• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.67-92
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• 2009

A tugboat (tug) is a boat that maneuvers vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugs move vessels that should not move themselves alone, such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal, or those that cannot move themselves, such as barges, disabled ships, or oil platforms. Tugboats are powerful for their size and strongly built, some are ocean-going. Historically tugboats were the first seagoing vessels to receive steam propulsion, freedom from the restraint of the wind, and capability of going in any direction. As such, they were employed in harbors to assist ships in docking and departure. Towage is in essence a service by one vessel to another vessel for a fixed remuneration. The most common reason for requiring this service is the lack of its own motive power. Conventionally, towage is defined as "the employment of one vessel to expedite the voyage of another, when nothing more is required than the accelerating of her progress". Apart from accelerating vessels, acquiring towage service is a common practice for towing barges, platform of drilling oil, floating ship yards, etc.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.705-711
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• 2019

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urogenital disorder in men, benign tumor and is a typical disease deteriorating the quality of old men's lives, and its prevalence increases with age. Though the molecular pathogenesis of BPH has not yet been clearly revealed, it is known that the variation and aging of the endocrine including sex hormone may cause BPH. Especially the hypertrophy of the prostate cell by the formation of the excessive dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is estimated to cause BPH. If testosterone exists excessively in blood, a lot of DHT is produced in prostate by $5{\alpha}-reductase$. Thus, in this study we tried to analyze haematological change and histopathological change by using the model rat with BPH caused by hypodermic injection of testosterone to prove the effect of Houttuynia cordata extracts on BPH. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: no treatment group (N), the testosterone injection and D.W treatment group (DO), the testosterone injection and Houttuynia cordata treatment group (HO) and testosterone injection and finasteride treatment group (FO). Prostate weight, volume and weight ratio in the HO and FO groups were significantly lower than the DO group. Testosterone and DHT levels in the HO group were significantly lower than the DO group. The HO and FO groups showed trophic symptoms and were lined by flattened epithelial cells, thus, the stromal proliferation is relatively low as compared to the DO group. These results suggest that Houttuynia cordata may control benign prostatic hyperplasia.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 2018

Beta glucan was purified from Phellinus baumii and tested for its effect on the group performance of ants, a principal model of eusociality and of superorganisms. Japanese carpenter ants (Camponotus japonicus) were reared on diets containing beta glucans to characterize their effects on eusociality. Culturing structures for ants were assembled by implanting autoclaved soil into polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Three different eusocial strength indices were used to study the effect of beta glucan extract (BGE) on eusocial activities - the number of residence chambers, cooperative defense index (CDI), and group size and composition. Control, low- BGE, and high-BGE diets were prepared with the following three levels of BGE supplements in sucrose powder: 0, 20, and 50% (g/g). More residence chambers were observed in the BGE-fed groups than in the control. The CDI against a foreign queen ant was calculated according to the time taken to subdue the foreign queen. The high-BGE group took less time to complete their defense formation than the other groups. Differences were evident between control and BGE-fed groups in the total numbers of ants and eggs. The BGE-fed groups showed a significant increase in both the number of workers and the number of eggs. When fed with BGE, ants responded positively for all three eusocial strength indices. These results show that BGE exerts beneficial effects on the eusociality of ants as a superorganism.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.26-40
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• 2021

This study aims to propose improvement plans and directions of existing policies to build a Barrier-Free city for the socially underprivileged. We conducted correlation analysis and T-test based on the results of a survey of the general public including the socially underprivileged to understand how their satisfaction with the use of facilities close to their daily lives, such as housing, sales·business facilities, affects their happiness. The results are as follows: First of all, the socially underprivileged experienced discomfort and barriers in urban life more than the privileged, and there was a negative(-) correlation between the degree of discomfort and barrier that the socially underprivileged experienced and happiness in urban life. Second, as a result of analyzing the difference in satisfaction with the life·welfare·leisure environment indicators, the satisfaction with the life environment showed a significant difference between the socially underprivileged and the privileged, and it was found that satisfaction in the life environment had the greatest effect on happiness to the socially underprivileged. We examined the current status and the spatial distribution of BF-certified facilities, one of the representative policies for the socially underprivileged to support their urban life without any obstacles, based on the above outcome, and most certified facilities were concentrated in welfare environment. In addition, we used ArcGIS to analyze that BF-certified facilities have been being supplied to people who really need them and saw that the spatial distribution of the socially underprivileged (elderly, children, and infant) and the distribution of BF certification facilities were somewhat consistent, but were intensively supplied to urban areas.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.13-24
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• 2020

