• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.549-560
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• 2021

In 2019, at 147 local governments, a total of 872 operations produced aggregates with 414 operations by permission, 458 operations by declaration except the marine operations. The leading aggregate sources were, in descending order of the number of operations, crushed, forest, land, washing, river aggregate. By aggregate type, gravel-only operations were slightly more than sand-only ones. By province, Gyeongsangbuk-do had 149 operations, followed by Gyeonggi-do with 135, Gangwon-do with 113, and Gyeongsangnam-do with 92, Chungcheongbuk-do with 81, and Jeollabuk-do with 70. A review of production by size of operation indicated that about 23,100 thousand m³ (17.6% of the total aggregate) was produced by 17 operations reporting production of more than 1 million m³, about 29,900 thousand m³ was produced by 44 operations reporting production between 500 and <1,000 thousand m³, about 60,000 thousand m³ was produced by 273 operations reporting production between 100 and <200 thousand m³, about 17,000 thousand m³ was produced by 409 operations reporting production between 10 and <100 thousand m³. 129 operations that producted less than 10 thousand m³ accounted for 0.4% of total aggregate produced in Korea in 2019. Operations that produce more than 1 million m³ of aggregate was only from forest and crushed aggregate. The period of permission for aggregate producing based on permission is mostly less than 10 years, and in particular, for river and land aggregates, the permission period is very short, less than 2 years.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.581-594
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• 2021

In 2020, about 132 million m³ of aggregate was produced in Korea. Of the total domestic aggregates produced in 2020, about 33.3 % was sand and about 66.7% was gravel. It estimated that of the 132 million m³ of aggregates in Korea in 2020, about 52% was produced by screening crushed aggregate, by 36% by forest aggregate, 3% by land aggregate, 5.6% by sea aggregate and 2.5% by washing each other, and 0.4% by river aggregate. This indicates that screening crushed aggregate and forest aggregate are the main producers of domestic aggregates. Leading producing metropolitan cities were Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gangwon-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Incheon in order decreasing volume, which together accounted for about 72.4% of total product. In 2020, aggregates were produced in 153 cities, about 67% of the 231 cities of Korea, 38 local governments have developed aggregates of more than 1 million m³, and the combined production of the 38 cities accounted for about 65% of national total. This means that the aggregate extraction trend of local governments is becoming larger and more concentrated. In 2020, at 153 local governments, a total of 889 operations produced aggregates with 420 operations by permission, 469 operations by declaration. A review of production by size of operation indicated that about 17 million m³ (12.8% of the total aggregate) was produced by 14 operations reporting production of more than 1 million m³. In about 420 operations, the maximum period of permit is 32 years to at least 2 months. When the remaining period of permit is taken into account, only about 55% of active operations can be developed the aggregate after 2021. In order to maintain the permitted aggregate volume by 2020 level, it will be necessary to obtain an extension permit or find new operation sites for at least 200 or more operations.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.871-885
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• 2023

In 2022, the total of 129 million m³ of aggregate was produced in Korea, a slightly decrease from the total production of 2021. Of these, about 44 million m³ of sand and about 84 million m³ of gravel were produced. About 41% of total quantity of aggregates were produced by permission and the rest were produced after declaration. It estimated that of the 129 million m³ of aggregates in Korea in 2022, about 54.9% was produced by screening crushed aggregate, by 32.8% by forest aggregate, 2.2% by land aggregate, 6.2% by marine aggregate and 3.1% by washing aggregate, and 0.3% by river aggregate. This indicates that screening crushed and forest aggregate are the main producers of domestic aggregate in 2022. Leading producing metropolitan governments were Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Incheon, Jeollanam-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do in order decreasing volume. In 2022, aggregates were produced in 147 local governments, and the 10 leading producing local governments were, in descending order of volume, Hwaseong, Pocheon, Paju, Ongjin, Youngin, Gwangju, west EEZ, Incheon Seo-gu, Namyangju, Asan. The combined production of the 10 leading local governments accounted for 31% of the national total. And 44 local governments have produced aggregates of more than 1 million m³ each other. In 148 local governments that produced aggregate, a total of 800 active operations produced aggregate with 350 operations by river, land and forest aggregate, 450 operations by selective crushed and washing aggregate.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2023

