• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.187-203
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• 2000

Mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) occur in the granites from the Bohyunsan area. The host granites are generally of granodioritic and granitic compositions. The MME can be divided into magic mineral clusters, quartz diorite and diorite according to their occurrence. Halter variation diagrams show linear trends between the MME and the host granites. Though the rim compositions of plagioclase in the host granites and the MME are similar the core compositions of plagioclase in some host granites show abnormally high An content. The Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio of hornblende in the host granites gradually increase from the core to the rim. The chemical composition of minerals in the host granites had been affected by more marc magma composition. The modelling of major elements of the MME and hybrid host granites also indicate that they result from simple mingling/mixing between a dioritic magma and the host granite magma. The MME are thus interpreted to be globules of a more mafic magma which intruded the granite magma. Partial equilibration has been achieved between the MME and the host granites after they were commingled with each other.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.161-176
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• 1998

There are exposed Samrangjin Tuff and intracaldera intrusions, of which rhyolitic rocks emplaced as postcollapsed central and ring intrusions within the Samrangjin caldera, and fine-grained granodiorite and biotite granite as regional tectonic intrusions nearby. The Samrangjin Tuff and the rhyolitic rocks are of a single Samrangjin magmatic system. Flow-banded rhyolite among rhyolitic rocks was emplaced in the outer part of the ring intrusions, rhyodacite in the inner part of the eastern ring, and porphyritic dacite and dacite porphyry in the inner part of the northwestern ring. Totally the Samrangjin Tuff and the rhyolitic rocks range from rhyolite to dacite in chemical composition. The Rb-Sr isotopic data of the Samrangjin Tuff and the rhyolitic rocks yield an age of $80.8{\pm}1.5(2{\sigma})$ Ma with the initial $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratio of $0.70521{\pm}0.00010(2{\sigma})$. The continuous compositional zonations generally define a large stratified magma system in the postcollapse magma chamber. The Sr isotopic data suggest that the compositional zonations might have resulted from the fractional crystallization of a parental dacitic magma.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-87
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• 2010

This article deal with petrotectonic setting and petrogenesis from petrography and chemical analyses of the Cretaceous volcanic and intrusive rocks in the Cheolwon basin. The volcanic rocks are composed of basalts in Gungpyeong Formation, Geumhaksan Andesite, and rhyolitic rocks (Dongmakgol Tuff, Rhyolite and Jijangbong Tuff), and intrusive rocks, Bojangsan Andesite, granite porphyry and dikes. According to petrochemistry, these rocks represent medium-K to high-K basalt, andesite and rhyolite series that belong to calc-alkaline series, and generally show linear compositional variations of major and trace elements with increase in $SiO_2$ contents, on many Harker diagrams. The incompatible and rare earth elements are characterized by high enrichments than MORB, and gradually high LREE/HREE fractionation and sharp Eu negative anomaly with late strata, on spider diagram and REE pattern. Some trace elements exhibit a continental arc of various volcanic arcs or orogenic suites among destructive plate margins on tectonic discriminant diagrams. These petrochemical data suggest that the basalts may have originated from basaltic calc-alkaline magma of continental arc that produced from a partial melt of upper mantle by supplying some aqueous fluids from a oceanic crust slab under the subduction environment. The andesites and rhyolites may have been evolved from the basaltic magma with fractional crystallization with contamination of some crustal materials. Each volcanic rock may have been respectively erupted from the chamber that differentiated magmas rose sequentially into shallower levels equivalenced at their densities.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2 s.52
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• pp.103-114
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• 2007

Gabbroic xenoliths in poikilitic and equigrnular textures and plagioclase megacrysts, up to 15 cm in size, are trapped in alkaline basalts from Sinsanri and Sangeumburi, Jeju island. Gabbroic xenoliths are gabbro norite in composition. Plagioclase is the most dominantly present $(42{\sim}94vol%)$, while olivine crystals are absent. Pokilitic xenoliths, interpreted as cumulates, include euhedral opx+cpx in oikocryst plagioclase. Equigranular xenoliths include subhedral to anhedral opx+cpx+pl. Based on the textural and geochemical natures, occurrence mode at the outcrops, poikiltic and equigranular xenoliths and plagioclase megacrysts were from rigid zone, mushy zone and crystal-suspended zone of the magma chamber, respectively. The gabbroic xenoliths in alkaline basalts of the Juju island represent crystallization products of relatively evolved basaltic magma at the Jeju magma reservoir beneath the Jeju Island. They are gabbro fragments that represent crystallization-isolation-capture processes associated with magma batches temporarily occupying reservoirs.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.247-268
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• 1996