In modern society, the number of one-person households is increasing significantly. In particular, one-person households have rapidly increased around local small and medium-sized cities. This study examines the characteristics of local small and medium-sized cities by factor and cluster analysis. Analysis of variance are applied to the characteristics of one-person household in different local cities to find the relationship between different types of cities and the characteristics of one-person households. As a result of the study, local small and medium-sized cities are classified into growth stagnation cities, industrial leading cities, regional base cities, and population outflow cities. It is also found that there are several different types of local cities based on the characteristics of one-person households. The growth stagnation city is a city where the regional economy is revitalized due to the development of regional industries in the past. One-person households have a small age group in their 30s and 40s, which are the basis of industrial activities. They have a high proportion of older generation living in more than three rooms in their homes. It is necessary to supply long-term public rental housing and share houses for older generation. The leading city of the industry is a city where the local economy is revitalized as workers are concentrated. One-person households are evenly distributed among all age groups, and the apartment occupancy rate is the highest compared to other types. It is necessary to provide happy housing for youth generation and reconstruction or renovation housing of manhood generation. The regional base city leads the regional base function and the regional economy, but it has reduced workers. Many of one-person households are younger than 30 years old and college educated. They are also high rate of unmarried and live at one room as rental houses. It is needed to expand the supply of small houses such as apartments, officetels and rented houses for youth generation. The population outflow city has a slow local economy and a rural residential environment. It is found that the households of one-person households have high rate of bereavement and the age. They live more than four rooms in single-family homes. It is necessary not only to provide welfare housing but also to create a sound residential environment where cultural exchange is possible.

• Food Industry
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• s.181
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• pp.10-37
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• 2004

