• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tall type mixtures and tall+short type mixtures on dry matter yield, botanical composition and quality. The experimental design includes two mixture types: Tall type mixtures(TM); orchardgrass(Potomac) 40+tall fescue(Fawn) 20+Festulolium braunii (Paulita) 10+perennial ryegrass(Reveille) 10+timothy(Climax) 10+red clover(Kenland) 5+alfalfa(Vernal) 5%) and tall+short type mixtures(TSM); orchardgrass(Potomac) 40+tall fescue(Fawn) 20+Kentucky bluegrass(Newport, turf type) 10+redtop(Barricuda, turf type) 10+perennial ryegrass(Palmer III, turf type) 10+red fescue(Flyer II, turf type) 5+white clover(Regal) 5%. The dry matter(DM) yield was higher obtained in TSM than that of TM, but there was no significant difference between TM and TSM. In the chemical composition, there was no significant difference between TM and TSM, but the content of cellulose, lignin were higher in TM than those in TSM(p<0.05). Also, the content of acid detergent fiber which affected dry matter digestibility was higher in TM than that of TSM. The crude protein dry matter yield was not observed significant difference between TM and TSM, but digestible dry matter(DDM) yield was higher in TSM than that of TM. In botanical composition, tall fescue, alfalfa and orchardgrass were highly maintained in TM but white clover, tall fescue and orchardgrass were highly, and redtop, red fescue were continuously maintained in TSM. In this experiment, DM yields and quality of two mixture types were no difference. However, the tall+short type mixtures(TSM) were more effective in enhancing the dry matter digestibility and DDM yield, and in maintaining the various botanical composition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Total Mixed Ration(TMR) with wet brewer's grain on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of breeding Korean native goat. Twelve breeding Korean native goats were divided into four treatment groups, which were fed TMR containing 20, 30, 40% of wet brewer's grain and a control group fed concentrate feed and hay, respectively. Results are summarized as follows. Dry matter contents of TMR with wet brewer's grain was 61.46-65.81%, that of crude protein was 14.42-15.59%, ADF and NDF were 28.32-28.52, 53.46-54.16%, each. These were not different by supplemental level of brewer's grain in TMR. However, NFC contents were lower according to increase wet brewer's grain in TMR. Dry matter intake of TMR supplemented with 20% of brewer's grain was tend to be higher than those of control group. CP and digestible CP intake of TMR diets supplemented wet brewer's grain was intended to higher than those of a control group. NFC and digestible NFC intake were significantly higher in control group than in WBG40 treatment(p<0.05). Digestibilities of DM, ADF, NDF and NFC in control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's grain(p<0.05). Digestibilities of CP of TMR with supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be higher than those of a control group. Nitrogen retention of TMR supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be somewhat higher compared to the control group

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) with wet brewer's grain on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention of castrated Korean black goat. For feeding trial, forty castrated Korean black goats were divided into four treatment groups, which were fed TMR containing 20, 30, 40% of wet brewer's grain. For digestibility trial, twelve castrated Korean black goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats. Results are summarized as follows. Dry matter (DM) contents of TMR with wet brewer's grain was $63.35{\sim}66.02%$, that of crude protein was $14.49{\sim}15.36%$, Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were $28.24{\sim}29.08,\;53.27{\sim}54.85%$, each. These were not different by supplemental level of brewer's grain in TMR. However, Non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) contents were lower according to increase wet brewer's grain in TMR. Average daily gain of control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's gain (p<0.05). Intake of DM, Organic matter (OM) and NFC of TMR supplemented with 20% of brewer's grain were higher than those of other treatments (p<0.05). Crude protein (CP) and digestible CP intake of TMR diets supplemented wet brewer's grain was intended to higher than those of a control group. Digestibilities of DM, OM and NDF in control group were higher than those from TMR with wet brewer's grain (p<0.05). Digestibilities of CP of TMR with supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be higher than those of a control group. Nitrogen retention of TMR supplemented wet brewer's grain was tend to be somewhat higher compared to the control group

