• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.4 s.81
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• pp.413-421
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of pregnancy on the experimental tooth movement and alveolar bone turnover process of Sprague-Dawley female rat. Sixty rats were divided into pregnant-tooth movement group(P-Tm), normal-tooth movement group(N-Tm) and normal group(N). Maxillary first molar appliances were inserted bilaterally and activated to 40grams. To measure the amount of tooth movement, x-ray was taken 2 times after appliance insertion and before sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 1,3,7,14 days(N=5). Just after sacrifice, alveolar bones were collected and frozen immediately for biochemical analysis. Tooth movement was assessed cephalometrically and tartrate-resistant acid(TRAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were measured in extracts of paradental alveolar bone. The results were as follows: 1. The amount of tooth movement in P-Tm group was greater than that of N-Tm group(p<0.01). 2. Alveolar bone ALP of normal tooth movement group was not significantly different from the control, TRAP was significantly different from the control(p<0.01). In normal tooth movement group, alveolar bone ALP was increased gradually and peak(day 7) fell off significantly at day 14(p<0.05). The Peak of alveolar bone TRAP(day 7) fell off slightly, sustained day 14(p<0.01). 3. Alveolar bone ALP and TRAP of pregnant tooth movement group were not significantly different from that of normal tooth movement group. In pregnant tooth movement group, alveolar bone ALP was increased at day 3(p<0.01) and fell off significantly at day 7-14, alveolar bone TRAP were increased at day 3 and sustained day 14. 4. The peak of alveolar bone phosphatases in pregnant tooth movement group(day3) preceded the peak in normal tooth movement group(day7) (p<0.01). According to the above results, we suggested that bone resorption activity was increased in alveolar bone of pregnant rat, and the degree of tooth movement in pregnancy may be greater than that of normal group because of high bone turnover of alveolar bone in pregnant rat.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.3 s.86
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• pp.357-367
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the alveolar bone turnover in diabetic rat, and to compare the alveolar bone turnover during tooth movement in diabetes with that in normal control Eighty Male Sprague-Dawley strain rats(8th week) were divided into normal control(N), normal-tooth movement (N-tm), diabetes(D), and diabetes-tooth movement(D-tm) groups. Eighteen days before the start of the experiment, diabetes was induced with a single injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg of body weight in citrate buffer as vehicle via the tail vein. Maxillary first molars of rats were moved mesially by 40 grams of the closed coil spring. Experimental animals were sacrificed after 1d, 3d, 7d, and 14d experimental period, and the alveolar bone around the maxillary first molars were assayed biochemically for acid phsophatase(ACP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) as bone resorption markers, and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and osteocalcin(OC) as bone formation markers. TRAP and OC concentration in serum and alveolar bone of D group were lower than those in N group, and especially OC concentration decreased mote following diabetes prolonged, which showed the decreased skeletal and alveolar bone resorption and formation potential in diabetic rats. In N-tm group compared with N group, alveolar bone ACP and TRAP concentrations were highest at 1d and 3d(p<0.01), decreased after then, and showed lowest at 14d, and alveolar bone OC concentration was higher at 3d, 7d, and 14d(p<0.001) and showed a tendency of peak level at 7d. which showed the peak of concentration of bone resorption markets at 1d-3d and those of bone formation markers at 7d. In D-tm group compared with N group, alveolar bone ACP and TRAP concentrations were higher at 3d, 7d and 14d(p<0.001), and tended to reach peak value at 7d and persisted through 14d, and alveolar bone ALP and OC concentration increased but not different from that of N group. The amount of tooth movement in D group were greater than that of N group at all experimental period. Those results were suggested that during diabetes, the alveolar and skeletal bone undergo low bone turnover and the mote amount of tooth movement, hut because the peak time of alveolar bone resorption activity was delayed and sustained in longer period of tooth movement and alveolar bone formation activity is lower than that of normal tooth movement, the periodontal space is supposed to be larger doting tooth movement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1560-1567
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• 2008

