• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1275-1282
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• 2012

Helicopter rotor systems are dynamically loaded structures with many composite components such as the main and the tail rotor blades. The fatigue properties of composite materials are extremely important to design durable and reliable helicopter rotor blades. The safe-life methodology has generally been used in the helicopter industry to substantiate dynamically loaded composite components. However, it cannot be used to evaluate the strength reducing effects of flaws and defects that may occur during manufacturing and operational usage. The damage tolerance methodology provides a proper means to overcome this shortcoming; however, it is difficult to economically apply it to every composite component. The flaw tolerant methodology is an equivalent option to the damage tolerance methodology for civil and military rotorcraft. In this study, the flaw tolerant safe-life evaluation is described and illustrated by means of successful application to substantiate the retirement time of composite rotor blades.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.105-105
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• 2010

자동차 차체부품에 적용되는 플라스틱 소재는 강도와 내마모성, 내충격성의 충분한 물성확보가 필요하며, 이에 플라스틱 소재의 기계적 특성 향상을 위해 유리 섬유가 다량 함유된 복합소재적용이 증가하고 있다. 반면 플라스틱이 고강도화함에 따라 제품 성형을 위한 사출 금형을 손상시키는 사례가 빈번하게 발생하고, 소재의 유동성 저하에 따른 사출 불량이 증가하고 있어 고강성 플라스틱 복합소재에 대응하는 고경도, 고내마모 특성이 부여된 사출 금형의 개발이 시급한 실정이다. 특히 사출 금형에 사용되는 소재는 기존 소재에 비해 우수한 내마모성과 함께 고광택을 유지하는 것이 더욱 중요해졌으며, 이에 따라 유럽, 일본과 국내 연구진에 의해 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그 중에서도 일본에서 개발되어 국내에도 소개된 래디칼 질화는 기존 질화법에 표면의 화합물 층만을 제어하는 것으로 다소의 표면 광택 효과는 있으나, 플라스틱 사출에 그대로 적용하기에는 무리가 따르므로 그 용도가 극히 제한적이다. 본 연구에서 적용한 나노 질화기술은 0.1torr 이하의 고진공에서 고밀도의 플라즈마 에너지를 발생시키는 방법으로 화합물층이 없는 나노 크기의 질화층을 소재 표면에 형성시키는 기술로서, 처리 후에도 표면의 색상 및 광택의 변화가 없는 것을 특징으로 한다. 또한 표면 경도 및 피로 특성을 향상시킴으로써 금형의 내구 수명을 향상시킬 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구에서는 KP4 금형 소재를 사용하여 플라즈마 이온 질화 시험 조건에 따른 소재의 경도 및 내마모 특성을 파악하고, 미세 조직 분석 및 XRD 분석 등을 통해 내마모 특성 향상에 대한 기본 특성을 평가하였다. 또한 인장시험을 통해 인장강도, 항복강도 및 연신율을 파악하고, 이를 토대로 고주기 피로시험을 실시함으로써 S-N curve를 얻고, 이를 통해 피로 강도 및 피로 수명에 미치는 나노 질화 처리의 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 플라즈마 이온 질화 시험은 질소와 수소 비율($N_2:H_2$), 진공도, Screen bias voltage, Bias voltage를 변화시켰으며, 챔버 온도는 $400^{\circ}C$로 고정하였으며, 처리시간도 3시간으로 고정하였다. 질소와 수소의 비율은 3:1일 때 최고의 내마모 특성을 보였으며, 진공도는 내마모 특성에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 관찰되었다. KP4의 초기 경도값은 약 302 Hv인 반면 최적의 나노 질화처리를 거친 시편에서는 800Hv 이상의 Vickers 경도값을 보였다. SEM 미세조직 분석과 EPMA를 통한 성분 분석을 시행한 결과 표층으로부터 약 $1.5{\mu}m$의 나노질화층을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.478-486
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• 2000