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2006

The object of this experiment was to suggest the optimum autumn sown small forage crops as next forage crops harvested maize in Daejeon area. The field trials was conducted from 2002 to 2004 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and qualities of the autumn sown small forage crops. The experiment was consisted of split plots (main plot : forage crops as rye, barley and wheat, and sub plot 4 harvest stages as boot, heading, milk and dough) design with three replications. The average DM yield for 2 years of rye was higher than that of other forage crops (p<0.01). As stages proceed, the DM yield tended to increase in all forage crops (p<0.01). In chemical composition, they had a difference on forage crops and stages. The crude protein (CP) was higher in barley (p<0.01), but fibrous contents such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lower in wheat than in the other forage crops (p<0.01). In Daejeon area, although barley and wheat at milk and dough stages were observed with maximum yield and high quality as autumn sown forage crops, due to late harvesting periods, it is difficult to utilize them as previous forage crops seeded in maize. Based on the result mentioned above, it is concluded that rye harvested at boot to heading stages is the most suitable fur autumn sown small forage crops in Daejeon area. Meanwhile, in order to have the option of nutritional value in wheat and barley, they need to be supplied early maturing and high-yield variety of wheat and barley.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 1986

Sysnthesis and accumulation pattern or nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cv. Potomac and Baraula, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Reveille and Semperweide and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) cv. Cosmos 11 and N.F.G. were studied under different meteorological environments and cutting managements. The field experiments were conducted as a split plot design with three cutting regimes of 6-7 cuts at grzing stage, 4-5 cuts at silage stage and 3 cuts at hay stage in Korea and West Germany from 1975 to 1979. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumlation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses was influenced by grass species and regional climatic environments. Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue in Korea, taken as average of all cutting regimes, were shown a value of 4.39%, 6.08% and 8.01%, respectively, while those under cool summer climatic condition in West Germany accumulated to 10.42% (orchardgrass), 18.02% (perennial ryegrass) and 12.73% (meadow fescue). 2. Nonstructural carbohydrates in orchardgrass were accumulated mainly as mono-and disaccharose, while those in perennial ryegrass resreved as fructosan. The contents of fructosan and mono-and disaccharose were 1.34% and 3.04% for orchardgrass, 3.25% and 2.83% for perenninal ryegrass, respectively. Meadow fescue had a concentration of 3.93% fructosan and 4.08% mono-and disaccharose. 3. Synthesis and accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate grasses were negative associated with increasing of air temperature (P$\leq$ 0.1%). Under hot stress during summer season in Korea, the contents of fructosan, mono-and disaccharose were decreased to about 0.34% nd 1.28% from a value of 1.34% and 2.69% in spring season. In Freising and Braunschweig, the concentration of reserved carbohydrates was less influenced by growing season. 4. Synthesis and accumulation pattern of nonstructural carbohydrates were shown a great respons to cutting frequency of the plants. Frequent cutting system under high temperature lowered the accumulation of reserved carbohydrates, especially fructosan and also caused to decrease the plant regrowth. However, under cool temperature, it shows a less differences of tructosan, mono-and disaccharose in the plants at all cutting systems.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 1986