The purpose of this study identifies the production of aggregate every year, and is to understand the supply and demend prospects. In 2021, the total of 135 million m³ of of aggregates was produced in Korea, a slightly increase from the total production of 2020. Of these, about 47 million m³ of sand and about 88 million m³ of gravel were produced. About 46% of total quantity of aggregates were produced with permission and the rest were aggregates produced after declaration. It estimated that of the 135 million m³ of aggregates in Korea in 2020, about 49.6% was produced by screening crushed aggregate, by 36.8% by forest aggregate, 2.6% by land aggregate, 6.8% by sea aggregate and 2.6% by washing each other, and 0.2% by river aggregate. This indicates that screening crushed aggregate and forest aggregate are the main product as in 2021. Leading producing metropolitan governments were Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Incheon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gangwon-do, Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do in order decreasing volume. In 2021, aggregates were produced in 148 local governments, and The 10 leading producing local governments were, in descending order of volume, Hwaseong, Ongjin, Paju, Pocheon, Gwangju, Youngin, Cheongju, Gimhae, Anseong, west EEZ. The combined production of the 10 leading local governments accounted for 30% of the national total, and. 47 local governments have produced aggregates of more than 1 million m³ each other. In 148 local governments that produced aggregate, a total of 805 active operations produced aggregate with 372 operations by river, land and forest aggregate, 433 operations by selective crushed and washing aggregate.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.619-623
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 1차원 수치모형을 개발하여 하천준설 인한 교란하천의 적응과정을 파악하였다. 본 1차원 수치모형의 특성은 하천의 혼합사와 부유사의 거동을 모의할 수 있다. 하천준설 규모의 변화에 따른 하상변동과 하천의 적응과정을 파악하기 위하여, 하천준설의 채취장 길이는 일정하고, 채취 깊이가 변하는 경우와 채취 깊이가 일정하고 채취장의 길이가 변하는 경우에 대하여 검토하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 채취장을 중심으로 상류에는 하상이 저하되어 상류로 전파되는 것을 보여주고 있다. 채굴장 직하류에서는 하상이 저하되고 있고, 하류에는 다시 하상이 상승하는 특성을 보여주고 있다. 채취장에서 하상의 상승은 초기에는 급격하게 진행되고 있으나, 시간이 지나면서 그 증가율은 감소하고 있다. 채치장 상류에서는 하상저하가 초기에 급격하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나 시간이 지나면서 느리게 진행되고 있고, 그 영향은 상류로 먼 거리까지 영향을 미치는 것을 보여주고 있다. 하류에서 하상저하는 상류로 그 영향이 적다. 채취장을 중심으로 수심의 변화는 시간의 증가에 따라 하류에는 수심이 증가하고 있으며, 상류에서는 수심이 감소하고 있다. 시간에 따라 수심의 변화율이 감소되고 있는 것은 교란된 하천이 적응해 가면서 평형상태에 도달해 가는 과정에서 하상변화가 감소되기 때문으로 판단된다. 채취장의 채취 깊이가 깊을수록 세굴심의 하류도 이동속도는 작아지며, 이것은 채취장은 채취규모가 커지면 하천의 교란이 있은 후에 적응하는 기간이 길어지는 것을 의미한다. 무차원 하상고는 채취장의 채굴심도가 작을수록 커지며, 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 것을 보여주고 있다. 채취장의 채취장 길이가 길수록 하류로 이동하는 속도는 작아지며, 이것은 채취장의 채취규모가 커지면 하천의 교란이 있은 후에 적응하는 기간이 길어지는 것을 보여주었다. 무차원 하상고는 채취장의 채굴장의 길이가 짧을수록 커지며, 시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 것을 보여주고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1716-1720
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• 2010

최근에 하천에 대한 체계적인 조사 및 연구가 수행되지 않은 상태에서 골재채취 및 하천준설이 무분별하게 이루어져 왔다. 이로 인하여 하천의 급격한 하상 및 지형변화가 나타났다. 또한 하천의 안정성, 홍수범람, 수리구조물의 안정성, 하천수를 취수하는 취수장의 취수장애 발생 등 많은 문제점이 야기되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하안침식을 고려하여 골재채취 및 하도준설에 의한 교란하천의 적응과정을 정량적으로 파악하기 위하여 이동상 실내실험을 수행하였으며, 골재채취를 위한 준설 규모의 변화에 따른 하도의 응답 특성을 분석하였다. 실험 수로에서 초기에 유사의 이동이 시작되면서 하안침식이 발달하며, 교호사주가 발달한다. 하상에서 이동하는 유사는 웅덩이(pit)에 포착되면서 하류로 유사의 공급이 차단되며, 웅덩이 하류에서는 사주의 발달이 없으며, 평탄하상을 유지한다.웅덩이가 완전히 되메우기가 완료되며, 유사의 공급에 의해 웅덩이 하류에서도 사주가 발달한다. 시간이 지나면서 사주의 파장은 증가하고, 하상은 새로운 평형상태를 유지한다. 웅덩이 상류에서는 하폭이 크게 증가하고 있으나, 웅덩이 하류에서는 하폭의 증가율이 크지 않다. 또한 웅덩이 하류에서는 상류에서 공급되는 유사가 웅덩이에 의해 차단되고 사주의 발달이 거의 없다. 웅덩이의 되메우기가 진행되고 있는 동안에 웅덩이의 이동속도는 일정하게 유지되나, 되메우기가 완료되면서 웅덩이의 이동속도가 느려진다. 웅덩이의 규모가 증가함에 따라 웅덩이의 되메우기 시간은 증가하고 하안의 침식이 증가한다. 웅덩이의 상류와 하류의 하폭의 차이가 증가하며, 새로운 평형상태에 도달하는 시간이 증가하는 것을 보여 준다.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