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of green tea products (GTP) on bone metabolism marker in ovariectomized (OVX) rats fed high cholesterol diet. Forty Sprague-Dawley female rats, 10 weeks of age ($279{\pm}2g$), were divided into 4 groups and fed on the experimental diets for 6 weeks: sham operated control (Sham-C) and OVX-control (OVX-C) groups treated high cholesterol diet. OVX-GTP 5% (OVX-G5) and OVX-GTP 20% (OVX-G20) groups were treated with high cholesterol diet containing 5% GTP and 20% GTP, respectively. Food efficient ratio was significantly (p<0.05) lower in OVX-G20 than in the other OVX groups. Bone mineral density of femur was not significantly different among the experimental groups in the order of Sham-C>OVX-G5 and OVX-G20>OVX-C. Alkaline phosphatase activities on serum was lower in the GTP supplement groups than in the OVX-C. Estradiol levels of serum were higher in the GTP supplement groups than in the OVX-C. Osteocalcin levels of serum was the lowest in the OVX-G20. Deoxypyridinoline crosslink values of urine, indicator of bone absorption, was the lowest in the OVX-G20 group. The GTP supplemented groups had a lower bone resorption ratio than in the OVX-C group. From the above results, these findings suggest the possibility of using GTP as a functional food materials related to bone metabolism in menopause.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.32 no.11_12
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• pp.663-674
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• 2005

We propose a system aimed at achieving high energy-delay efficiency by using adaptive victim caches. Particularly, we investigate methods to improve the hit rates in the first level of memory hierarchy, which reduces the number of accesses to mort power consuming memory structures such as L2 cache. Victim cache is a memory element for reducing conflict misses in a direct-mapped L1 cache. We present two techniques to fill the victim cache with the blocks that have higher probability to be re-reqeusted by processor. Hit-based victim cache ks tilled with the blocks which were referenced frequently by processor. Replacement-based victim cache is filled with the blocks which were evicted from the sets where block replacements had happened frequently According to our simulations, replacement-based victim cache scheme outperforms the conventional victim cache scheme about $2\%$ on average and refutes the power consumption by up to $8\%$.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.505-512
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• 2018

Purpose: Many reconstruction methods have been attempted after an en-bloc resection of the proximal humerus. In particular, the introduction of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has made a breakthrough in the functional recovery of the shoulder. Nevertheless, RSA has limitations when the humeral bone stock loss is significant. In addition, it is unclear if RSA is effective in patients showing failure with non-operative treatment of a proximal humeral tumor. Materials and Methods: A reconstruction was performed using an overlapping allograft-RSA composite for 11 patients with a failed proximal humeral construct. Delayed RSA was performed on 6 patients with failed non-operative treatment. The pre- and postoperative Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score and the complications were addressed. Results: Overlapping allograft-RSA composite afforded a stable construct in 11 failed proximal humeral reconstructions and the patient's chief complaints were resolved. The mean time to the union of overlapped allograft-host junction was 5.5 months. Average preoperative MSTS score of 20.3 point increased to 25.7 point, postoperatively. Four of the six patients who had RSA within 4 years from the index operation showed arm elevation of more than $90^{\circ}$ whereas the remaining 5 patients showed some disability. The complications include one case each of dislocation and aseptic infection, which were resolved by changing the polyethylene liner and scar revision, respectively. None of the 6 patients who underwent delayed RSA after the failure of non-operative treatment showed arm elevation more than $90^{\circ}$. Conclusion: An overlapping allograft-RSA composite is a simple and reliable reconstructive modality in patients with massive bone loss. In patients with metastatic cancer necessitating a surgical resection at presentation, early conversion to RSA is recommended to secure functional recovery.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.75-99
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• 2010

This paper aims to examine the causes and features of current generational conflicts in Korea and to discuss their implications. The data utilized in the study include collective data on presidential and general elections and secondary data obtained from empirical research. The findings are as follows. First, generational power conflicts express itself by struggles among generations concerning the timing of political power transfer. An average age of assemblymen decreases consistently regardless of changes in overriding ideological atmosphere in general - conservative vs. liberal. Second, ideological conflicts among generations were highly intensified around 2002 presidential election, but gradually moderated since 2004 general election. The conflicts might be re-intensified if a set of conditions were satisfied. Third, cultural conflicts between older and younger generations were contrasted around three cultual axes: economic growth with top priority vs. consumerism, collectivism vs. individualism, and authoritarianism vs. post-authoritarianism. To ease strained relations between generations, intergenerational programs were suggested.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2013

This study compared the marginal bone loss around dental implants that were placed in the canine areas of the mandibles and finded the survival rate of the implants, marginal bone loss around implants and prosthetic complications in 20 patients treated with overdentures retained with Locator attachments. Implants placed in this study showed a 95% survival rate and the average marginal bone loss was 1.21 mm($SD{\pm}0.60mm$) in 94.3 weeks of functional loading. Implant-retained overdentures had various prosthetic complications such as male change, metal cap loosening, Locator attachment loosening, denture teeth change, relining and denture fracture. Implant-retained overdentures using two implants and Locator attachments in the edentulous mandibles is considered as a stable way for long terms because of minimal invasive operation, simple prosthetic process and easy repair.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.993-1005
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• 1996

