• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

The Back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan clearly presents an aspect of the landscape gardening techniques of the Baekje, which are significantly unique in the landscape gardening history of East Asia as the structure connected to the main garden through a complex waterway system on a hill. The rear garden has a complex waterway system comprising a large inverted U-shape waterway and its branch waterways, sinuous waterway and water catchment system to enhance the landscape effect with a minimum amount of water on a hill, reducing damage by floods in the case of heavy rain and securing the amount of water required by the main space in the palace. A landscape element using various kinds and sizes of oddly shaped rocks decorated the water catchment area inside or around the large inverted U-shape waterway. On the top of the hill, the center in the Back garden, a building site in the size of 4 Kans each on the front and side was made on a square base surrounded by a round base stone. The building was identified on a space partially surrounded by the rectangular stonework on the left and right slope of the hill. While the functions and roles of the rectangular stonework are not accurately identified due to the poor conditions of the present site, the stonework may be related to the building inside it. The back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan has a winding pond-shaped waterway to pull or push water into or out of the garden in a rectangular pond shape, which was a conventional landscape gardening technique during the Baekje period. Since the main garden and the back garden in Wanggung-ri Site, Iksan form a systematic connection system, this paper tried to newly establish the main garden inside Iksan Wanggungseong as the 'royal garden'.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.159-178
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• 1995

After acupuncture needles were inserted on apkok(LI4) and Kokchi(LI11) accupoints, physiological changes induced by the varitions of 'Qi' were measured. The body temperature and pulse frequency were fromed to be decreased observed and we presumed that the needle insertion induced some changes of Qi in meridian and this seemed to be achieved by a certain process of Qi induction. We applied EAV, nervinemeter and pulse-taking machine which is widely used as oriental medicine instruments, to the same vounteers and observed the significant variations for each apparatus in spite of partial lack of reproducibility. In this paper, we described about the physical quantity measured by the medical appartatus and how it was related to the variation of Qi The proper conditions used for good oriental medicine instruments have also been suggested.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.122-129
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• 2003

In this study, a group of 25 patients between the ages of $22{\sim}55$ received acupuncture treatments for tennis elbow. The variance has some high value. 1. The distribution of an age group in 22 to 55 and the average age of men is $40.9{\pm}9.3$ and the average age of women is $39.5{\pm}3.6$. Total average age is $40.4{\pm}8.4$. 2. Before the acupuncture treatments the average pain degree for the group is $4.72{\pm}0.6$ and after treatments, it is $2.36{\pm}1.6$. Statistically, the variance has some high value. 3. There were statistically significant difference in the pain degree before and after the acupuncture treatment according to the age. By these results, acupuncture treatments will be useful to the first-line treatment for tennis elbow.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2008

Topography factors, as homeostasis variables at forest fire, affect the formation of fuel load patterns, atmospheric phenomena and forest fire behavior. Examination of the correlation between landforms and fire severity is important to decision making for fire hazard analysis and fighting strategies. In this study, fire severity was analyzed using Normalized Burn Ratio(NBR) derived from pre- and post-fire Landsat TM/+ETM images and landform were classified based on Topographic Position Index(TPI) in Samcheok(2000), Cheongyang(2002), and Yangyang(2005) forest fire regions. F-tests and Duncan's multi-range test between landform and fire severity showed that fire severities of headwater, high ridges, and upper slopes is higher than ones of local ridges, midslope ridges, and plains. Fire severity were more sensitive in coniferous forest than broadleaf forests.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.181-200
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• 2007

