• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.47
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• pp.81-101
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• 2017

The present study argues that film director Lee Ae-rim animation works depict the world of the grotesque and not only are important sociocultural phenomena but also hold the significance of humor and subversion. The grotesque exhibits the intriguing characteristics of expressing a perspective critical of the existing society through the sensibilities of minorities and is used broadly as a term not only in the aesthetic sense but also designating sociocultural phenomena. Although discussed separately in terms of Mikhail Bakhtin's carnival grotesque and Mary Russo's uncanny grotesque, the grotesque fundamentally rejects existing order and conventions and is externalized through unique expressions, thus opening up a rich possibility for rejection, humor, satire, transformation, and deconstruction of and regarding the authority of the mainstream. Although they constitute a fictional medium, animation films are social products as well so that they are affected by society, culture, and history and stand as important texts that must be interpreted in terms of the relationships between humans' instinctive desires and society and between the overall culture and artistic media. However, the rarity of grotesque portrayals in South Korean animation films also proves that it is a society where even problems that are in themselves sensitive must be manifested ingeniously on a conventional level. South Korean society has a unique history of colonialism and national division and is simultaneously in the unique situation of a society that has undergone growth at a nearly unprecedented rate. Consequently, the society exhibits closed yet dynamic particularity where everyday tension and rigidity, wariness of others and extreme competition are intertwined in a complex manner. Intensively analyzed in the present discussions, director Lee's animation films and are characterized mainly by grotesque images, nonlinear narratives, and vivid depictions. In such a context, these works not only are artistic products of South Korean society but also rejections of a rigid society and share the significance of the aesthetics of the carnival grotesque, which consists of subversive expressions directed at a new world.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.254-270
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• 2000

To clarify the geological structure of North Sobaegsan Massif in the Sangunmyeon area, Bonghwagun, Korea, where the Yecheon Shear Zone passes and the NE-SW and E-W trending structural lineaments are developed, the rock-structures of its main constituent rocks(Precambrian Won-nam Formation and Mesozoic Hornblende Granite) were examined. In this area, the geological structure was formed at least by four phases of deformation after the formation of gneissosity or schistosity of the Wonnam Formation: one deformation before D2 ductile shearing related to the for-mation of the Yecheon Shear Zone and two deformations after that. The NE-SW and E-W trending structural lineaments were formed by a giant open or gentle type of F4 fold, and their trends before D4 deformation are interpreted to be parallel to the orientation(ENE-WSW trend) of folded surface in the F4 hinge zone. The structural features of Dl-D3 deformations and their relative occurrence times are as follows. Dl deformation is formative period of the boudin structures and ENE-WSW trending isoclinal folds with sub-horizontal hinge lines and steeply inclined axial surfaces. D2 deformation is that of the mylonite foliation, stretching lineation and Z-shaped asymmetric folds related to top-to-the ENE dextral strike-slip shearing on the distinct foliations of Wonnam Formation(after intrusion of Mesozoic Hornblende Granite). D3 deformation is that of the ENE trending S-shaped asymmetric folds with sub-horizontal hinge lines and axial surfaces related to normal-slip shearing on the distinct foliations. It is expected that the result will be contributed to as valuable data for interpreting the tectonic evolution of the North Sobaegsan Massif and the Northeast Ogcheon Belt whose tectonic lineaments are changed from NE-SW to E-W trends at the Sindong-Bonghwa line.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.1068-1075
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• 2012