Background : In acute lung injury, alveolar macrophages play a pivotal role in the inflammatory process during the initiation phase and in the reconstruction and fibrosis process during the later phase. Recently, it has been proven that alveolar macrophages are constituted by morphologically, biochemically and immunologically heterogenous cell subpopulations. The possibility of alterations to these characteristics of the alveolar macrophage population during lung disease has been raised. To investigate such a possibility a hyperoxic rat lung model was made to check the distributional and morphological changes of rat alveolar macrophage subpopulation in acute hyperoxic lung injury. Method : Alveolar macrophage were lavaged from normal and hyperoxic lung injury rats and separated by discontinuous gradients of percoll. After cell counts of each density fraction were accessed, the morphomeric analysis of alveolar macrophages was performed on cytocentrifuged preparations by transmission electron micrograph. Result : 1. The total alveolar macrophage cell count significantly increased up to 24 hours after hyperoxic challenge (normal control group $171.6{\pm}24.1{\times}10^5$, 12 hour group $194.8{\pm}17.9{\times}10^5$, 24 hour group $207.6{\pm}27.1{\times}10^5$, p<0.05). oHoHH However the 48 hour group ($200.0{\pm}77.8{\times}10^5$) did not show a significant difference. 2. Alveolar septal thickness significantly increased up to 24 hours after hyperoxic challenge(normal control group $0.7{\pm}0.2{\mu}m$, 12 hour group $1.5{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$, 24 hour group $2.3{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$, p<0.05). However the 48 hour group did not show further change ($2.5{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$). Number of interstitial macrophage markedly increased at 24 hour group. 3. Hypodense fraction(fraction 1 and fraction 2) of alveolar macrophage showed a significant increase following hyperoxic challenge ($\beta=0.379$.$\beta=0.694$. p<0.05) ; however, fraction 3 was rather decreased following the hyperoxic challenge($\beta=0.815$. p<0.05), and fraction 4 showed an irregular pattern. 4. Electron microscopic observation of alveolar macrophage from each fraction revealed considerable morphologic heterogeneity. Cells of the most dense subfraction(fraction 4) were small, round, and typically highly ruffled with small membrane pseudopods. Cells of the least dense fraction (fraction 1) were large and showed irregular eccentric nucleus and high number of heterogenous inclusions. Conclusion : In conclusion, these results suggest that specific hypodense alveolar macrophage subpopulation may play a an important role in an acute hyperoxic lung injury model But further study, including biochemical and immunological function of these subpopulations, is needed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.547-557
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• 1996

Background : An excessive accumulation of neutrophils in lung tissue has been known to play an important role in mediating the tissue injury among the adult respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cystic fibrosis by releasing toxic oxygen radicals and proteolytic enzymes. Therefore, it is important to understand a possible mechanism of neutrophil accumulation in lung tissue. In many species, exposure to hyperoxic stimuli can cause changes of lung tissues very similar to human adult respiratory distress syndrome and neutrophils are also functioning as the main effector cells in hyperoxic lung injury. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether neutrophils function as a key effector cell and to study the nature of possible neutrophil chemotactic factors found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the hyperoxia exposed rats. Methods : We exposed the rats to the more than 95% oxygen for 24, 48, 60 arid 72 hours and bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) was performed. Neutrophil chemotactic activity was measured from the BAT- fluid of each experimental groups. We also evaluated the molecular weight of neutrophil chemotactic tractors using fast performance liquid chromatography and characterized the substances by dialyzer membrane and heat treatment. Results : 1) The neutrophil proportions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid began to rise from 48 hours after oxygen exposure, and continued to be significantly increased with exposure times. 2) chemotactic index for neutrophils in lung lavages from rats exposed to hyperoxia was significantly higher in 48 hours group than in control group, and was significantly increased with exposure time. 3) No deaths occured until after 48 hours of exposure. However, mortality rates were increased to 33.3 % in 60 hours group and 81.3 % in 72 fours group. 4) Gel filtration using fast performance liquid chromatography disclosed two peaks of neutrophil chemotactic activity in molecular weight of 104,000 and 12,000 daltons. 5) Chemotactic indices of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly deceased when bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was treated with heat ($56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min or $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min) or dialyzed (dialyzer membrane molecular weight cut off : 12,000 daltons). Conclusion : These results suggested that the generation of neutrophil chemotactic factor and subsequent neutrophil influx into the lungs are playing an important roles in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury. Neutrophil chemotactic factor in the lung lavage fluids consisted of several distinct components having different molecular weight and different physical characteristics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.253-261
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• 2004