Objevtives & Methods : Effects of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 on lipid composition, cytokine level, liver function, anti-oxidative capacity and histological characters were investigated in diet-induced obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 400g were divided into 4 groups of control, BL18, LI11 and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups and raised for 4 weeks. Results : 1. Plasma ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, free fatty acids level and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels significantly decreased in the pharmacopuncture groups compared to those of no treatment group. Plasma and liver total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were also significantly lower than those of no treatment group. There was, however, no difference in TBARS level among pharmacopuncture groups. Liver total cholesterol level of BL18 pharmacopuncture group was lower than those of the other two pharmacopuncture groups. In LDL-cholesterol level, BL18 pharmacopuncture and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups only had significantly lower levels than that of no treatment group. 2. There was no significant difference between cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture groups and no treatment group in IL-6, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartic acid transaminase (AST) levels. 3. Compared with \ those of no treatment group, pharmacopuncture groups had significantly higher levels of HDL-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activities. There was, however, no significant difference among pharmacopuncture groups. 4. Histological characters of heart, kidney and liver of BL18 pharmacopuncture group were similar to those of normal rats. Conclusions : These results indicate that cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 may suppress adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation and activate antioxidant system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.814-821
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of moxibustion at combined acupoints on sex and age in rats. This study measured the effects of moxibustion on small intestinal motility in rats. Cauterizing with moxa was applied 5 times to the acupoints on SI8, LI11 SP9 and ST36 under enflurane anesthesia in the groups divided with sex and age. In single acupoint groups, cauterizing with moxa on ST36 increased in all of sex and age groups. The SP9 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 5, 8 weeks in male, the SI8 group with 5, 7 weeks in female and only 7 weeks in male, the LI11 group with only 5, 6, 7 weeks in female and only 7 weeks in male showed increasing on small intestinal motility. In combined acupoints groups, the SI8+SP9 group with 7 weeks in female and 5, 6, 8 weeks in male, the SI8+ST36 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 8 weeks in male, the LI11+SP9 group with 5, 6 weeks in female and 6 weeks in male, the LI11+ST36 group with 5 weeks in female and 5, 6, 7 weeks in male showed increasing respectively. Although these different according to the sex and age in rats do not have a established tendency, the results suggested that the effects of combined acupoints of cauterizing with moxa have relation with individuality.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.206-214
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the formation process of the Second Mujechi Moor at Mt. Jeongjok. For doing so, 1 analysed the formation process of valley which moor is located in, and the formation process of block field damming the valley: First, it is not a valley but a hollow which the Second Mujechi Moor located in. Hollow was formed as weathering bedrock weathered deeply along joints under warm and wet climatic conditions was denudated by rain wash. Second, the Second Mujechi Moor had been a marginal lake. Block stream developed during the last glacial period of Pleistocene, and it dammed the mouth of hollow. Afterwards sediments transported from slope filled the marginal lake, thus the lake changed to the moor where aquatic plants could grown. Third, the Second Mujechi Moor is drained and dried out by removal of matrix material from the block stream dam of the mouth of moor. For keeping moor's present conditions, we must control moor's drainage by filling open space in block stream with fine material.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.27-40
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of pressing at Kyeun-Jung$(G_{21})$, Gok-Ji$(LI_{11})$ and Zok-Sam-Li$(S_{36})$ with Si-acupuncture on the decreasing of blood pressure and headache on the stroke patients. Methods : This study was one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. The subjects of this study were 30 patients who were hospitalized in stroke center of hospital located in Ulsan from September 27, to November 12, 2004. They had over 160/90mmHg blood pressure but didn't take any hypotensive drugs. The instruments were the Si-acupuncture. the blood pressure and headache scale using Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). Results : 1. With administration of Si-acupuncture, the blood pressure intensity decreased statistical significantly(systolic blood pressure: t=13.310, p=0.000, diastolic blood pressure: t=11.788, p=0.000). After 30 minutes with administration of Si-acupuncture, the blood pressure intensity decreased statistical significantly(systolic blood pressure: t=15.130, p=0.000, diastolic blood pressure: t=12.479, p=0.000). 2. With administration of Si-acupuncture, the headache intensity not decreased statistical significantly'(t=0.372, p=0.712). After 30 minutes with administration of Si-acupuncture, the headache intensity decreased statistical significantly'(t=7.370, p=0.000) Conclusion : According to above, it was verified that the pressing at Kyeun-Jung, Gok-Ji and Zok-Sam-Li with Si-acupuncture was effective in decreasing of blood pressure and headache on the stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2013

Objectives : LI11 has been known to suppress epileptic seizure. Using an mouse epilepsy model, we investigated whether acupuncture stimulation at LI11 can suppress kainic acid(KA)-induced epileptic seizure and apoptosis in the mouse hippocampus. Methods : Eight-week-old male C57/BL6 mice(20~25 g) were given acupuncture at LI11 or ST36 once a day for 3 days. After the last acupuncture stimulations, KA(30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally and the degree of seizure was observed for 90 minutes. Twenty-four hours after KA administration, mice were sacrificed and the neural cell death, astrocyte activation and caspase-3 expression in their hippocampi were investigated. Results : Acupuncture stimulation at LI11 suppressed KA-induced epileptic seizure, neuronal cell death, astrocyte activation and caspase-3 expression. Conclusions : Acupuncture stimulation at LI11 decreases the KA-induced epileptic seizure and protects hippocampal cell death via regulating astrocyte activation and caspase-3 expression.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.271-295
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• 1998

This study was performed from October 1997 to March 1998 on 42 healthy students to observe the effects of acupuncture at Hap-kok (LI4) according to the meridian and qi-xue(氣血) phenomenon of oriental medicine's theory. Skin temperature on the Kok-Chi(LI11) and Yong-Hyang(LI20) were measured by D. I. T. I. (Digital Infrared Thermograph Imaging) before acupuncture stimulation, 1min after and after acupuncture stimulation during 10 min. 1. In healthful man, average skin temperature about Kok-Chi area was in low than Yong-Hyang, and temperature change for 10 min was decreased significantly. 2. In Kok-Chi, the temperature decrease index of execution was shown in low than control. 3. When the temperature of Yong-Hyang(left) was higher, the index was shown in high than control. 4. When the temperature of Kok-Chi (left) was higher, execution temperature change was decreased significantly than control. The above results indicates that D. I. T. I. was a useful method to observe follow-up the effects and changes by acupuncture stimulation on objective evaluation of phenomenon for the meridian system. Thus, acupuncture on LI4 affects to thermal changes of ST25 and LI4, but exact examination of thermal changes on ST25 will have to be.