This study was implemented in order to investigate the effects of dietary calcium-salt, estrogentreatment, and estrogen/calcium treatment on bone metabolism. Ovariectomized rats were used as animal models. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight of 250~280g were underwent ovariectomy or sham-operation. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 9 different experimental groups including the saline-treated group, the estrogen-treated group, the high calcium salt-treated group, and the estrogen/calcium treated groups and fed for 6 weeks. Creatinine and hydroxyproline in urine were analyzed. Creatinine, calcitonin, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone in plasma were also determined. The results of the experiment are as follows : The ovariectomy caused a significant increase in the level of food intake, food effciency ratio and body weight gain in comparison with sham-operation. The overall food intake, food effciency ratio and body weight gain were significantly decreased by estrogen. The ovariectomized animals developed obesity as a result of increased food intake. In addition, estradiol injections suppressed food intake with a concomitant loss in body weight. The level or urinary hydroxyproline, as an indicator or bone resorntion, was higher in the ovariectomized rats compared to sham-opertion, while these decresed in the estrogen/calcium treated group. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in the plasma, that were used as the indicator of calcium homeostasis, parathyroid hormone higher in the ovariectomized rats compared to sham-operation. It was lowered by estrogen and high calcium treated groups; thus, estrogen and estrogen/calcium treated groups were decreased by 32% compared to saline treated group. Osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase which are indicators of bone formation, were significantly higher in ovariectomized group, while this showed to be decreased in the estrogen and the ostrogenicalcium treated groups. Estrogen and estrogen/calcium in ovariectomized rats resulted in lower bone loss. However, estrogen treated group its gradual reduction showed little effect on bone loss, while the gradual reduction of estrogen had a preventive effect on bone loss when the treatment was combined with calcium intensification.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical result of intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus (AO type C) in elderly osteoporotic patients treated with double tension band osteosynthesis. Materials and Methods: From January 2006 to December 2010, 10 elderly osteoporotic patients(1 male, 9 females) with intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus (AO type C) were treated with double tension band osteosynthesis. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 74.6(66~84) years and the mean follow-up period was 39.2(20~74) months. The fracture union and complications were assessed and the functional result was evaluated by the rating system of Jupiter et al. and the Mayo elbow performance index. Results: Bone union was achieved in all patients with no secondary displacement. The mean time for union was 16.6(13~22) weeks. The average postoperative arc of elbow flexion was 119(100~140) degrees with a mean flexion contracture of 8.5(0~15) degrees. The recovery in two patients was rated as excellent, in 7 as good, and in 1 as fair in terms of the Mayo elbow performance index with average value of 82(70~90) points. Seven patients were rated as excellent, 1 as good, and 2 as fair in terms of the rating system of Jupiter et al. Changing tension band wiring was performed in one patient as skin irritation was noticed due to tension band knots. Heterotopic ossification developed in one patient but had no symptom. Conclusion: Double tension band osteosynthesis in intra-articular fractures of distal humerus (AO type C) in elderly osteoporotic patients can provide sufficient and secure stability to allow early rehabilitation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1544-1551
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• 2016

Various types of fermented soybean foods are consumed in various Asian countries, including China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Cheonggukjang is a Korean whole soybean paste fermented by Bacillus subtilis and regarded as a healthy food. The objective of this study was to investigate the Ca-bioavailability and anti-osteoporotic effects of cheonggukjang (CGJ) containing high poly-gamma glutamate (PGA) contents in an animal model. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h after a single oral dose in male rats. Ca-bioavailability in CGJ containing high PGA contents was approximately 3~5 times higher than that of natural CGJ. Female rats were either sham-operated (sham; n=5) or surgically ovariectomized (OVX; five animals per group) and then administered to OVX control, raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) 1 mg/kg/d, or CGJ containing high contents of PGA (20 and 200 mg/kg/d) for 12 weeks. Serum osteocalcin concentration was significantly lower in the CGJ 200 mg/kg/d group compared with the OVX control group. Serum progesterone concentration was significantly higher in the CGJ 200 mg/kg/d group compared with the OVX control group. Reduction grade of the trabecular bone decreased in the RLX 1 and CGJ 200 mg/kg/d group compared with that of the OVX control group. In conclusion, CGJ 200 mg/kg/d may have inhibitory effects on osteoporosis in OVX rats, and Ca-bioavailability was improved in CGJ containing high PGA contents.