The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment (Banvel: 100, 200, U-46: 150, 300, Hedonal: 150, 300, Simazin: 100, 200g/10 a) on change in the botanical composition and dry matter productivity of ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) dominated pasture mixtures. The experiment was laid down as a randomized block design with 4 replications at experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon from 1983 to 1985. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Against ladino clover in mixie grass-clover swards Banvel, U-46 and Hedonal gave good control. The percentage of ladino clover under herbicide tratment decreased to about 1-2%(Banvel), 11-18%(U-46) and 22-31%(Hedonal), respectively, while it increased to 71% in untreated pastures. However, in the second year this trend stated to reverse and occurred clover dominance again in U-46 and Hedonal application, while those remained approximately constant until end of the years under Banvel treatment. Simazin is to be not recommended. 2. The best time for herbicide treatment was found to be late summer before autumn sown 20-25 days. When it applied in early summer weed infestigation by Digitaria spp., Echinochloa spp. and other species was a severe problem. 3. Emergence and early development of introduced pastures were less satisfactory, if it oversown immediatley after herbicide treatments due to its phytotoxical damage. Residual chemicals remained about 7-10 days in topsoils. Perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were slightly less tolerant than the other species. 4. In dry matter, taken as average of three year results, Banvel applied pastures produced the remarkably high yield of 1023 kg/10 a, which is as much as 44% higher than that of untreated plot. Dry matter yields under U-46 and Hedonal treatment were 842 and 811 kg/10 a, respectively. 5. Weender components and net energy concentration were affected by change in the botanical composition. Crude protein and NEL value were slightly higher in clover dominance than those in herbicide treatments. Total yields of net energy lactation, however, were the highest in Banvel application with 5401 MJ and the lowest in untreatment with 3889 MJ-NEL/10 a DM.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 1998

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of chemical and mechanical treatment at mowing on the field drying rate and hay quality of autumn oat (Avena sativa L.). The chemical drying agent/mower conditioner ($K_2CO_3$ 2%, conditioning, $K_2CO_3$ 2% + conditioning and control) were treated at different harvest stages (late boot, heading and bloom stage) for hastening hay manufacture in the autumn of 1996. After field dry, square bales were made by hay baler, and the dry matter(DM) loss and visual estimation of oat hay were evaluated after storing two months. In general, the field drying rate of oat was slow, regardless of harvest stage. Mechanical and chemical + mechanical treatment were effective, but the effectiveness of chemical alone was very low. With mower conditioning, the duration of field dry was shortened by 2 days compared with control. The DM loss of hay was higher at boot stage(51.4%) than at heading stage (21.1%), and the DM loss was reduced by mechanical and chemical + mechanical combined treatment. The visual score (leafiness, green color, odor and softness) of hay after storing was high in mechanical and chemical + mechanical, but the score by chemical alone was very low. The nutritive value (ADF, NDF, digestibility, and relative feed value) of hay was also high with treatment of mechanical and chemical + mechanical, but the quality by chemical alone was similar compared with control. In conclusion, mower conditioning can enhance the field drying rate of autumn oat, but the drying efficiency of the chemical drying agent was very low. However, it is suggested that hay-making of oat in autumn is very hard though using mower conditioner.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of plant growth regulator "Uniconazole-P" on the control of growth and seed producrtion of pasture plants under grown in sward conditions. Four species examined were orchard grass, timothy, red clover and alfalfa. Uniconazole-P concentrations were control(0), 20ppm and 40ppm, and foliar sprayed on canopy structures at the floral differentiation stages of grasses and at the begining of flowering stages of legumes, respectively. 1. Yield components and seed yield components of grasses and legumes were responded differently between Uniconazole-P concentrations, species and the stages of growth. 2. At early heading stages, the plant length and culm length of grasses were reduced by Uniconazole-P treatments. On the contrary, the dry weight of ears per area and chlorophyll concentrations were increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. 3. At seed ripening stages, the number of ears, dry weight of a tiller, dry weight of a ear, dry weight of ears per area and dry weight of seeds in orchardgrass, and the number of ears, dry weight of a ear, dry weight of ears per area, dry weight of seeds and harvest index in timothy were increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. 4. At early flowering stages, the plant length and total length of internodes were reduced by Uniconazole-P treatments. On the contrary, total length of branches and chlorophyll concentrations of red clover and alfalfa were increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. Particularly, the number of inflorescences and dry weight of inflorescences of red clover was increased greatly by Uniconazole-P treatments. 5. At seed ripening stages, the plant length of both of legumes were reduced by Uniconazole-P treatments. On the contrary, the dry weight of a inflorescence, dry weight of inflorescences per area, dry weight of seeds and harvest index of alfalfa was increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. 6. Seed production of grasses by Uniconazole-P treatments can be explained as following processes at each stage of growth. 1) reduced in plant length and culm lengths at early heading stages, 2) increased in number of ears and dry weight of a ear at both of stages, and 3) increased in dry weight of ears per area, dry weight of seeds and harvest index at seed ripening stages. 7. Seed production of legumes by Uniconazole-P treatments can be explained as following processes at each stage of growth. 1) reduced in plant length and total length of internodes and increased in number of branches and total length of branches at early flowering stages, 2) increased in number of inflorescences and dry weight of inflorescences at both of stages, and 3) increased in dry weight of seeds and harvest index at seed ripening stages.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.347-354
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• 2004