식용유지는 식용으로 이용할 수 있는 가시적인 상태의 액상(oil) 또는 고체상(fat)의 식용기름을 말하지만 식품산업 측면에서는 가시적인 상태의 유지(가시지방)뿐만 아니라 유지가공 식품이나 기타의 식품에 함유되어 섭취되는 비가시적인 상태의 유지(비가지 지방)도 포함될 수 있다. 식용유지는 생명을 유지하는데 없어서는 안될 영양소로서 탄수화물 단백질과 함께 3대 영양소 중의 하나이며 1g당 9kcal를 내는 고도로 농축된 에너지원이면서 필수지방산의 공급원이고 비타민 A, D, E 등의 지용성 비타민과 기타 특수한 영양성분의 운반체로서 높은 영양적 가치를 갖는다. 지방성분은 음식물로부터 섭취가 불가능할 경우에는 체내에서 탄수화물이나 단백질을 기질로 하는 대사과정에서 합성되어 지질 또는 필수지방산과 지용성 비타민은 식품으로 지방질과 함께 흡수되어야 하므로 식품의 한 성분으로 지방의 중요성을 인정받고 있다. 1960년대 이후 국민소득의 증가와 함께 식생활도 다양화되고 서구화 간편화되면서 지방 함량이 높은 식품과 유지를 이용한 식품의 소비가 증가하였고 전체적인 유지 소비량도 늘어나는 추세에 있다. 60년대 초에는 총열량 중 지방이 차지하는 비율이 $6\%$ 정도였으나 최근에는 급격히 증가되어 2000년말 현재 $25.5\%$로 증가하였다. 97년까지 계속 증가하던 공급 에너지량은 98년 IMF의 영향으로 2,799 kcal까지 감소했으나 99년 들어 IMF 이전 수준으로 회복되었다. 또한 연간 일인당 순 식용유지류 공급량은 1990년대 까지 급격히 증가하였으나 이후로는 소폭 증가하는 추세이다. 2000년말 현재 식용유지 총 공급량은 76만2 천톤으로써 99년 73만5 천톤에 비해 2.7만톤이 증가하였다. 1998년 IMF 시기를 제외하고는 공급물량은 계속해서 증가 추세이다. 특히 1998년도에 비하여 2000년도에 식물성 유지는 2배 가까이 증가하였으나, 동물성 유지는 절반 이하로 감소되는 추세이며 공급물량으로 보면 대두유, 팜유가 주요 유종으로 식물유지 전체에서 차지하는 비중이 $72.3\%$로 압도적이다. 라면용 튀김기름과 마가린 쇼트닝의 원료로서 대부분 사용되는 팜유를 제외하고 가정용 식용유의 대부분을 차지하는 대두유가 이처럼 식용유지 시장의 대부분을 차지하게 된 이유는 첫째, 90년대 초반 수입 자유화 이후 타 유종 대비 낮은 가격을 형성하여 유지업체가 수입을 늘린 것이고 둘째로는 국내에서 대두유와 대두박을 생산하는 대두가공업체의 안정적 대두유 공급이 주요 원인이라고 할 수 있다. 식용유지의 시장규모는 식품공전상 식용유지로 분류된 제품들의 2000년도 출하액으로 보면 약 6,616 억원 정도이다. 한편 유종이 단순했던 가정용 식용유지 시장이 최근 새로워지고 있다. 주로 조리용으로 사용했던 것에서 건강을 생각하는 품목으로 바뀌는 경향이다. 아직은 가정용에서 대두유가 가장 많지만 옥배유나 채종유 더 나아가 건강이미지의 식용유인 홍화유 올리브유 해바라기유등이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 한편 기존 식용유가 비만의 원인인 것 때문에 기피되던 것에서 새롭게 다이어트용 식용유 제품이 출시되어 시장에 새 바람이 불고 있다. 일본 식용유지 시장규모는 물량으로 172 만톤, 금액으로는 2,786 억엔(약 2조7860 억원) 수준이다. 지난 10년간 증가율은 물량 측면에서 약 $5\%$정도 신장하고 금액으로는 큰 증감이 없었다. 식용유는 조리의 기초 소재로서 안정한 수요를 갖고 있지만 주요 유종인 샐러드유의 가격이 하락하여, 전체적으로 시장이 물량이 증가하면서도 매출액이 신장하지 못하여 시장규모는 축소되었다고 할 수 있다. 일본 식용유지 업계의 제품동향을 보면 거의 모든 업체가 가정용 시장에서 건강 기능성 식용유지를 출시하고 있다는 점이다. 물론 일본은 건강기능성 식품에 대한 제도적인 뒷 받침이 되어 있어 기능성 식품의 시장출시가 용이한 점이 가정용 시장에 큰 영향을 미쳤다고 볼 수 있다. 유지 산업의 고부가가치화를 위해서는 전통적인 산업의 제품과 기술만으로는 달성하기 어렵다. 국내와 일본 식용유지 업계의 경향을 참고해 볼 때 차별화된 식용유지 제품과 기술의 개발이 절실히 필요하다. 앞서 언급한 고부가가치 제품과 기술 관련 사향을 바탕으로 국내 유지분야가 중점적으로 연구할 분야를 선정해 보면 리파제의 고정화 연구, 생물공학 기술을 활용한 효소의 개발과 이를 이용한 유지 가공 기술 연구, 유지성분의 유화 안정화 기술 연구, 식용유지의 선택적 수소경화 기술 연구 트랜스 지방산 저감기술연구, 효소 반응조 설계기술 연구, 지질 분자구조 분석기술 연구 분야 등이 유망하다. 상기와 같은 연구 분야를 육성하기 위해서는 유지 전문 인력의 육성, 해외 네트웍의 구축, 산학연 공동연구 추진, 국가적 차원의 정책 및 지원 등이 절실하다.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.25-30
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• 2008