Ginsenosides and green tea extracts show a variety of biomedical efficacies such as anti-aging, anti-oxidation and anti-tumor-promotion effects. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to inhibit the UVB-induced apoptosis by increasing the Bcl-2-to-Bax ratio. We have previously shown that ginsenoside Fl protects human HaCaT cells from ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced apoptosis by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2 and Brn-3a. Here, we investigate the combined effect of ginsenoside Fl and EGCG on the protection of human HaCaT keratinocyte against UVB-induced apoptosis. When treated individually, although 5 ${\mu}$M ginsenoside Fl and 50${\mu}$M EGCG protected cells from UVB-induced apoptosis, 2${\mu}$M ginsenoside Fl or 10${\mu}$M EGCG treatment showed very little protection effect. However, cotreatement of 2${\mu}$M ginsenoside Fl and 10${\mu}$M EGCG successfully protected HaCaT cells from UVB-induced cell death. As expected, combining ginsenoside Fl and EGCG efficiently prevented UVB-induced decrease of Bcl-2 and Brn-3a expression. In addition, cotreatment with ginsenoside F1 and EGCG prevented the dephosphorylation of Rb, whereas individual treatment with ginsenoside Fl or EGCG failed to prevent the dephosphorylation of Rb even at high concentrations.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2019

The 500 MW Korean standard coal-fired power plant is the largest standardized power plant in Korea and has played a pivotal role in domestic power generation for over 20 years. In addition to the aging degradation due to long term operation, the probability of failure of power generation facilities is increasing due to frequent startup and stop caused by the lower utilization rate due to air pollution problem caused by coal-fired power plants. Among them, steam piping plays an important role in transferring high-temperature & pressure steam produced in a boiler to turbine for power generation. In recent years, failure of steam piping of large coal-fired power plant has frequently occurred. Therefore, in this study, failure analysis of high pressure piping weld was conducted. We identify the damage caused by high stress due to abnormal supporting structure of the piping and suggest improved supporting structure to eliminate high stress through microstructure analysis and piping stress analysis to prevent the occurrence of the similar failure of other power plant in the case of repetitive damage to the main steam piping system of the 500 MW Korean standard coal-fired power plant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.485-485
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• 2012

유기발광소자는 고휘도, 넓은 시야각, 빠른 응답속도, 높은 색재현성, 좋은 유연성의 소자특성 때문에 디스플레이 제품에 많이 응용되고 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 최근에 저소비전력, 고휘도, 소형화 및 장수명의 장점을 가진 유기발광소자의 상용화가 진행되면서 차세대 디스플레이소자로서 관심을 끌게 되었다. 고분자 유기발광소자는 저분자 유기발광소자에 비해 용액 공정법으로 박막을 형성할 수 있어 제조 비용이 적게 들며 대면적 디스플레이를 제작하는데 유리하기 때문에 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 고분자 유기발광소자에서 저전력 소자를 위한 저전압 구동 및 전력 효율을 향상시키기 위한 연구는 대단히 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 고분자 유기발광소자의 구동 전압을 낮추기 위해서 그래핀 정공 주입층을 삽입한 고분자 유기발광소자를 화학적 진공 증착법과 용액 공정을 사용하여 제작하였다. 그래핀 정공 주입층을 삽입한 고분자 유기발광소자는 Indium-tin-oxide(ITO) 투명 전극/그래핀 정공주입층/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS)/poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) 층/lithium quinolate (Liq)/aluminium (Al) 전극의 구조를 가진다. 그래핀 정공주입층을 삽입한 고분자 유기발광소자에서 향상된 정공 주입능력을 통해 구동전압을 낮아지는 현상을 분석하기 위해서 전기적 및 광학적 특성을 조사하였다. 그래핀 정공주입층의 광학적 특성을 분석하기 위해서 빛의 투과도 측정을 한 결과 90% 이상의 값을 얻었다. 그래핀 정공 주입층이 소자에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 ITO/PEDOT:PSS소자와 ITO/그래핀 층/PEDOT:PSS 소자를 각각 제작하여 원자힘 현미경 측정을 하였다. 그래핀박막층을 삽입할 경우, 그래핀박막층을 삽입하지 않았을 때보다 표면 거칠기가 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 산성을 띠는 PEDOT:PSS 용액이 ITO 투명 전극을 손상시키는 것을 방지하고, 표면 거칠기를 감소시켜 누설 전류를 낮출 수 있다는 사실을 보여준다. 또한, 그래핀 박막은 높은 전기 전도도를 가지기 때문에 그래핀 정공주입층을 삽입하였을 때, 높은 전류 밀도 및 발광 휘도와 더 낮은 구동 전압을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 ITO와 PEDOT:PSS의 계면에서의 전공의 주입 능력을 그래핀박막층이 향상시켜 저전압, 고효율 소자를 제작할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2013