Four Holstein cows were used in a 4 ${\times}$ 4 Latin square experiment to study effects of fat sources on rumen metabolism and digestibility of nutrients. All cows were fed a total mixed diets containing 60% silage and 40% concentrate. The four concentrates were formulated to contain either Megalac(MEG), formaldehyde-treated whole linseed(LIN), a mixture (50 : 50, oil basis) of fish oil and formaldehyde-treated whole linseed(MIX), or no fat source in the concentrate but 500g per day of linseed oil being infused into the duodemm (OIL). The rumen pH was lowest in OIL among the treatments(P < 0.05), but ammonia N concentration in the rumen was not significantly different among the treatments. The differences of total VFA, acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate and iso-valerate concentrations were not significant among the treatments. While, butyrate and valerate were highest in OIL and lowest in MEG(P < 0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). In addition, A:P ratio was also highest in OIL and lowest in MEG(P < 0.05). As expected, intake of nutrients(DM, OM, NDF and ADF) was lowest in OIL among the treatments(P < 0.01). However, all nutrients flow to the duodenum, and digestion in the rumen and total tract were not significantly different among the treatments. Intake of N was highest in MEG, but lowest in OIL treatment(P < 0.01). Duodenal flow of total N, nonammonia N and microbial N was not significantly different across the treatments. In addition, microbial synthesis and ammonia N and total N digestibility were not affected by different dietary fat sources. The present results show that fermentative characteristic and microbial efficiency in the rumen, and nutrients digestibility in the rumen and total tract were not depressed by supplementation of as much as 6% dietary fat sources.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

Forage breeding laboratory of National Livestock Research Institute, R.D.A. has made interspecific hybrids of Lolium multiflorum $\times$ L. pratensis and intergeneric hybrids of Lolium $\times$ Festuca since 1984, and has collected ecotypes of Italian ryegrass since 1991. Growth characteristics of these hybrids and ecotypes were researched, and then these clone lines were named. Among these clone lines, the several clones that have polen fertility, high cold-tolerance, and similar heading time were used for making synthetics, Naehan 6, 7, 8, 9, with polycrossing method in 1997. Field experiments were carried out to compare the mophological and agronomical characteristics and forage productivity and quality of the synthetics with those of Italian ryegrass varieties, Barmultra and Hwasan 101. in Suwon and Yonchun from 1999 to 2000. Heading time of the synthetics were 22th to 24th May that belong to late-mature types to be similar to that of Barmultra and Hwasan 101 in Suwon. The synthetics were 101 to 106 c3n in plant length, medium or thick in thickness of stem, dark peen in leaf color, broad and long in flag leaf, strong in lodging resistance, and excellent in regrowth. Winter survivals of the synthetics were no different from that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Suwon, but better than that of Barmultra or Hwasan 101 in Yonchun where was -10 to -12$^{\circ}C$ of minimum average air temperature in January or February. Dry matter(DM) yields of the synthetics were similar to DM 8,238kg per ha of Barmultra in Suwon, but in Yonchun, were more 7 to 13% than DM 7,291kg per ha of Barmultra. Forage qualities, IVDMD, ADF, NDF and TDN of the synthetics were lower than those of Hwasan 101, but higher than those of Barmultra.