• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.3C
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• pp.398-407
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• 2004

In this paper, a blind watermarking method which is suitable to the video compression using 2-D discrete wavelet transform was proposed and implemented into the hardware using VHDL(VHSIC Hardware Description Language). The goal of the proposed watermarking algorithm is the authentication about the manipulation of the watermark embedded image and the detection of the error positions. Considering the compressed video image, the proposed watermarking scheme is unrelated to the quantization and is able to concurrently embed or extract the watermark. We experimentally verified that the lowest frequency subband(LL4) is not sensitive to the change in the spatial domain, so LL4 subband was selected for the mark space. And the combination of the bitplanes which has the properties of both the minimum degradation of the image and the robustness was chosen as the embedded Point in the mark space in LL4 subband. Since we know the watermark embedded positions and the watermark is embedded by not varying the value but changing the value, the watermark can be extracted without the original image. Also, for the security when exposing the watermark embedded position, we embed the encrypted watermark by the block cipher. The proposed watermark algorithm shows the robustness against the general image manipulation and is easily transplanted into the image or video compressor with the minimal changing in the structure. The designed hardware has 4037 LABs(24％) and 85 ESBs(3％) in APEX20KC EP20K400CF672C7 FPGA of Altera and stably operates in 82MHz clock frequency.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2017

PCI Express is a bus technology that connects the processor and the peripheral I/O devices that widely used as an industry standard because it has the characteristics of high-speed, low power. In addition, PCI Express is system interconnect technology such as Ethernet and Infiniband used in high-performance computing and computer cluster. PGAS(partitioned global address space) programming model is often used to implement the one-sided RDMA(remote direct memory access) from multi-host systems, such as computer clusters. In this paper, we design and implement a OpenSHMEM API based on PCI Express maintaining the existing features of OpenSHMEM to implement RDMA based on PCI Express. We perform experiment with implemented OpenSHMEM API through a matrix multiplication example from system which PCs connected with NTB(non-transparent bridge) technology of PCI Express. The PCI Express interconnection network is currently very expensive and is not yet widely available to the general public. Nevertheless, we actually implemented and evaluated a PCI Express based interconnection network on the RDK evaluation board. In addition, we have implemented the OpenSHMEM software stack, which is of great interest recently.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.197-210
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• 2012

The KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite(KOMPSAT)-2 has a capability to provide a cross-track stereo imagery using two different orbits for generating various spatial information. However, in order to fully realize the potential of the KOMPSAT-2 stereo imagery in terms of mapping, various tests are necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility of mapping using the KOMPSAT-2 stereo imagery. For this, digital plotting was conducted based on the stereoscopic images. Also the Digital Elevation Model(DEM) and an ortho-image were generated using digital plotting results. An accuracy of digital plotting, DEM, and ortho-image were evaluated by comparing with the existing data. Consequently, we found that horizontal and vertical error of the modeling results based on the Rational Polynomial Coefficient(RPC) was less than 1.5 meters compared with the Global Positioning System(GPS) survey results. The maximum difference of vertical direction between the plotted results in this study and the existing digital map on the scale of 1/5,000 was more than 5 meters according as the topographical characteristics. Although there were some irregular parallax on the images, we realized that it was possible to interpret and plot at least seventy percent of the layer which was required the digital map on the scale of 1/5,000. Also an accuracy of DEM, which was generated based on the digital plotting, was compared with the existing LiDAR DEM. We found that the ortho-images, which were generated using the extracted DEM in this study, sufficiently satisfied with the requirement of the geometric accuracy for an ortho-image map on the scale of 1/5,000.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.9
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• pp.767-776
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• 2014

Changes in climate have largely increased concentrated heavy rainfall, which in turn is causing enormous damages to humans and properties. Floods are one of the most deadly and damaging natural disasters known to mankind. The flood forecasting and warning system concentrates on reducing injuries, deaths, and property damage caused by floods. Therefore, the exact relationship and the spatial variability analysis of hydrometeorological elements and characteristic factors is critical elements to reduce the uncertainty in rainfall-runoff model. In this study, grid resolution depending on the topographic factor in rainfall-runoff models presents how to respond. semi-distribution of rainfall-runoff model using the model GRM simulated and calibrated rainfall-runoff in the Gamcheon and Naeseongcheon watershed. To run the GRM model, input grid data used rainfall (two event), DEM, landuse and soil. This study selected cell size of 500 m(basic), 1 km, 2 km, 5 km, 10 km and 12 km. According to the resolution of each grid, in order to compare simulation results, the runoff hydrograph has been made and the runoff has also been simulated. As a result, runoff volume and peak discharge which simulated cell size of DEM 500 m~12 km were continuously reduced. that results showed decrease tendency. However, input grid data except for DEM have not contributed increase or decrease runoff tendency. These results showed that the more increased cell size of DEM make the more decreased slope value because of the increased horizontal distance.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.252-257
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• 2005