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/Nylon6,12 core/shell micro fiber were prepared by extrusion molding. To investigate their optimum extrusion conditions, compatibility of PBT/Nylon6,12 blend micro fiber in conformity to their weight ratio and manufacture temperature was explored with SEM morphology and DSC. The alterations in their mechanical properties by extrusion speed were compared and analyzed through a UTM. In comparison with SEM figures, the domain sizes of Nylon6,12 were gradually declined by increasing the extrusion temperature of blends. Furthermore, according to these SEM images, the phase separation between Nylon6,12 domain and PBT matrix became indistinct with increasing of weight percentage of Nylon6,12. In case of DSC, the boundaries of two peaks were almost disappeared when increasing the extrusion temperature and also intervals of each two melting peaks became narrow as increasing the Nylon6,12 ratio. The mechanical properties including tensile strength, elongation, flexural strength and flexural modulus were increased as the increase in the extrusion temperature until $260^{\circ}C$. However, the mechanical properties were actually deteriorated over $260^{\circ}C$. The tensile strength, elongation, flexural strength and flexural modulus at $260^{\circ}C$ were 560 $kg_f/cm^2$, 220%, 807 $kg_f/cm^2$ and 22,146 $kg_f/cm^2$, respectively. These values are more than intermediate values of mechanical properties of PBT and Nylon6,12. These results mean that there is compatibility between PBT and Nylon6,12. Based on the extrusion conditions that produced optimum compatibility of blend, as a result, our group obtained micro fibers with the core/shell structure.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.528-547
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• 2001

The blastoporphyritic granite gneiss (BPGN) including much alkali-feldspar megacrysts occurs in Jiri mountains area, southwestern part of Sobaegsan massif, Korea. The BPGN is formed gneiss complexes with other gneisses in Precambrian. The BPGN was named as porphyroblastic gneiss with porphyroblasts of alkali-feldspar megacrysts by other researchers, but the BPGN includes of euhedral alkali-feldspars (microcline), and the boundary with the granitic gneiss represents sharp contact as intrusive relationship. The BPGN mainly composes of alkali-feldspar megacrysts, quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar and biotite some almandine and accessary minerals are muscovite, chlorite, apatite, zircon and opaques. The alkali-feldspar is microcline with perthitic texture. An content of plagioclases show 30 to 40. Biotites occur two type, one is Brown biotite which shows compositional ranges of Mg/Fe+Mg ratios from 0.38 to 0.52, the other is Green Bt. which is retrograde product. Camels to be various sizes and shapes have composition of almandine with 73 to 80 mole percent, but represent retrogressive zoning from core (X$_{pyr}$: 15.9${\sim}$20.8) to rim (X$_{pyr}$:13.7${\sim}$15.9) to be evidence of retrograde metamorphism. Megacrysts of alkali-feldspar in the BPGN show rectangular shape of euhedral and some become ellipsoidal or spheroidal in shape and the average size up to 20 cm long. The megacryst includes of biotite, plagioclase and quartz, and rarely euhedral apatite as inclusions. In petrochemistry the BPGN represents granodiorite composition, characteristics of peraluminous S-type granitoid and calc-alkaline features.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2008

Trigeminal primary afferents expressing $P2X_3$ or transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are involved in the transmission of nociceptive information. In order to characterize $P2X_3$- and TRPV1-immunopositive neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc), we performed immunofluorescence experiments using anti-$P2X_3$ and anti-TRPV1 antisera and a morphometric analysis. 77.4% (1,401/1.801) of all the $P2X_3$-postive neurons coexpressed TRPV1 and 51.9% (1,401/2,698) of all the THFV1-immunopositive neurons also costained for $P2X_3$ in the TG. Immunoreactivity for both $P2X_3$ and TRPV1 were present in medium-sized neurons but not in small- and large-sized neurons. $P2X_3$ and/or TRPV1-immunopositive fibers were observed in the primary afferents and their associated axons in the Vc. These fibers and terminals were distributed in the superficial lamina of Vc: $P2X_3$-immunopositive fibers and terminals were distributed in the lamina I and II, expecially in the inner part of lamina II (lamina IIi), whereas TRPV1-immunopositive ones were densely detected in the lamina I and outer part of lamina II (lamina IIo). Immunopositive fibers and terminals for both $P2X_3$ and TRPV1 were observed on the border between lamina IIi and IIo. These results suggest that terminals coexpressing $P2X_3$ and TRPV1 are involved in specific roles in the transmission and processing of orofacial nociceptive information.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.212-228
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• 1993

