• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.757-762
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• 2005

Characteristics of cereals prepared by extrusion-cooking and freeze-drying were compared. Parameters used were water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), paste viscosity, and sterilization. Variables for extrusion process were barrel temperature at die section (70, 90, and $110^{\circ}C$) and moisture content (25 and 30%). WAI and WSI of extruded cereals were higher, whereas trough, breakdown, and final viscosity were lower than those of raw and freeze-dried cereals. Plate counting revealed no microbes in extruded cereals, whereas microbe colony was observed in freeze-dried cereals. Extrusion-cooking at low temperature resulted in better sterilization of microbes than freeze-drying for preparation of instant cereal drinks.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 2015

Inactivation of microorganisms in grains used for saengshik, a formulated health food, was attempted by corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ). The initial microbial counts of the grains were in the range of $1.7{\times}10^3-9.9{\times}10^5CFU/g$. The CDPJ-inactivation effect was increased with electric current in the range of 1-1.5 A. Regarding span length between the tips of the electrodes and the treatment surface, the highest inactivation effect was observed at 25 mm. The inactivation pattern fitted well to the Singh-Heldman model. Bacteria were more labile to the CDPJ inactivation than yeasts and molds. Among tested grains, white rice showed the highest sterility followed by pressed barley and brown rice. Despite the inactivation by plasma, the thiobarbituric acid content of the grains remained unchanged over 10 min of treatment. Our results indicated the potential of the CDPJ treatment to improve the hygiene of saengshik products with no remarkable changes in lipid quality.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2017

In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of various grain methanolic extracts against UVB-induced photo-aging in human skin fibroblasts. Various grain methanolic extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant compounds and activities. 2,2-Ddiphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and ABTS 2,2-azino-bris-(3-ethylbenzoth iazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation scavenging activities have been used to measure the relative antioxidant activities of extracts from grains. The content of total polyphenolics in the extracts were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Human skin fibroblast (Hs68) cells were pretreated with various grain methanolic extracts ($25{\mu}g/mL$). Skin toxicity was simulated by exposing the cells to UVB ($30mJ/cm^2$) irradiation. In response to the UVB-irradiation, an increased amount of matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) release was observed, whereas pretreatment of various grain methanolic extracts significantly inhibited the production of MMP-1 in Hs68 cells. We also found that pretreatment of the extracts significantly decreased UVB-induced reactive oxygen species and significantly increased total collagen content in Hs68 cells. These results provide that grains could be regarded as a potential ingredient in natural cosmetics, used for UVB protection.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 1994

The effects of red pepper and grain contents on the properties of squid sik-hae fermented at $20^{\circ}C$ were investigated. The values of pH at $10\%$ red pepper contents and $30\%$ grain contents were lower at early stages of storage than $5\%\;and\;50\%$, respectively, and showed no significant differences at later stages of storage. The amounts of lactic acid and amino-N were not changed significantly at different red pepper contents where as, higher at $30\%$ grain content than at $50\%$ at early stages of storage. The amounts of total arginine were a little higher at $10\%$ red pepper and $30\%$ grain contents than at $5\%\;and\;50\%$, respectively. There were no significant effects of red pepper and grain contents on the amounts of TMAO and TMA during fermentation. Therefore, the effects of red pepper and grain contents on the chemical properties of squid sik-hae during fermentation were not significant.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.211-232
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• 1996

1945년의 8.15 해방 이후 지난 50여 년 동안의 한국농업이 나아 온 길을 다음과 같이 말할 수 있을 것이다. 즉 좁은 면적에서 보다 높은 영농 소득을 얻을 수 있는 농업, 예컨대 양계, 양돈, 시설원예, 과수재배 등에 있어서는 높은 성장을 해 온 대신 일정금액의 영농소득을 얻는 데 있어서 비교적 많은 면적의 농지를 필요로 하는 경종농업에 있어서는 벼농사를 제외하고는 보리, 밀, 잡곡, 콩 등의 곡류생산은 점차로 그 모습이 사라져 왔다는 것이다. 이에 따라 한국은 밀, 옥수수, 콩 등 밭곡식의 거의 전량을 국제시장으로부터 수입하고 있으며 밀과 옥수수의 수입증가로 한국의 곡류자급률은 30% 이하로 떨어짐으로써 국제시장에 있어서 한국은 곡류를 많이 수입하는 대표적인 나라로 되어 있다. (중략)

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.136-144
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• 2011

본 내용은 에너지 절감형 곡류 및 식품 공정기술 및 관련 시스템 현지조사를 위하여 일본 국제식품박람회(Foodex Japan 2011)에 참관하여 쌀가루 신 생산기술 세미나 참석 및 곡류의 완제품, 활용제품 조사, 이송시설 및 집진설비 조사를 하였다. 또한 에너지 절감형 가공공정 및 HACCP 적용 관련 시스템 조사를 하고 Satake 등 곡류가공회사와 기술 협의를 하여 향후 연구에 반영하고자 한다.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.5 no.8 s.46
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• pp.106-111
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• 1973

