• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.323-323
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• 2023

유역의 증발산량 자료는 물순환 과정을 규명하는 매우 중요한 자료 중의 하나이며, 물순환 성분별 명확한 산정 결과는 수자원 개발과 물환경 보전에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 임진강 유역(유역출구(한강합류점) 기준, 유역면적 8,138.9km²)을 대상으로 5개년(2018~2022) 기상관측자료를 이용하여 증발산량을 산정하였으며, 그 외의 수문관측자료를 통해 물수지 분석도 수행하였다. 증발산량 산정은 세계식량기구(FAO)에서 제시한 Penman-Monteith equation을 적용하여 일별증발산량을 산정하였으며, 작물의 종류에 따른 계수는 잔디의 경우를 채택하였다. 본 방정식을 통해 산정된 증발산량(ET_o)은 기준작물에 수분의 공급에 제한이 없는 상황에서 산정된 기준 증발산량(reference evapotranspiration)을 의미하며, 기준 증발산량을 실제 증발산량으로 변환하기 위해서는 작물계수를 고려해야 한다. 작물계수는 식생의 높이, 알베도, 식생의 저항, 토양으로부터의 증발 등의 영향을 받게 되나, 더욱더 명확하게는 식물에서의 증산을 설명하는 기본 작물계수와 토양에서의 증발을 설명하는 토양계수의 합을 통해 계수를 산정하게 된다. 임진강 유역에 공간적으로 분포된 작물계수를 정확히 산정하기에는 한계가 있으므로 잔디의 경우로 한정하여 산정된 기준 증발량은 833.0mm(5개년 평균값)이다. 각 물순환 성분별로 생성된 임진강 유역의 5개년 평균값인 유역평균강우량은 1,412.9mm이며, 하천유출량은 804.9mm(유역평균강우량 대비 57.0%), 실제 증발산량은 442.3mm(유역평균강우량 대비 31.3%, 기준 증발산량 대비 약 53.0%), 유역저류량은 165.7mm(유역평균강우량 대비 11.7%)이다. 유역평균강우량은 8개 관측소(양덕, 원산, 신계, 개성, 평강, 철원, 동두천, 파주) 강우량의 유역평균값이며, 하천유출량은 유역출구의 상류 관측소인 비룡대교 관측소(유역면적 6,784.0km²) 유출량의 유역면적비 적용값이다. 실제 증발산량은 기준 증발산량 산정값에 해당 유역내 존재하는 설마천 유역의 기준 증발산량과 실제 증발산량 비율(약 53.0%)을 적용한 값이며, 유역저류량은 전제적인 물수지 분석을 통해 얻어진 추정값이다. 이와 같이 산정된 물순환 성분별 자료는 유역의 물순환 과정 규명을 위한 기초자료로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있으며, 유역 물관리를 위한 의사결정 과정에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2023

