• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.523-529
• /
• 2014

Large amounts of waste shells have been produced each year from shellfish raising industries located in Korean costal areas. Due to the limited space for the waste shell disposal, the related environmental problem has been a serious issue. It is believed that using the waste shells as a source of aggregate for mortar, concrete or bricks can be a good solution. In this research, possibility of utilizing waste shells as an aggregate of mortar is investigated. Waste shells of manila clam, cockle, clam, sea mussel, and oyster were properly crushed, sieved, and sorted to meet the requirements of the grading of standard fine aggregate. After that, the waste shells were used as partial and total replacement of the fine aggregate, and their absorption and 28-day compressive strengths of mortar were measured. In general, replacement of waste shells increased the absorption and decreased the strength. However, one specimen with cockle increased compressive strength as replacement ratio increased. Mortar with cockle of 50% and 100% replacement showed higher compressive strength than that of control mortar. This increase of compressive strength was found to be affected by the strong interfacial bonding properties of the cockle and a cement matrix.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.29 no.5A
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2009

Latex modified concrete (LMC) is a successful polymer-portland cement concretes, which have been developed and used for many years, in overlaying bridge decks and resurfacing industrial floors. The excellent bond strength to substrate, easy application and high resistance to impact, abrasion, wear, aggressive chemicals and freeze-thaw deterioration have made this material used widely. The objective of this study was to determine experimentally the load-deflection response and ultimate strength of reinforced RC beams. The cracking patterns and the mode of failure were observed. Because of excellent bond strength and repairing effects, the RC beams repaired by LMC at compression or tension zone showed over 100% recovery from damaged structures. The RC beams overlaid by LMC showed significant improvement at load carrying capacity as overlay thickness increases. However, the beams repaired of tension zone without shear stirrups almost showed no strengthen effect, and indicated an interfacial failures. The interfacial behavior was estimated by numerical method adopting the concept of shear flow.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.390-394
• /
• 2011

Effects of silver nanoparticles on the polymerization rate and morphology of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)/silver microspheres prepared by suspension polymerization of VAc were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectrometry were used to characterize the morphology and properties of the PVAc/silver microspheres. Due to the change of hydrophilicity of silver nanoparticles, appearance of the microspheres having golf ball-like convave surfaces was observed. Under controlled concentration of surfactant, PVAc/silver microspheres with various hollow structures were synthesized. In the case of silver nanoparticles modified by surfactant, the polymerization rate increased slightly. PVAc/silver microspheres with a conversion up to 80% were prepared via suspension polymerization.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.944-948
• /
• 1999

The morphological properties of four binary blends of polyethylene synthesized by metallocene catalyst(MCPE) and four polyolefins prepared by Ziegler-Natta catalyst have been investigated to interpret the effect of micro-molecular structure on the phase morphology and interfacial behavior; four binary blend systems studied are high density polyethylene(HDPE)-metallocene polyethylene (MCPE), polypropylene(PP)-MCPE, poly(propylene-co-ethylene) (CoPP)-MCPE, and poly(propylene-co-ethylene-co-1-butylene) (TerPP)-MCPE, and they are all phase separated. The HDPE-MCPE blend shows evenly growing homogeneous HDPE domain on the continuous MCPE phase, on the other hand, the rest of three blends show complex heterogeneous phase behavior. The PP-MCPE blend shows that PP and MCPE and completely phase separated and phase inversion takes place at 50% MCPE. The CoPP-MCPE and TerPP-MCPE show enhanced interface due to the same micro-molecular structure of ethylene, and phase inversion takes place at 40% MCPE. In particular, TerPP-MCPE blend shows improved phase morphology between interfaces, and this may be arisen from the comonomer contents in TerPP, which are 1-butene and ethylene having the same chemical structure as that of MCPE. The enhancement of the phase morphology in the TerPP-MCPE blend is correlated with the mechanical and morphological properties. Thus, although the four blend systems are phase separated, the phase morphology suggests that the order of interfacial adhesion strength be HDPE-MCPE > TerPP-MCPE > CoPP-MCPE > PP-MCPE and that micro-molecular structure between constituents be one of major factors giving enhanced interfacial adhesion.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.274-279
• /
• 2001

Pt/Ti/Si 기판 위에 성장시킨 박막 전지용 비정질 산화 바나듐 박막에 고상 전해질 박막 LiPON을 이용하여 전고상형 박막전지를 제작하여 충-방전 시험을 시행하였다. 이렇게 제작된 전고상형 박막전지는 500 사이클 이상까지 평균 15$\mu$Ah의 방전용량을 나타내었으나 초기 사이클 영역부터 방전 용량의 감소가 일어나기 시작했다. 박막 전지의 방전 용량 감소에 따른 비정질 산화 바나듐 박막의 구조적 특성 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 고분해능 현미경 분석을 시행하였다. 충-방전을 하지 않은 초기의 산화 바나듐 박막은 입계를 갖지 않고 다결정 특성을 보이지 않는 완전한 비정질 특성을 보였고 이는 TED 결과와 일치하였다. 그러나 450번의 반복적인 충-방전을 시행한 후의 비정질 산화 바나듐 박막 내에는 microcrystalline 형태의 산화 바나듐의 형성됨을 고분해능 전자 현미경 분석을 통해 발견할 수 있었다. 비정질 산화바나듐 박막의 방전 용량 감소의 원인인 Li의 비가역적 탈-삽입은 비정질 내에 형성된 microcrystalline에 의해 유발된다고 사료된다. 또한 LiPON 전해질 박막과 산화 바나듐 박막사이의 계면에 Li 이온과 산화바나듐과의 반응에 의해 형성된 계면 층에 발견할 수 있었는데 이러한 계면 층 역시 Li 확산과 계면 저항에 영향을 주어 방전 용량 감소에 원인으로 작용한다.