It has been known for a long time that gonadotropins and steroid hormones play a pivotal role in a series of reproductive biological phenomena including the maturation of ovarian follicles and oocytes, ovulation and implantation, maintenance of pregnancy and fetal growth & development, parturition and mammary development and lactation. Recent investigations, however, have elucidated that in addition to these classic hormones, multiple growth factors also are involved in these phenomena. Most growth factors in reproductive organs mediate the actions of gonadotropins and steroid hormones or synergize with them in an autocrine/paracrine manner. The insulin-like growth factor(IGF) system, which is one of the most actively investigated areas lately in the reproductive organs, has been found to have important roles in a wide gamut of reproductive phenomena. In the present communication, published literature pertaining to the intrauterine IGF system will be reviewed preceded by general information of the IGF system. The IGF family comprises of IGF-I & IGF-II ligands, two types of IGF receptors and six classes of IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs) that are known to date. IGF-I and IGF-II peptides, which are structurally homologous to proinsulin, possess the insulin-like activity including the stimulatory effect of glucose and amino acid transport. Besides, IGFs as mitogens stimulate cell division, and also play a role in cellular differentiation and functions in a variety of cell lines. IGFs are expressed mainly in the liver and messenchymal cells, and act on almost all types of tissues in an autocrine/paracrine as well as endocrine mode. There are two types of IGF receptors. Type I IGF receptors, which are tyrosine kinase receptors having high-affinity for IGF-I and IGF-II, mediate almost all the IGF actions that are described above. Type II IGF receptors or IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptors have two distinct binding sites; the IGF-II binding site exhibits a high affinity only for IGF-II. The principal role of the type II IGF receptor is to destroy IGF-II by targeting the ligand to the lysosome. IGFs in biological fluids are mostly bound to IGFBP. IGFBPs, in general, are IGF storage/carrier proteins or modulators of IGF actions; however, as for distinct roles for individual IGFBPs, only limited information is available. IGFBPs inhibit IGF actions under most in vitro situations, seemingly because affinities of IGFBPs for IGFs are greater than those of IGF receptors. How IGF is released from IGFBP to reach IGF receptors is not known; however, various IGFBP protease activities that are present in blood and interstitial fluids are believed to play an important role in the process of IGF release from the IGFBP. According to latest reports, there is evidence that under certain in vitro circumstances, IGFBP-1, -3, -5 have their own biological activities independent of the IGF. This may add another dimension of complexity of the already complicated IGF system. Messenger ribonucleic acids and proteins of the IGF family members are expressed in the uterine tissue and conceptus of the primates, rodents and farm animals to play important roles in growth and development of the uterus and fetus. Expression of the uterine IGF system is regulated by gonadal hormones and local regulatory substances with temporal and spatial specificities. Locally expressed IGFs and IGFBPs act on the uterine tissue in an autocrine/paracrine manner, or are secreted into the uterine lumen to participate in conceptus growth and development. Conceptus also expresses the IGF system beginning from the peri-implantation period. When an IGF family member is expressed in the conceptus, however, is determined by the presence or absence of maternally inherited mRNAs, genetic programming of the conceptus itself and an interaction with the maternal tissue. The site of IGF action also follows temporal (physiological status) and spatial specificities. These facts that expression of the IGF system is temporally and spatially regulated support indirectly a hypothesis that IGFs play a role in conceptus growth and development. Uterine and conceptus-derived IGFs stimulate cell division and differentiation, glucose and amino acid transport, general protein synthesis and the biosynthesis of mammotropic hormones including placental lactogen and prolactin, and also play a role in steroidogenesis. The suggested role for IGFs in conceptus growth and development has been proven by the result of IGF-I, IGF-II or IGF receptor gene disruption(targeting) of murine embryos by the homologous recombination technique. Mice carrying a null mutation for IGF-I and/or IGF-II or type I IGF receptor undergo delayed prenatal and postnatal growth and development with 30-60% normal weights at birth. Moreover, mice lacking the type I IGF receptor or IGF-I plus IGF-II die soon after birth. Intrauterine IGFBPs generally are believed to sequester IGF ligands within the uterus or to play a role of negative regulators of IGF actions by inhibiting IGF binding to cognate receptors. However, when it is taken into account that IGFBP-1 is expressed and secreted in primate uteri in amounts assessedly far exceeding those of local IGFs and that IGFBP-1 is one of the major secretory proteins of the primate decidua, the possibility that this IGFBP may have its own biological activity independent of IGF cannot be excluded. Evidently, elucidating the exact role of each IGFBP is an essential step into understanding the whole IGF system. As such, further research in this area is awaited with a lot of anticipation and attention.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.161-177
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• 2004

