려다 보이고 인근에 국립중앙박물관, 용산가족공원, 한강공원 등 대형 공원이 있는데다 강남권, 강북권, 강서권으로의 접근성이 뛰어나 한강변의 새로운 랜드마크로 주목받고 있는 만큼 특화된 커뮤니티 시설과 함께 친환경 건축물 최우수 등급, 에너지효율 1등급, 초고속 정보통신 특등급 인증 획득을 목표로 최고의 주거성능등급 아파트 시공에 만전을 기하고 있다. 본지는 준공준비에 여념이 없는 이촌동 렉스아파트 재건축 현장에서 삼성물산 권진학 현장소장과 (주)우진아이엔에스(대표 홍평우 손광근) 김동원 현장소장을 만났다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.48-56
• /
• 2011

The objective of this study is to develop quantitative criteria for setting reasonable standards and regulations for building heights in collective facility districts inside national parks or those connected to their borders. Heights of all building sin collective facility districts were simulated in order to determine heights of ridge lines of sight passing the upper parts of buildings from a main view point. Where a facility's zone is located at the inside or boundary of inland mountainous national parks, and there are coastal type national parks with mountains in the background, the study recommended assigning the maximum allowable height of a building as 8.82m if national park authorities intend to preserve the ridges at three-tenths the height of a mountain. It amounts to 3 or 3.5 stories when it is converted into the number of floors. It is desirable to apply this standard to accommodations like a hotel except lodge or cottage as the maximum allowable height of a building. Nevertheless, when there aren't back mountainous areas among coastal-type national parks, there is a need for applying a separate standard. If an equal and uniform standard is applied to all collective facility districts, it becomes difficult to address local differences when managing landscape. There must be flexibility when applying a standard, depending on variables such as location of view points, differences in the methods of selection of view points, and differences in view angles, etc. Thus, there is a need for different landscape management strategies that address the unique natural environment of different zones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
• /
• 2012.03a
• /
• pp.16-19
• /
• 2012

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.225-234
• /
• 2014

Because of their nature as public facilities, demands that former military facilities be utilized for the public welfare are increasing, thereby leading to an increase in cases in which these military facilities are reestablished as parks. Cases in which former military bases were reestablished as public parks were analyzed; as a result, several implications were derived. First, the objectives of public park projects should be examined from the perspective of the concept of urban regeneration and regional revitalization. Moreover, it is necessary that profits are yielded and that regional identity and history are reproduced through reusing existing facilities as much as possible rather than entirely remodeling former military sites. As parks become larger in size, bases should be reorganized into complexes rather than single facilities or programs. It is also necessary that parks be established in stages considering the enormous expenses required for building public parks. Consequently, because the special characteristics of military facilities can lead to insufficient on-site investigation in the process of establishing parks, thereby incurring a vast amount of costs for design adjustment and contamination disposal, this should be considered in advance. A method of delegating the development rights to partial sites to private businesses and supplementing the costs of park establishment and maintenance with development benefits should be examined. In addition, given that there are various interests and stakes in former military bases, a method of operating a public-private cooperative decision-making organization during project execution should be considered. Finally, policies related to urban parks need to be improved in order to raise funds, expand profitable businesses, facilitate social services and sponsorship, and encourage the participation of trusts and non-profit organizations in park operation and management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.257-266
• /
• 2001

Trail might be the primary recreational space to appear the use impact by visitors on ecological space in National park. On the basis of this concept, the carrying capacity was estimated on the trail. Impact rating class and pattern of passersby were surveyed on the 22 valid trails in Bukhansan National Park. Using two variables, the width of trail and amount of passersby, the correlation coefficient was analysed and the regression model was derived by raising x to a higher power. And carrying capacity estimation equation was devised by considering the pay fee visitors and average passersby in a trail section. With carrying capacity estimation equation to apply Bukansan National Park, it is desired that maximum carrying capacity is about 3 million persons a year under conditions of trail width 2.2m when National Park Authority wants to keep the existing management level. If they strengthen the management goal far resource conservation like that they want to keep the trail width 2.0m, the number of visitors might be decreased to about 2 million persons a year.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.71-86
• /
• 2024