• Polymer(Korea)
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.338-343
• /
• 2012

Interfacial properties of commercially available soft contact lens hydrogels were studied to understand thermodynamic phenomena of protein adsorption. Hydrogel particles ($1{\times}1mm^2$) with varying water wettability were exposed to bovine serum albumin solutions for an hour. The remained albumin solutions were analyzed with Bradford assay method. The amount of protein adsorbed to hydrogels increased with protein solution concentrations following Langmuir isotherm. The partition coefficient ($P$) and Gibbs free energy cost of dehydrating the surface region by protein displacement upon adsorption increased with increasing hydrophilicity of contact lens. Understanding of physical chemistry in protein adsorption to contact lens materials enabled elucidating relationships between surface energy and albumin adsorption capacity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 1998

The contact angle on powder hydrophobic polymer PMMA(polymethylmethacrylate), PVC(poly vinyl chloride) and hydrophilic metal aluminium was measured by wicking method on the base of Washburn equation for water, glycerol, formamide, diiodomethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, 1-bromonaphthalene, acetone, chloroform, benzene, ethanol, methanol, and for anionic surfactant SDS(sodium dodecyl sulfate) and cationic surfactant CATB(cetyl trimethylamonium bromide) aqueous solution with concentrations. The values of ${\gamma}_c$ estimated by Zisman plot and adhesion tension plot for contact angle with organic liquids, SDS, and CTAB aqueous solutions were 43.5, 28.3, and $36.2mNm^{-1}$ for PMMA and 44.2, 25.0, and $34.8mNm^{-1}$ for PVC, respectively. From the results, it was considered that wettability and characteristics of solid surface were transformed by adding surfactant. The surface free energy, ${\gamma}_s$ and its components of PMMA, PVC, and aluminium were determined using harmonic equation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.340-348
• /
• 2015

Removal efficiency of PCBs in contaminated marine sediments treated by Fenton-like oxidation combined with surfactant was investigated in this research in order to achieve remediation of PCBs. A washing treatment using various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (1% and 15%) and surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween 60 and Tween 80) was evaluated at various conditions in laboratory scale experiments. The mean removal efficiencies of tPCBs varied from 24.1 to 46.7% in the sediments for 1 hour duration of the treatments. The concentration of tPCBs in contaminated marine sediments after the simultaneous treatment with hydrogen peroxide and surfactant satisfied the domestic environmental standards for the beneficial use of sediments. When suitable surfactant was used for Fenton-like oxidation, the removal efficiency of tPCBs at low concentration of hydrogen peroxide was similar to that at high hydrogen peroxide concentration. Thus the efficient removal of PCBs in contaminated marine sediments could be achieved through treatment with Fenton-like oxidation combined with surfactant washing.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 1995

Natural convection in bridgman growth and it's effect on macrosegregation in unidirectionally solidified off-eutectic alloys were examined in this study. AlCu off-eutectic alloys(27.5wt% ~35. 6wt% ) were solidified upward or downward for producing a different natural convection and then Cu concentrations of off-eutectic composites were measured as a function of solidified fraction. Solutal and temperature distributions ahead of the solid/liquid interface were measured on quenched specimen. When hypo-utectic AlCu alloys are directionally solidified with downward growth, considerable macrosegregation occurs due to flow induced by thermal and solutal convection in melt. Soultal convection affects the macrosegregation of hyper-eutectic AlCu alloys more severely than thermal convection. Solute composition at solid/liquid interface of offkutectic composites was eutectic and also temperature was near eutectic point without large undercooling.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2004

The requirements for harsh environment electronic controllers in automotive applications have been steadily becoming more and more stringent. Electronic substrate technologists have been responding to this challenge effectively in an effort to meet the performance, reliability and cost requirements. An effect of the plasma cleaning at the ECM(Engine Control Module) alumina substrate and the intermetallic compound layer between Sn-37wt%Pb solder and pad joints after reflow soldering has been studied. Organic residual carbon layer was removed by the substrate plasma cleaning. So the interfacial adhesive strength was enhanced. As a result of AFM measurement, conductor pad roughness were increased from 304 nm to 330 nm. $Cu_6/Sn_5$ formed during initial reflow process at the interface between TiWN/Cu pad and solder grew by the succeeding reflow process, so the grains became coarse. A cellular-shaped $Ag_3Sn$ was observed at the interface between Ag-Pd conductor pad and solder. The diameters of the $Ag_3Sn$ grains ranged from about 0.1∼0.6 $\mu\textrm{m}$. And a needle-shaped was also observed at the inside of the solder.