The Cretaceous pink granites of the finan area, southwestern Ogcheon belt, are adjacently developed in the eastern part (Keg) and western part (Kwg) as stocks, respectively. Keg of rounded shape occur as mainly medium-coarse grained rocks, whereas Kwg of ellipsoidal shape occurs as medium-coarse grained ones with partly porphyritic and fine-grained textures. Miarolitic cavities of them are often seen and can be observed more frequently in Kwg than Keg. Rose and counter fracture diagrams of the two granites show that Keg and Kwg have more potentiality of non-dimension and dimension to non-dimension stones, respectively. Physical properties such as porosity and absorption ratio have 0.25% and 0.65％, and 0.43% and 1.11%, respectively, which could suggest that emissions of gas phase at later magma stages are abundant in Kwg than those of Keg. From the major and trace elements petrochemisoy, they belong to acidic, peraluminous and calc-alkaline rocks, showing that Kwg are later product than Keg of the same granitic parent magma. REE concentrations normalized to chondrite value have trends of gradual and parallel enriched LREE and depleted HREE. Eu negative anomalies of Kwg are far more severe than those of Keg, which suggest that plagioclase fractionation in Kwg was much stronger than that of Keg. In the magnetic susceptibility vs. petrochemical and modal parameters, they all belong to magnetite-series and I-types, and can be classified as weakly-moderately ferromagnetic rocks. And the above relations could suggest that their susceptibility values are more mainly depended on ferromagnetic opaques than ferromagnetic and paramagnetic assemblages (Bt ＋ Ch ＋ Ser ＋ Op).

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.238-253
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• 2000

In the eastern part of the Euiseong Basin acidic~intermediate volcanic rocks widely distribute on the Cretaceous sedimentary basement. Coeval granitic rocks and dyke rocks intruded into the volcanic rocks. Volcanic stratigraphy of study area are andesite lava, dacitic lapilli tuff, dacitic flow-banded lava, rhyolitic bedded tuff, rhyolitic massive tuff, dacitic massive lava, rhyolitlc welded tuff occur from the lower to the upper strata. $SiO_2$ content of the volcanic rocks range from 51 to 74 wt.%. With the increase of $SiO_2$, the contents of $TiO_2$, $Al_2$$O_3$, MgO, FeOT MnO, CaO, $P_2$$O_{5}$ decrease but those of $K_2$O increase. The contents of $Na_2$O show dispersive variation. This trend is quite sim-ilar to the major oxide variation in the volcanic rocks from the Yucheon sub-basin. The geochemical natures indicate that the volcanic rocks in the study area are discriminated to the island-arc type high K to medium K calc-alkaline rocks. The compositional variation of the volcanic rocks can be explained by the plagioclase fractionation of the volcanic magmas originated from similar source materials. The volcanic stratigraphy seems to have formed by at least two eruptive sequences of andesitic to rhyolitic and dacitic to rhyolitic magmas which underwent crystallization differentiation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.104-104
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• 2001