A high-brightness electron beam source for a microfocus X-ray tube has been fabricated using a carbon-nanotube (CNT) field emitter. The electron source consists of cathode that includes a CNT field emitter, a beam-extracting grid, and an anode that accelerates that electron beam. The microfocus X-ray tube requires an electron beam with the diameter of less than 5 $\mu$m and beam current of higher than 30 $\mu$A at the position of the X-ray target. To satisfy the requirements, the geometries of the field emitter tips and the electrodes of the gun was optimized by calculating the electron trajectories and beam spatial profile with EGUN code. The CNT tips were fabricated with successive steps: a tungsten wire with the diameter of 200 $\mu$m was chemically etched and was subsequently coated with CNTs by chemical vapor deposition. The experiments of electron emission at the fabricated CNT tips were performed. The design characteristics and basic experimental results of the electron source are reported.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.782-782
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• 2012

지금까지 우리나라에서는 도시하수, 공장폐수 등의 점오염원에 국한하여 중점적으로 수질관리를 실행하여 부분적으로 효과를 얻을 수 있었으나, 하천과 호소의 수질은 크게 향상되지 않고 있다. 이는 급속한 도시화와 산업발달로 토지개발이 가속화되고 대지, 도로, 주차장 등 불투수층 면적이 늘어남에 따라 비점오염원에 의한 하천, 호소의 수질영향도가 커지고 있기 때문이다. 인구증가로 인해 물 사용량 뿐만 아니라 이에 따라 배출되는 오염원의 종류 및 오염부하량 역시 함께 증가하고 있다. 장래의 수질관리 성공여부는 비점오염원의 효율적인 관리여부가 큰 변수로 작용할 것으로 본다. 따라서 공공수역의 수질관리를 위해서는 토지이용과 지역특성을 고려한 비점오염원 부하량의 합리적인 조사, 오염 부하량 절감을 위한 관리기술의 개발, 비점오염원 관리정책의 개발 및 수질모형을 이용한 정확한 수질예측 등이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공간정보를 바탕으로 한 낙동강 유역에서의 비점오염원 정량화 분석을 수행하고자 한다. 우선 대상유역으로 낙본 G유역을 선정하여 이에 대한 조사를 통해 점오염원의 실측자료를 구축하고 이를 HSPF의 입력하여 모의를 수행하여 대상유역에 대한 실측치를 이용해 모형의 보정과 검증을 수행한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 도출된 결과는 대상유역의 총 오염량을 의미한다. 따라서 위의 과정에서 도출된 매개변수를 이용하고, 점오염원을 제거한 뒤 모의를 재수행하여 나온 결과가 대상유역의 비점오염원의 양이라 판단하였다. 모의 결과 대상유역인 낙본 G유역에서 약 39% 정도의 비점오염원 비율을 보였다. 그러나 수질 및 유량 관측치를 지금까지는 국립환경과학원 낙동강물환경연구소 유량측정데이타를 사용하고 있는데 이 자료는 8일 이상 간헐적으로 측정이 수행되고 있다. 따라서 검 보정 대상이 되는 실측치의 자료의 부족과 부정확한 유역이 있음이 한계점으로 작용한다. 그러므로 추후의 신경망 모형이나 기타 실측치 보간에 있어서의 신뢰도를 높이는 기법 개발이나 측정제도의 보편적인 기술의 증대도 앞으로의 모델링에 있어서 중요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 유역수질모형의 모델링 과정에서 좀 더 신뢰도 높은 측정자료와 그 측정자료를 활용하여 PEST 보정기법을 적용한다면 더욱 정확한 예측이 이루어질 수 있을 것이며, 본 연구에서의 평가방법을 바탕으로 유역수질모델링이 이루어진다면 보다 더 정확성 높은 비점오염원 정량화와 수질 예측이 수행될 수 있을 것이며 더 나아가 오염총량제의 수행에 효과적으로 적용될 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2010