우리나라 축산업은 과거 10년동안에 농업의 다른 어떤 분야보다도 크게 발전하였다. 그중에서도 양계산업은 사양 규모나 수수가 급격히 증가하여 이에 필요한 사료량 또한 급격히 증가하게 되었다. 가축사료중 곡류를 비롯한 농후사료는 주로 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정으로서 1967년도에는 사료 도입량이 45,300M/T에 불과하였으나 1971년도에는 464,000M/T으로 늘어났고 이에 필요한 외화도 322만$\$$에서 3,700만$\$$로 증가되고 있다. 이러한 현실에 비추어 수입의 주종을 이루고 있는 곡류는 옥수수 단일품목에 한하고 있으나 사료가격의 저렴화와 적기 확보를 위하여는 수입 곡류품목의 다양화가 필요하다고 인정되므로 가축사료에 있어서 수수의 사료적 가치를 옥수수와 비교 검토하기 위하여 다음과 같은 시험목적을 가지고 본연구를 착수하게 되었다. (1) 곡류의 상호 대체 이용이 가능시되고 있는 수수로서 옥수수의 일부 대체 시험을 실시하여 배합사료중 수수의 적정사용수준과 경제적 유의성을 규명하고, (2) 수수의 수입가격이 옥수수 수입보다 유리할 때 옥수수의 일부를 수수 대체수입하여 외화의 절약은 물론 사료가격의 적정화를 기하고자 함.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.189-205
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• 2000

북한강 지류 홍천강은 중류구간과 하류구간의 하천 형태가 대조적이다. 홍천강의 중류는 단층선을 따라 직선상으로 남서류하고, 하류는 감입곡류 구간으로 서류하여 북한강에 합류한다. 유역분지의 기반암은 중류구간의 서쪽과 하류구간은 편마암, 중류구간의 동쪽은 화강암이며, 상류구간은 변성암과 화강암이 혼재한다. 하안단구는 중류구간 유로의 양안에서 넓게 분포하며, 하류구간에서는 감입곡류의 활주사면에 좁게 나타난다. 이러한 특징은 지질구조선의 존재, 중류와 하류의 지질 특성과 이에 따른 유로 발달의 차이에 기인한다. 화계분지는 중류구간의 가장 하류쪽에 위치하는데, 분지 내에는 고도를 달리하는 여러 단의 하안단구가 분포한다. 즉, 화계분지에서는 과거 여러 번에 걸친 유로변경과 이로 인해 곡류절단이 이루어졌다. 이는 변성암으로 이루어진 홍천강 하류의 좁고 깊은 하곡이 국지적인 침식기준면으로 작용하여 중류에서 하류로의 곡류대 이동이 방해받았기 때문이다. 하안단구의 형성시기는 기존의 연구결과와 비교할 때, 저위 I면과 저위II면이 각각 Early Wurm 빙기와 Late Wurm에 대비되는 marine oxygen isotope stage 4와 2 시기에, 중위면은 Late Riss에 해당하는 marine oxygen isotope stage 6에 형성된 것으로 추정된다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.572-577
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• 2009

The effects of cereal (rice, brown rice, barley, glutinous rice) ethanol extracts on the proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in B and T lymphocytes, isolated from human blood cells of sasang constitution, were examined in vitro. The rice, brown rice, and glutinous rice ethanol extract, which are known as suitable for eumin (taeumin and soeumin) constitutions, showed the highest activities for proliferation, NO production, and TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration, respectively. However, the barley ethanol extract, which is known tobe suitable for yangin (taeyangin and soyangin) constitutions, showed the highest overall activities for proliferation, NO production, and TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration. The different immunological activities of the cereal extracts in sasang constitution lymphocytes might be due to their individual components. Thus, determination of components from the cereal extracts suitable for sasang constitution could be useful in new food developments.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2019

This is a convergence study to investigate the relationship between cereal intake level and food and nutrient intake in 218 Chinese middle aged women aged 40 to 65 years. Data were analyzed by ${\chi}^2$ test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test using SPSS 22.0 program. The results of the study were as follows. The higher the level of cereal intake in the subjects, the lower were the rate of breakfast fasting (p for trend=0.000), overeating (p for trend=0.019), and eating out (p for trend=0.003). The intake of root and tuber crops(p for trend=0.008), meat(p for trend=0.043), pulses(p for trend=0.020), and light colored vegetables(p for trend=0.015) per 1,000 kcal of energy increased when the level of cereal intake was 6 to 9 units. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss and study for continuous education and improvement through the feedback so that the middle-aged women can take the cereal appropriately.