유역의 증발산량 자료는 물순환 과정을 규명하는 매우 중요한 자료 중의 하나이며, 물순환 성분별 명확한 산정 결과는 수자원 개발과 물환경 보전에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국건설기술연구원에서 운영하는 설마천 유역(전적비교 수위관측소 기준, 유역면적 8.48km²)의 5개년(2018~2022) 기상관측자료를 이용하여 증발산량을 산정하였으며, 그 외 강우량, 하천유출량, 지하수함양량 자료를 이용하여 물수지 분석도 수행하였다. 증발산량 산정은 세계식량기구(FAO)에서 제시한 Penman-Monteith equation을 적용하여 일별 증발산량을 산정하였으며, 작물의 종류에 따른 계수는 잔디의 경우를 채택하였다. 본 방법을 통해 산정된 증발산량(ET₀)은 기준작물에 수분의 공급에 제한이 없는 상황에서 산정된 기준 증발산량(reference evapotranspiration)을 의미하며, 기준 증발산량을 실제 증발산량으로 변환하기 위해서는 작물계수를 고려해야 한다. 작물계수는 식생의 높이, 알베도, 식생의 저항, 토양으로부터의 증발 등의 영향을 받게 되나, 더욱더 명확하게는 식물에서의 증산을 설명하는 기본 작물계수와 토양에서의 증발을 설명하는 토양계수의 합을 통해 계수를 산정하게 된다. 설마천 유역에 공간적으로 분포된 작물계수를 정확히 산정하기에는 한계가 있으므로 잔디의 경우로 한정하여 산정된 기준증발량은 885.9mm(5개년 평균값)이다. 각 물순환 성분별로 생성된 설마천 유역의 5개년 평균값인 유역평균강우량은 1,307.3mm이며, 하천유출량은 799.7mm(유역평균강우량 대비 61.2%), 실제 증발산량은 469.5mm(유역평균강우량 대비 35.9%, 기준 증발산량 대비 약 53.0%), 유역저류량은 38.1mm(유역평균강우량 대비 2.9%)이다. 유역평균강우량은 3개 관측소(감악산, 설마리, 전적비교) 강우량의 유역평균값이며, 하천유출량은 유역출구의 수위-유량관계곡선식 환산유량, 유역저류량은 과거년(2012~2018)의 지하수 관측자료를 통해 산정된 지하수함양량을 기초로 하였다. 그리고 실제 증발산량은 기준 증발산량 산정값과 전체적인 물수지 분석을 통해 얻어진 값이다. 이와 같이 산정된 물순환 성분별 자료는 유역의 물순환 과정 규명을 위한 기초자료로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있으며, 유역 물관리를 위한 의사결정 과정에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.393-404
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• 2022

Reliable terrestrial rainfall observations from satellites at finer spatial resolution are essential for urban hydrological and microscale agricultural demands. Although various traditional "top-down" approach-based satellite rainfall products were widely used, they are limited in spatial resolution. This study aims to assess the potential of a novel "bottom-up" approach for rainfall estimation, the parameterized SM2RAIN model, applied to the C-band SAR Sentinel-1 satellite data (SM2RAIN-S1), to generate high-spatial-resolution terrestrial rainfall estimates (0.01° grid/6-day) over Central South Korea. Its performance was evaluated for both spatial and temporal variability using the respective rainfall data from a conventional reanalysis product and rain gauge network for a 1-year period over two different sub-regions in Central South Korea-the mixed forest-dominated, middle sub-region and cropland-dominated, west coast sub-region. Evaluation results indicated that the SM2RAIN-S1 product can capture general rainfall patterns in Central South Korea, and hold potential for high-spatial-resolution rainfall measurement over the local scale with different land covers, while less biased rainfall estimates against rain gauge observations were provided. Moreover, the SM2RAIN-S1 rainfall product was better in mixed forests considering the Pearson's correlation coefficient (R = 0.69), implying the suitability of 6-day SM2RAIN-S1 data in capturing the temporal dynamics of soil moisture and rainfall in mixed forests. However, in terms of RMSE and Bias, better performance was obtained with the SM2RAIN-S1 rainfall product over croplands rather than mixed forests, indicating that larger errors induced by high evapotranspiration losses (especially in mixed forests) need to be included in further improvement of the SM2RAIN.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.667-681
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of a Land Surface Model (LSM) for drought analysis in Korea. For evaluating the applicability of the model, the model was calibrated on several upper dam site watersheds and the hydrological components (runoff and soil moisture) were simulated over the whole South Korea at grid basis. After converting daily series of runoff and soil moisture data to accumulated time series (3, 6, 12 months), drought indices such as SRI and SSI are calculated through frequency analysis and standardization of accumulated probability. For evaluating the drought indices, past drought events are investigated and drought indices including SPI and PDSI are used for comparative analysis. Temporal and spatial analysis of the drought indices in addition to hydrologic component analysis are performed to evaluate the reproducibility of drought severity as well as relieving of drought. It can be concluded that the proposed indices obtained from the LSM model show good performance to reflect the historical drought events for both spatially and temporally. From this point of view, the LSM can be useful for drought management. It leads to the conclusion that these indices are applicable to domestic drought and water management.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.837-847
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• 2017