In this paper I tried to find out changed and improved streetscape through the simulation using components of streetscape abstracted by factor analysis after analyzing present situation and problems of the streetscape for housing developments prepared on publis water surface. An analysis object is located in Haeundae Marine City in Busan. As a result of analysing the streetscape of marine city at present, I could see that main problems were discontinuous street space that did not reflect the characteristic of seashore, uncomfortable and insecure passage owing to coexistence street at seashore, insufficient street facilities for pedestrians, and disordered outdoor signboards. Therefore, I put the causal problems of marine city's streetscape in the insufficient street components, disharmony, and discontinuity so analysed the simulation elements applying selected street components and evaluated them to deduce demand factors having common meaning. As the result, the common demand factors were 'street furniture', 'harmonious streetscape with surrounding', 'landscape with natural openness', and 'landscape with dynamic symbol' in the order. So it needs to stress on a plan for proper arrangement of 'street facilities' and symbolic streetscape having continuity and harmony with surrounding so that the plan can proceed more properly for marine city's identity.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.475-483
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• 2013

In this paper, the performances of modeling methods for combining corrections from multiple reference stations for network user were compared and analyzed. The longer the distance between reference station and user is, the more the GPS errors are decorrelated. Based on this point, multiple corrections from reference stations which is constituting a network should be combined properly to be applied for user observation to eliminate GPS errors. There are many widely used conventional modeling methods and they are applied for Compact Network RTK users and user position accuracy is predicted by using residual errors in observation of user. Compact Network RTK is a technique of generating corrections which was developed by Seoul National University. As a result, the horizontal and vertical accuracies were within about 5 cm and 7 cm respectively with 95 % probability for all conventional modeling methods. In addition, we analyzed condition for reference station constellation for modeling method using height information.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.561-577
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• 2021

The compacted bentonite buffer in a geological repository for high-level radioactive waste disposal is saturated due to groundwater inflow. Saturation of the bentonite buffer results in bentonite swelling and bentonite penetration into the rock discontinuities present around the disposal hole. The penetrated bentonite is exposed to groundwater flow and can be eroded out of the repository, resulting in bentonite mass loss which can affect the physical integrity of the engineered barrier system. Hence, the evaluation of buffer-rock interactions and coupled behavior due to groundwater inflow and bentonite penetration is necessary to ensure long-term disposal safety. In this study, the effects of the bentonite penetration and swelling on the physical properties of jointed rock mass were evaluated using the quasi-static resonant column test. Jointed rock specimens with bentonite penetration were manufactured using Gyeongju bentonite and hollow cylindrical granite rock discs obtained from the KAERI underground research tunnel. The effects of vertical stress and saturation were assessed using the P-wave and S-wave velocities for intact rock, jointed rock and jointed rock with bentonite penetration specimens. The joint normal and joint shear stiffnesses of each joint condition were inferred from the wave velocity results assuming an equivalent continuum. The joint normal and joint shear stiffnesses obtained from this study can be used as input factors for future numerical analysis on the performance evaluation of geological waste disposal considering rock discontinuities.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.559-568
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• 2011

This study aims at listing up those manufacturing activities sensitive to regional characteristics by analyzing locational hierarchy designed on the urban rank-size rule. This locational hierarchy by manufacturing activities is expected to provide a ground for the proper supply of an industrial complex. The analysis of the locational hierarchy by manufacturing activities can work as a method of observing the characteristics of the distribution of location for each economic activity by analyzing the trend in the change of manufacturing location. Consequently, it can be used to determine the appropriate manufacturing activities for the industrial complex of a particular region. Here, the locational hierarchy is analyzed depending on the base of the basic local government such as Gun(district level) and Si(city level), and manufacturing activities are categorized by Korea Standard Industry Code. Those activities demonstrating growth pattern are Manufacture of Electronic Equipment(KSIC 26), Manufacture of Medical Precision Optical Instruments Watch(KSIC 27), Manufacture of Motor Vehicles (KSIC 30, 31), etc. With proper infrastructures, these activities can be located everywhere. Those sectors on the decline pattern in the locational hierarchy can be summarized as Manufacture of Tobacco Products(KSIC 12), Manufacture of wearing apparel Fur Articles(KSIC 14), etc. Those sectors scattered widely in the locational hierarchy are Manufacture of Food Products(KSIC 10), Manufacture of Coke Petroleum Products(KSIC 19), Manufacture of Chemical Products(KSIC 20), Manufacture of Electronic Equipment(KSIC 26). These particular manufacturing activities can be operated in those regions in a sufficient supply of unskilled workers regardless of proper infrastructures. Those activities that have a tendency to reconcentrate on larger cities are Manufacture of Textiles(KSIC 13), Manufacture of Wearing Apparel Clothing Fur Articles(KSIC 14), Manufacture of Other Transport Equiptmen(KSIC 31). In most cases, these sectors tend to favor their existing agglomerated areas and concentrate around large cities. Therefore, it is inefficient to promote these sectors in small or medium-sized cities or underdeveloped regions. The establishment of developmental strategies of an industrial complex can gain greater competitiveness by observing such characteristics of the locational hierarchy.