Purpose: In this paper, we have analyzed the problems of the Oh's report which is used to the basic data for supply and demand of medical technicians and studied a proposal for improvement to control system and supply and demand of korean optometrists. Methods: We have analyzed errors of Oh's report including supply and demand for medical technicians and management policy, expecting number for future optician, inaccurate estimation by limited data (employment rate, retirement rate, mortality rate) and an incorrect method of measurement for future supply and demand. Results: Oh's report showed the 18% error for estimation of supply which exclude the irregular entrance students. The estimation of supply was calculated by graduation rate 62.6% (college and University of Technology are 78.9% and 85.98% respectively), employment rate 65.8% (the average employment between 2002 and 2007 is 73.96%) and retirement rate is 2.3% (the retirement of pharmacists is 1.3%) but it showed the significant differences to objective data. For estimate the suitable ratio of optometrists to the population, the ratio use of medical facilities by an age group was used, and suggested spectacle wearers 1,280 persons (populations 2,928 persons) per optometrist but the different from reference of Germany (4,706 persons), America (1,789 persons) and Korea (1,825 persons/an optometrist) are applied to estimation on supply. This report applied the low employment rate and argued that maintain the present situation, but claimed that utilize unemployment persons. The above result has induced double weighting effect on estimation of supply. Conclusions: To solve the related problems of supply and demand, we have to make a search for exact data and optimum application model, have to take an example of nation similar job category as Germany and the research result of the job satisfaction into consideration. After we get the integrated research result, we must carried out the policy with fairness and balance for the estimation of supply and demand. Therefore exact research is required prior to beginning policy establishment, government and related group have to make a clear long-term plan and permanent organization for medical technician to establish supply and demand of medical technician.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2002

Hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth) which is legume fur winter cover crop can supply nitrogen for companion crop and soil. The purpose of this study was to improve the forage quality and productivity using forage crop and hairy vetch in winter season fer three years. The results of this experiments were summarized as follows. Plant height of rye was decreased but hairy vetch was increased. The heading stage of rye did not show difference among the treatments. The content of dry mater(DM) was decreased with increased ratio of hairy vetch/rye but it did not show significant difference between seeding methods. Crude protein(CP) content tended to increase in mixture plots. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and NDF(neutral detergent fiber) content of mixture plots were lower than that of rye mono-cultivated. In vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) and TDN(total digestible nutrient) content were showed inverted tendency. The highest DM yield was in rye mono-cultivated, but it was similar between mono-cultivated and mixture I (P<0.05). In the CP yield, it did not show the significant difference between rye mono-culture and mixture I . The content of total nitrogen in soil showed slight increase as 0.06∼0.08%. Conclusively, mixture I showed equal or superior productivity and quality comparing with rye mono-cultivated, mixture I would be recommended to produce higher yield and to conserve soil environment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 2003

This study was conducted to develop a technology for raising seedlings hydroponically using the bed in which the seedlings grew in nutrient solution without soil. In order to establish the optimum EC value of nutrient solution, six initial EC values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 dS/m and control) of Yoshida's hydroponic solution were examined. Seedling height and dry weight increased with increasing below EC up to 3.0 dS/m, but showed no significant increase at higher than EC 3.0 dS/m. Nutrient solution with initial EC of 3.0 dS/m was good to be dropped down nearly to 1 dS/m after 15-day seedling culture. But those with initial EC of 4.0 and 5.0 dS/m were judged not appropriate because of high EC value in waste nutrient solution. Utilization efficiency of minerals of nutrient solution and rice endosperm was higher on the whole at initial EC of 2.0-3.0 dS/m. Considering seedling growth and utilization efficiency of supplied nutrient solution, initial EC is judged to be suitable at 3.0 dS/m.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 2002

Twenty four Hanwoo bulls(mean initial body weight 162$\pm$8.1kg) were employed to induce the regression equations on body weight gain and dry matter intake. The diets were fed in a 3${\times}$4 factorial arrangement; three roughage sources(rice straw, hay, corn silage) and four roughage ratios in ration(100, 60, 40, 20%). Bulls were alloted by incomplete turn over design with four replications. Daily body weight gain was greatest in bulls fed the corn silage as a roughage source and the 20% of roughage ratio, respectively. Bulls fed hay or corn silage only as feed kept in their body weight gain during the whole experimental period, however those fed rice straw only were in a negative body gain hereafter fatteningⅠperiod(350kg of body wt.). Dry matter intake per metabolizable body weight was decreased with increasing body weight. Dry matter intake was greatest in bulls fed the corn silage as a roughage source and the 20% of roughage ratio, respectively. The regression equations on daily body weight gain(DG, kg) and dry matter intake(DMI, kg/day) according to body weight(BW, kg) of Hanwoo bulls were derived as follows; DG = －0.842 + 17.5DMI/$BWkg^{0.75}$ DMI = 4.125 + 0.013BW + 1.075DG － 0.045NDF where, NDF is the percentage of neutral detergent fiber in ration.