Despite the increasing importance of urban parks' ecological functions in dealing with the climate crisis, ecological parks are not clearly defined in Korea's legal system. Numerous ecological parks created nationwide cannot be systematically designated and managed due to various legal bases and varying management authorities. It is important to clarify the legal status of ecological parks in order to lead the ecological paradigm shift of urban parks and to improve the natural park system for a comprehensive and integrated approach to protect the national ecosystem. To this end, related laws were analyzed to identify problems and to draw directions for legislative improvement. Through the literature review of relevant laws, acts, and ordinances, six major directions for improvement were suggested based on the analysis of problems. First, the legal status of ecological parks in the administrative dichotomy of the current park system is ambiguous, and ecological parks should be clarified through the revision of park-related laws. Second, an ecological park can be defined as a sustainable park created and managed in an ecological manner, promoting the protection and restoration of the ecosystem, conservation, and promotion of biodiversity, and balancing nature observation, ecological learning, and leisure activities. Third, the role of the state and local governments should be systematically revised to lead to a new park planning and management model through new governance. Fourth, since the characteristics of ecological parks are affected by individual laws, the possibility of overlapping ecological parks for other uses should be allowed. Fifth, detailed guidelines and standard ordinances need to be enacted to meet the goals, principles, and facilities of ecological parks. Lastly, along with the revision of the laws, ordinances by local governments also need to be more concrete. This study, which tracks various legal realities related to ecological parks, can contribute to policymaking that can systematize the foundation for the creation of ecological parks to preserve nationwide ecosystems and provide citizens with opportunities to experience and learn about nature.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.350-357
• /
• 2022

A national park is a place to conserve natural resources and visitors to experience nature, and thus, it is necessary to identify the noise distribution characteristic in the national park and preserve and restore the soundscape. However, most national parks in Korea are exposed to noise, leading to negative perceptions of the national park's soundscape and affecting the ecosystem. Many national parks in other countries have investigated the ecosystem impacts caused by noise and have performed various management to reduce the noise. However, in Korea, there is still a lack of awareness of the effect on the ecosystem, overlooking the need for soundscape management. Therefore, in this study, we developed a noise map of Mudeungsan National Park to investigate the quantitative impact of noise on visitors and the ecosystem. Also, we measured the trail's soundscape to describe a sound grade classification, and the soundscape of main spots in the park was recorded for a year and then analyzed. Finally, the sound resource distribution map was described, which can be used as preliminary data to determine the national park's sound distribution characteristics and manage the soundscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the problems on several steps of the establishment of the Nature Ecological Forest in Yeouido Park, Seoul, and also to suggest improved approaches on each step. For execution drawing, planting models and plans seemed to be uncertain, and the quantity and size of planting trees seemed to be impractical. For construction, the woody plants planted on the site were different in species and size from the planting plan. Ecological planting was somewhat limited because of the inappropriate soil properties. For management, replacement of the dead trees was not executed properly, and no management scheme was prepared after the replacement period. We suggested improved approaches for the establishment of ecological forests in urban areas as follows: for execution drawing, overstory, understory and herbaceous ground cover layers should be composed based on standard plant community structures. Trees that are available from tree markets should be specified in the planting plan. For construction, trees for planting need to be tagged to identify species and size. When tree species and size are changed, they should be checked to ensure that they are proper to the plant community model. Soil information should be collected to check that they fit the target plant community model. For management, the proper amount of trees needs to be specified in the planting plan by applying regular discount rates, especially for trees supplied from the government sector. The replacement period should be extended from two years to five years. The change of plant communities should be monitored during first five years after establishment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.60-72
• /
• 2016

This study aims to suggest strategies of development and management for large parks by examining experimental cases of park governance models related to a shift away from public administration. The shifts towards governance as well as public-private partnership in city parks have involved the need for new public management. This study has analyzed two exemplary cases of Presidio Park and Sydney Harbour National Park in the aspects of planning process and management strategies, as the results derived the meaning and effect of park governance management and is also an essential prerequisite for the achievement of the model. There are six dimensions of research frames--namely policy, governance, partnership, finances and funds, design and maintenance-management, and evaluation-monitoring-taken as the basis for this study. Through the analysis, several key characteristics of these cases were elicited. First, the park planning process must be consistent in carrying a policy from planning to implementation, and furthermore, an independent operation body which can properly authorize an execution and uphold its responsibility from the public could serve in adaptable park services. Second, it has been suggested to build various partnerships with PAs and NGOs, private corporations, community groups, and academic institutes that allow it to expand the diversity of the park activities. Third, there has been experimental exploration to achieve a financially self-sufficient model by establishing internal revenue models and hence allow the reduction of reliance on public finances. The result of this type of park management would allow for improving park quality and make the park space a vital part of the local economy. Fourth, the strategies for a local community's participation are needed to allow the community to become a producer as well as a consumer. This study shows that the direction and significance of the park governance model regarding the fact that the plans sought by the two parks are extending the layout of public-centered discussion to the private sector and the third non-governmental sector including to the local community group. This shows both implications and limitations, such as the risk of privatization through non-governmental activities at the park or the violation of essential functions as a public good due to a profit-generating management policy for securing financial self-sufficiency. At the current point in which plans are under way for the development and management of large parks, a park governance model requires continuous study and expansion of discussion in the future.