Land Surface Model (LSM) was developed for the Soyang river basin located in Korean Peninsula to clarify the spatio-temporal variability of hydrological weather parameters. Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was used as a LSM. The spatial resolution of the model was 10 km and the time resolution was 1 day. Based on the daily flow data from 2007 to 2010, the 7 parameters of the model were calibrated using the Isolated Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and the model was verified using the daily flow data from 2011 to 2014. The model showed a Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient of 0.90 and a correlation coefficient of 0.95 for both calibration and validation periods. The hydrometeorological variables estimated for the Soyang river basin reflected well the seasonal characteristics of summer rainfall concentration, the change of short and shortwave radiation due to temperature change, the change of surface temperature, the evaporation and vegetation increase in the cover layer, and the corresponding change in total evapotranspiration. The model soil moisture data was compared with in-situ soil moisture data. The slope of the trend line relating the two data was 1.087 and correlation coefficient was 0.723 for the Spring, Summer and Fall season. The result of this study suggests that the LSM can be used as a powerful tool in developing precise and efficient water resources plans by providing accurate understanding on the spatio-temporal variation of hydrometeorological variables.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.409-416
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• 2020

An extreme climate monitoring is essential to the reduction of socioeconomic damages from extreme events. The objective of this study was to produce the near-realtime weekly root-zone Soil Moisture Index (SMI) on the basis of soil moisture using the Noah 3.3 Land Surface Model (LSM) for potentially monitoring extreme drought events. The Yangtze basin was selected to evaluate the Noah LSM performance for the East Asia region (15-60°N, 70-150°E) and the evapotranspiration (ET) and sensible heat flux (SH) were compared with ET and SH from FluxNet and with ET from FluxCom, Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), ERA-5, and Generalized Complementary Relationship (GCR). For the ET, the coefficients of determination (R²) were higher than 0.96, while the R² value for the SH was 0.71 with slightly lower than those. A time series of the weekly root-zone SMI revealed that the regions with Extreme drought had been expanded from the northern part of East China to the entire East China between July to October 2019. The trend analysis of the number of extreme drought events showed that extreme drought events in spring had reduced in South Korea over the past 20 years, while those in fall had a tendency to increase. It is concluded that this study can be useful to reduce the socioeconomic damages resulted from climate extremes by comprehensively characterizing extreme drought events.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to provide the basis information for ecological conservation and restoration of Jangdo wetland conservation area through the survey of vegetation diversity and spatial distribution characteristics. Syntaxonomic account of plant communities were carried out field survey by Z.-M. school method at 14 sites and relationship analysis between plant community and environment variables with Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA). Based on the floristic composition, all the plots were classified into xeric and hydric type and arranged in seven plant communities. Spatial distribution of plant communities is determined primarily by the soil moisture condition and amount of organic matter. Hydric vegetation is around 8% ($7,337m^2$) of the protected area and distributed swamp forest of dominating willows under 18 years. Proliferation of willows are recognised extended from edge to centre after in 1990's caused by fallow and control of livestock grazing on wetland. Jangdo wetland will have to readjust the protection boundary because wet meadow zone and swamp forest have been distributed outside the protection area.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.155-163
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find out suitable rootzone profile, irrigation system, and turfgrass species for roof turf garden. Treatments of profile with soil amendment were Mixture I: Perlite(PL)60％＋Vermiculite(VC)20％＋Peatmoss(PM)20％, Mixture II: PL60％＋VC 10％＋PM20％＋Sand(SD)10％, Mixture III: PL60％＋VC20％＋PM20％ and Mixture IV: PL60％＋VC10％＋PM20％＋SD10％＋Styrofoam 5cm as a drain layer. To test trickle irrigation for roof garden, intervals of main pipe spacing(50cm, 100cm) and drop hole distance(15, 20, 30, 50 and 100cm)were treated, To select most suitable turfgrass species or mixture, Bermudagrass 'Konwoo', Zoysiagrass 'Konhee' and cool-season grass(Kentucky Bluegrass 80％ ＋ Perennial Ryegrass 20％, Tall Fescue 30％ ＋ KB50％ ＋ PR 20％)were tested. In particle size analysis, the soil amendments Perlite and vermiculite showed very even distribution, however, peatmoss contained mostly coarse particles with fiber over $\Phi$ 4.75mm. Under field moisture condition, vermiculite and peatmoss showed 350％ water holding capacity, on the other hand, sand or Perlite showed 115％ and 166％, respectively. Total weight of soil profile was 139.2kg/$m^2$ with Styrofoam drain layer without sand, which showed most lightest among treatments. Turf quality also resulted positve with Styrofoam drain layer installation. On trickle irrigation system, the proper interval of main drain pipe spacing and drop hole distance were 50cm and 50cm, respectively, In irrigation frequency, once per a day for 15 minute irrigation with 2 1/hr showed the best results on turf quality. Among turfgrass species or cool season grass mixture, warm season turfgrass fine leaf type zoysiagrass 'Konhee' and Bermudagrass 'Konwoo' showed very acceptable result on all over the treatments of rootzone and irrigation system. To apply cool season grasses for the roof garden, advanced researches may be needed to establish the proper soil amendment, rootzone profile, and irrigation system, Application of Bermudagrass 'Konwoo' for roof turf garden also needs successive tests to overcome winter injuries.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.31-41
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• 2015