A chenier, about 860 m long, 30 to 60 m wide and 0.6∼1.6 m high, occurs on the upper muddy tidal flat in the Gomso bay, western coast of Korea, It consists of medium to fine sands and shells with small amounts of subangular gravels. Vertical sections across the chenier show gently landward dipping stratifications which include small-scale cross-bedded sets. the most probable source of the chenier is considered to be the intertidal sandy sediments. Vibracores taken along a line transversing the tidal flat reveal that the intertidal sand deposits are more than 5 m thick near the low-water line and become thinner toward the chenier. The most sand deposits are undertrain by tidal muds which occur behind the chenier as salt marsh deposits. C-14 age dating suggests that the sand deposits and the chenier are younger than about 1,800 years B.P. The chenier has originated from the intertidal sand shoals at the lower to mid sand flat, and has continuously moved landward. A series of aerial photographs (1967∼1989) reveal that intertidal sand shoals (predecessor of the western part of chenier) on the mid flat have continuously moved landward during the past two decades and ultimately attached to the eastern part of the chenier already anchored at the present position in the late 1960s. Repeated measurements (four times between 1991 and 1992) of morphological changes of the chenier indicate that the eastern two thirds of the chenier, mostly above the mean high water, has rarely moved whereas the western remainder below the mean high water, has moved continuously at a rate of 0.5 m/mo during the last two years (1991∼1992). This displacement rate has been considerably accelerated up to 1.0 m/mo in winter, and during a few days of typhoon in the summer of 1992 the displacement amounted to about 8∼11 m/mo for the entire chenier. these facts suggest that macro-tidal currents, coupled with winter-storm waves and infrequent strong typhoons, should play a major role for the formation and migration of chenier after 1,800 B.P., when the sea level already rose to the present position and thereafter remained constant.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.103-115
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze the properties of cold air production and its flow of Nakdong-Jeongmaek(mountain ranges), and to suggest management strategies for Nakdong-Jeongmaek in order to enhance the green air conditioning functions of Jeongmaek. For this purpose, three study sites including Gudeoksan Mountain and the vicinity in Busan, Goheonsan Mountain and the vicinity in Ulsan, and Unjusan Mountain and the vicinity in Pohang were selected. The results found that cold air flow and its height of the three study sites were analyzed based on topographic properties and land use. Management strategies for preserving and enhancing their temperature reduction functions were suggested. The cold air produced in the vicinity of Gudeoksan was not fully developed and spread because of the high-density development at the border of Jeongmaek. Since high pressures of development are expected at the border, high conservation policies are required. In the vicinity of Goheonsan, where the agricultural complex and industrial park are located, cold air flows well throughout the entire study site thanks to fully developed cold air in the wide, flat valley. Hence, plans to maintain the current cold air flow are required, and conservation plans to mitigate future developments are also needed in the flat valley. The cold air in Unjusan and the vicinity with its complex and narrow mountain valleys gradually develops into valley bottoms. In order to take advantage of the terrain, the valley near the cold air production areas are preserved. In particular, special plans are required to prevent damage to the cold air layer near Youngcheonho Lake, where the highest height of cold air was recorded due to the closed and lower terrain feature. This study could support the establishment of systematic management plans of Nakdong-Jeongmaek to preserve and enhance its green air conditioning functions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1998

The greenhouse temperature controls in general have been managed by the above-ground part environment, But the temperature of root zone was known very important factor for the 9rofth and the yield of vegetables in greenhouse. The purpose of this study is to develop a good method for cultivation using solar energy which can apply warming soil and to develop the greenhouse soil temperature automatic control system. Followings are summary of this study：1 When the greenhouse inner temperature changes were about 24$^{\circ}C$ during a day in October, the temperature of non-warmed soil was differenced 6$^{\circ}C$ in the depth 10cm and 3$^{\circ}C$ in the depth 20cm. 2. When water supply temperature was kept at 40, 50 and 6$0^{\circ}C$, the lowest soil temperature in the depth of 10cm is 2$0^{\circ}C$ and that of 20cm was 23$^{\circ}C$. and when the water supply temperature was over 4$0^{\circ}C$, the space heating temperature did not affect the temperature variation of soil. 3. In comparison with conditions of the warmed and non-warmed soil, when the water supply temperature is 28$^{\circ}C$, soil temperatures had the high temperature of 4$0^{\circ}C$~7$^{\circ}C$ in the depth of 10cm to 20 cm. 4. The line of boundary area was appeared in the depth of 15~20cm, 13~19cm and 12~17cm. when the water supply temperature was 4$0^{\circ}C$, 5$0^{\circ}C$ and 6$0^{\circ}C$. 5. When th inner greenhouse air temperature is maintained over 11$^{\circ}C$ and the water supply temperature is supported 28$^{\circ}C$, the lowest temperature is kept up over 2$0^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.80-109
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• 2020