최근 전자제품들의 소형화, 경량화, 다기능화가 활발히 진행됨에 따라, 고성능의 고출력용 인쇄회로기판(PCB)의 개발이 요구되고 있다. PCB는 전자제품의 각 부품을 전기적으로 연결하는 통로로서 전자제품의 소형화, 다기능화에 따라 고집적화가 요구되고 있다. 하지만 모든 전자장비의 고장의 85% 정도가 발열에 의한 것으로, PCB의 고집적화에 따른 발열문제가 매우 중요한 이슈가 되고 있다. 최근에는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 PCB의 방열층으로 양극 산화막을 금속 기판 위에 형성하고 이 절연층 위에 금속층을 회로로서 형성하는 방열 PCB 기판에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 최근까지, 금속층 회로 형성을 위해 무전해 Ni 도금에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어져 왔다. 하지만 주로 화학적, 전기화학적 관점에서 많은 연구자들에 의해 조사 연구되어 왔다. 본 실험에서는 anodized Al 절연층 위의 회로전극 부분으로 스크린 방법으로 Ag paste를 패턴 인쇄한 뒤, 무전해도금 방식으로 저렴한 Ni 전면 회로전극을 형성하여 전기전도도를 높이고, 저항을 낮출 수 있는 회로로서 기판의 손상을 최소화하고 선택적으로 Ag 패턴에만 Ni 전극회로를 형성시키는 것을 목표로 연구하였다. Ni-B 무전해 도금시 도금조의 온도는 $65^{\circ}C$, 무전해 도금액의 pH는 ~7 (중성)로 유지하였다. Al2O3 기판을 이용한 Ag Paste 패턴 위에 증착된 Ni-B 박막의 특성을 분석하기 위해 X-ray diffraction (XRD), AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)을 이용하여 Ni-B 박막의 특성을 분석하였다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2020

In High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) treatment, effective localization of HIFU focus is important for developing a safe treatment plan. While Magnetic Resonance Imaging guided HIFU (MRIgHIFU) can visualize the ultrasound path during the treatment for localizing HIFU focus, it is challenging in ultrasound imaging guided HIFU (USIgHIFU). In the present study, a real-time ultrasound beam visualization technique capable of localizing HIFU focus is presented for USIgHIFU. In the proposed method, a short pulse, with the same center frequency of an imaging ultrasound transducer below the regulated acoustic intensity (i.e., Ispta < 720 mW/㎠), was transmitted through a HIFU transducer whereupon backscattered signals were received by the imaging transducer. To visualize the HIFU beam path, the backscattered signals underwent dynamic receive focusing and subsequent echo processing. From in vitro experiments with bovine serum albumin gel phantoms, the HIFU beam path was clearly depicted with low acoustic intensity (i.e., Ispta of 94.8 mW/㎠) and the HIFU focus was successfully localized before any damages were produced. This result indicates that the proposed ultrasound beam path visualization method can be used for localizing the HIFU focus in real time while minimizing unwanted tissue damage in USIgHIFU treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2008

The initiation and growth processes of cyclic ice body in porous systems are affected by the thermo-physical and mass transport properties, as well as gradients of temperature and chemical potentials. Furthermore, the diffusivity of deicing chemicals shows significantly higher value under cyclic freeze-thaw conditions. Consequently, the disintegration of concrete structures is aggravated at marine environments, higher altitudes, and northern areas. However, the properties of cyclic freeze-thaw with crack growth and the deterioration by the accumulated damages are hard to identify in tests. In order to predict the accumulated damages by cyclic freeze-thaw, a regression analysis by the response surface method (RSM) is used. The important parameters for cyclic freeze-thawdeterioration of concrete structures, such as water to cement ratio, entrained air pores, and the number of cycles of freezing and thawing, are used to compose the limit state function. The regression equation fitted to the important deterioration criteria, such as accumulated plastic deformation, relative dynamic modulus, or equivalent plastic deformations, were used as the probabilistic evaluations of performance for the degraded structural resistance. The predicted results of relative dynamic modulus and residual strains after 300 cycles of freeze-thaw show very good agreements with the experimental results. The RSM result can be used to predict the probability of occurrence for designer specified critical values. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the life cycle management of concrete structures considering the accumulated damages due to the cyclic freeze-thaw using the proposed prediction method.