This research is primarily intended to explore a novel way to monitor desiccation of inland wetland by combining MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The changes for vegetation and water condition on Upo Wetland located at southeastern Korea were investigated by MNDWI and NDVI derived from 2002, 2010 and 2015 Landsat data. The integrated use of MNDWI and NDVI made it possible to identify area-wide vegetation cover changes and to assess water storage changes on multi-annual time scales simultaneously. Comparing MNDWI with NDVI reveals the quantitative evidences for anthropogenic and environmental influences (such as road, building, water) causing an accelerated wetland desiccation. In fact, our monitoring approach raises critical issues regarding the hydrological cycle and its inter-annual changes for inland wetland under threat of drying up and highlights the important role of MNDWI and NDVI integration for any urgent or long-term treatment plan. This research presents scientific and objective evidences to support integrated approach of NDVI and MNDWI in exploring drying up trends of wetlands.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

To designate rural landscape spatially, land use and topographic features for 383 of "Ri"s or "Dong", which is a basic administrative unit in Korea, were analyzed using GIS application. We have categorized rural landscape into three types such as agricultural, natural and urban landscape by land use. On the basis of spatial landscape pattern, rural area could be classified into 6 groups of Mountainous area (MA), Mountainous village area (MV), Developing mountainous village area (DM), Plain agricultural area (PA), Developing plain village area (DP) and Urbanized area (UA) according to the ratios of land for agricultural and urban use as the criteria. In MA, the ratio of upland area including orchard was slightly larger than that of paddy, while that of paddy was about 1.5 times larger than upland in other groups. Forested area was distributed more than two-thirds among natural landscape area in MA, MV and DM. In plain types (PA and DP), the ratio of irrigated paddy was extremely larger than partially irrigated paddy and the ratio of water body area among the natural landscape area was two times as large as that of forested area. The ratio of land for industrial and livestock facilities among urban landscape area were 20% or more in MV, DM and DP, and it means that these facilities are mainly distributed in the developing ru ral area where residents and industry are closely related each other. According to the relative ratio of sloped land of 6 categorized areas, the MA area have lots of land with E and F slopes and MV and DM have all grades of sloped land evenly distributed in relative to other types of rural landscape. It has been showed that PA, DP and UA occupied more than two-thirds of land with A or B slope. In case of the analysis of topological distribution in 6 types of rural landscape, there were overwhelmingly lager highland areas in MA. Conclusively, we have confirmed that 6 types of rural landscape classified by land use pattern in 3 categorized areas such as agricultural, natural and urban landscape area would be useful for the management of rural area. For development of sustainable agriculture and the preservation of rural amenity, proper management ways should be properly applied according to rural landscape patterns.