The Sacheonwangsa Temple in Silla is an esoteric temple that was founded provisionally in 670, and was completed in 679. This study attempted to elucidate the planning method of the Sacheonwangsa Temple based on the results of research on excavations and investigations into its construction processes and construction measures thereof. The research results are as follows. (1) In the site construction, assuming the size of one Bang (坊) on the south of Nangsan Mountain, after dividing the north-south width into three equal parts, there is a possibility that two of these parts were set to the flat portion. (2) In the 'Jochang (祖創, 670)', it is estimated that an area of 300 cheoks by 300 cheoks was postulated on the flat surface, and, as an initial conception, the mandala's plane design of the outer square 2 hasta (3 cheoks) and inner square 1 hasta (1.5 cheoks) was originally devised for the setting of 'Mudra (神印)', and an area 100 times greater has been set as the basis in the scale and layout planning of the central block. (3) During 'Gaechang (攺刱, ~679)', it is judged that because of the narrowness of the distance between the Pagoda and Geumdang Hall, which occurs when the center of the Geumdang Hall coincides with the center of 'the first stage of the foundation (先築基壇)', the scale and layout planning were adjusted from the initial conception. (4) The arrangement of the building was determined by dividing the fixed size of the central block (280 cheoks by 320 cheoks). Specifically, the east-west direction is set on the quartile's line of the east-west width of the central block, and in contrast, the north-south direction is based on the structural characteristics of the central block. It is presumed that the position of the transept was determined through the division and adjustment of the column spacing of the east-west corridor, then the Geumdang Hall and Altar were based on this. (5) The scale of the Geumdang Hall and Pagoda is determined by the petition of the division by the unit fraction starting from the quartile's line of the central block's east-west width. This planning is understood to be based on the self-similarity, which is rooted in the mandala's plane design as the model.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.97-117
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• 2003

Objective: This study is to examine the validity and reliability of Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test among normal children in elementary school. Methods: K-ABC, K-PIC, and Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test were performed to the 120 body of normal children(10 of each male and female) from June, 2002 to January, 2003. Those children had over the average of intelligence and passed the rule out criteria. To verify test-retest reliability for those 30 children who were randomly selected, Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test was carried out again 4 weeks later. Results: As a results of correlation analysis for validity test, four of continues performance tests matched with those on adults. In the memory tests, results presented the same as previous research with a difference between forward test and backward test in short-term memory. In higher cognitive function tests, tests were consist of those with different purpose respectively. After performing factor analysis on 43 variables out of 12 tests, 10 factors were raised and the total percent of variance was 75.5%. The reasons were such as: 'sustained attention, information processing speed, vigilance, verbal learning, allocation of attention and concept formation, flexibility, concept formation, visual learning, short-term memory, and selective attention' in order. In correlation with K-ABC to prepare explanatory criteria, selectively significant correlation(p<.0.5-001) was found in subscale of K-ABC. In the test-retest reliability test, the results reflecting practice effect were found and prominent especially in higher cognitive function tests. However, split-half reliability(r=0.548-0.7726, p<.05) and internal consistency(0.628-0.878, p<.05) of each examined group were significantly high. Conclusion: The performance of Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test in normal children represented differ developmental character than that in adult. And basal information for preparing the explanatory criteria could be acquired by searching for the relation with standardized intelligence test which contains neuropsycological background.