Ras는 세포의 성장과 분화 등 여러 필수적인 세포기능에 없어서는 안될 중요한 역할을 담당하며 Ras가 mutation되면 암 등의 치명적인 결과를 초래한다. Ras 발현은 유방암에서 tumor aggressiveness의 지표로 간주되고 있으며 유방세포의 침습성과 연관이 있다고 알려져 있으므로 ras가 전이과정에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구는 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 본 연구의 선행연구결과, H-ras와 N-ras 모두 transformed phenotype을 나타내지만 H-ras 만이 암전이에 있어서 중요한 침윤성을 유도하는 것을 밝혔다. 이 결과는 MCF10A 세포에서 H-ras와 N-ras에 의한 신호전달경로가 각각 다른 생물학적 전이활성을 나타냄을 시사한다. 세포의 이동성은 침습성에 있어서 결정적인 역할을 하므로, 본 연구에서 H-ras와 N-ras로 형질전환된 MCF10A세포에서 이동성을 시험한 결과, 세포의 이동성이 N-ras가 아닌 H-ras MCF10A 세포에서만 크게 증가된다는 것을 보았다. 이는 침습성을 나타내는 H-ras가 세포의 이동성을 증가시키는데 작용한다는 것을 말한다. H-ras에 의해 유도된 침습성과 이동성에 대한 분자적 기전에 관하여 연구하기 위하여 H-ras MCF10A와 N-ras MCF10A 세포에서 Ras의 downstream effector들, 특히 mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKinases)들인 JNK1, ERK, p38의 활성화를 살펴본 결과 p38 MAPKinase가 H-ras MCF10A 세포에서 현저하게 활성화됨을 보았다. p38 MAPKinase 저해제인 SB203580를 처리하던지 dominant negative p38 (DN p38) transfectant로 p38을 불활성화시켰을 때 세포침습성 및 이동성이 저해되는 결과를 얻었다. SB203580 처리한 H-ras MCF10A 세포에서 전이에 관여하는 효소인 MMP-2 분비가 감소되었다. H-ras에 의해 유도된 침습성과 이동성은 DN JNK1 transfectant에서는 변화가 없었으나 DN MEK transfectants에서는 유의성있게 감소되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, MCF10A 세포의 침윤성과 이동성에는 p38 MAPKinase 활성이 중심적인 역할을 하며, JNK 활성은 영향을 미치지 않고, ERK-1/2 활성은 충분하지는 않으나 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.109-128
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to consider the appearance of the global generation transnational identity and forming process, existence aspect, functional role, and on the actuating mechanism, and etc. The results about the transnational identity of Diaspora and diversity are as follows. First, as to the transnational identity, the emigrants had been being determined by the relation with the accreditation and how type had been deal with one's decision about the self-identify. Second, the individual experience of the emigrant, interaction, and unstable status political support etc. various factors were combined and the diversity of the Diaspora identity showed. Third, the identity concept had been performing the function in the more expanded meaning called the nation and nation through the continuous meaning expansion than the individual as the national ideology. Fourth, the transnational identity of Korean-Chinese was specialized into the nation identity, double identity, and 'the identity of the third' etc. Fifth, the transnational identity of the Nikkei-Brazilian appeared for Japanese identity, Brazilian identity, and Nikkeijin identity etc. in Japan. In conclusion, the Transnational identity of the Diaspora is reproducing the identity of the emigrant, it suggests through the differentiation in the settlement and exclusion.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2002

The study area is mostly composed of Precambrian Gyeonggi gneiss complex, Jurassic Daebo granites, Cretaceous tonalite and dykes, and so on. On the basis of field survey and mineral assemblage, the granites can be divided into three types; biotite granite (Gb), garnet biotite granite (Ggb) and two mica granite (Gtm). They predominantly belong to monzo-granites from the modes. Field relationship and K-Ar mica age data in the surrounding area suggest that intrusive sequences are older in order of Gtm, Ggb and Gb. Gb and Ggb, major study targets, occur as medium-coarse grained rocks, and show light grey and light grey-light pink colors, respectively. Mineral constituents are almost similar except for opaque in Gb and garmet in Ggb. Gb and Ggb have felsic, peraluminous, subalkaline and calc alkaline natures. In Harker diagram, both rocks show moderately negative trends of $TiO_2$, MgO, CaO, $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$(t), $K_2O$ and $P_2O_5$ as $SiO_2$ contents increase. Among them, $TiO_2$, MgO and CaO show two linear trends. From the trends and the linear patterns in AFM, Sr-Ba and Rb-Ba-Sr relations, it is likely that they were originated from the same granitic magma and Ggb was differentiated later than Gb. REE concentrations normalized to chondrite value have trends of parallel LREE enrichment and HREE depletion. One data of Ggb showing a gradually enriched HREE trend may be caused by garnet accompaniment. Ggb have more negative Eu anomalies than Gb, suggesting that plagioclase fractionation in Ggb have occurred much stronger than that in Gb. In modal (Qz+Af) vs. Op, Gb and Ggb belong to magnetite-series and ilmenite-series, respectively. From the EPMA results, opaques of Gb are magnetite and ilmenite, and those of Ggb are magnetite-free ilmenite or not observed. Bimodal distribution of magnetic susceptibility reveals two different granites of Gb (332.6 ${mu}SI$) and Ggb (2.3 ${mu}SI$). Based on the paleomagnetic analysis as well as modal analysis, the main susceptibilities of Gb and Ggb reside in magnetite and mafic minerals, respectively. They belong to S-type granite of non-magnetic granite by susceptibility value. In addition, $SiO_2$ contents, $K_2O/Na_2O$, A/CNK molar ratio and ACF diagram support that they all belong to S-type granites.