In order t determine blasting sites for the crustal refraction studies in the korean peninsula, seismic refraction profiling was conducted at two sites in the reclaimed land of Seosan. At a quarry for construction material and another site on a rice field 2km east of the quarry, 24 channel refraction profiling of 46m was conducted at a geophone spacing of 2m. Seismic velocity profiles obtained through tomographic invesion reveal that the quarry is regarded as an ideal place for blasting based on the observation that fresh basements with seismic velocities of 3,900 m/s or greater locate approximately 6m deep. On the contrary, under the reclaimed rice field, the basements are weathered more, of slower velocities, and buried deeper than quarry, indicating not an ideal location for detonating seismic explosives of large amounts.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.161-175
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• 2024

Aggregate typically refers to sand and gravel formed by the transportation of rocks in rivers or artificially crushed, constituting a core resource in the construction industry. Gyeongsangbuk-do, the largest administrative area in South Korea, produces various sources of gravel, including forest, land (excluding other sources), river, and crushed stone. As of 2022, it has extracted approximately 6.96 million cubic meters of aggregate, with permitted production totaling around 4.07 million cubic meters and reported production of about 2.88 million cubic meters. The aggregate demand in Gyeongsangbuk-do is estimated to be 12.39 million cubic meters according to the estimation method in Ready-Mix Concrete. From the supply perspective, about 120 extraction sites are operational, with most municipalities maintaining an appropriate balance between aggregate demand and supply. However, in some areas, there is inbound and outbound transportation of aggregate to neighboring regions. Regions with significant inbound and outbound aggregate transportation in Gyeongsangbuk-do are areas connected to Daegu Metropolitan City and Pohang City along the Gyeongbu rail line, showing a high correlation with population distribution. Gyeongsangbuk-do faces challenges such as population decline, aging rural areas, and insufficient balanced regional development. Analysis using GIS reveals these trends in gravel demand and supply. Currently in this study, Gyeongsangbuk-do meets its demand for aggregate through the supply of various aggregate sources, maintaining stable aggregate procurement. River and terrestrial aggregates may be sustained as short-term supply strategies due to the difficulty of longterm development. Considering the reliance on raw material supply for selective crushing, it suggests the need for raw material management to maintain stability. Gyeongsangbuk-do highlights quarries in the forest as an important resource for sustainable aggregate supply, advocating for the development of large-scale aggregate quarries as a long-term alternative. These research findings are expected to provide valuable insights for formulating strategies for sustainable management and stable utilization of aggregate resources.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.277-277
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• 2017

하천은 하도상황의 변경, 토지이용의 변화, 골재채취, 댐과 저수지 건설 등에 의한 인위적인 요인과 대규모의 홍수, 홍수시에 발생되는 산사태와 같은 자연적인 요인에 의해 하천의 특성이 변화되고 있다. 기후변화로 인한 기록적인 집중호우가 자주 발생하고, 탁수로 인한 피해가 심각해지면서 탁수에 대한 체계적인 연구 및 적적한 관리, 저감기술의 필요성이 대두되고 기후변화로 인해 하천 내 수리적인 환경을 변화시킴으로써 침식으로 인한 제방파괴 및 시설물 파괴나 퇴사에 따른 하천의 유지관리비용 절감을 위한 최적의 하천 하상변동 예측 기술 개발 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 남강에 적합한 유사량 추정공식과 장, 단기 하상변동을 정량적으로 제시하고자 한다. 국외에서 하도의 준 2차원적인 변화에 대한 적용성이 검증된 수치모형인 GSTARS를 이용하여 남강유역인 남강댐 하류 ~ 낙동강합류부 구간의 기후변화에 따른 유량의 변화에 따라 시나리오를 구성하였다. 유사량 공식, 준 2차원 모형 활용시 사용하는 수류튜브의 개수에 따른 민감도 분석을 수행하였으며, 연구의 결과는 하천의 물리적 변화에 따른 흐름 및 하상변동을 예측하는 방법에 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.8-15
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• 2007

Geotechnical and environmental properties of stone fillers are analyzed by several laboratory experiment to identify the possibility of recycling fillers and sewage dredged soils as construction materials. The result of geotechnjical test shows that the sewage dredged soil is a sandy soil which contains 70-80% sand and is useful as an aggregate of construction site. Stone filler has large fine content, which may disqualifies the use as construction materials. However, this material is still useful as a filler in stone quarries or finished mines. From the environmental test, the liquids leached from two types of materials have satisfied the standard of chemical substances in the soil environment law and no harmful effect in ground pollution is expected when recycling.