• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.845-855
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• 2004

Background: No general consensus has been available regarding the necessity of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) and its optimal techniques in the patients with chest wall invasion (pT3cw) and node negative (N0) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We did retrospective analyses on the pT3cwN0 NSCLC patients who received PORT because of presumed inadequate resection margin on surgical findings. And we compared them with the pT3cwN0 NSCLC patients who did not received PORT during the same period. Material and Method: From Aug. of 1994 till June of 2002, 22 pT3cwN0 NSCLC patients received PORT-PORT (＋) group- and 16 pT3cwN0 NSCLC patients had no PORT-PORT (-) group. The radiation target volume for PORT (＋) group was confined to the tumor bed plus the immediate adjacent tissue only, and no regional lymphatics were included. The prognostic factors for all patients were analyzed and survival rates, failure patterns were compared with two groups. Result: Age, tumor size, depth of chest wall invasion, postoperative mobidities were greater in PORT (-) group than PORT (＋) group. In PORT (-) group, four patients who were consulted for PORT did not receive the PORT because of self refusal (3 patients) and delay in the wound repair (1 patient). For all patients, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), loco-regional recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) rates at 5 years were 35.3%, 30.3%, 80.9%, 36.3%. In univariate and multivariate analysis, only PORT significantly affect the survival. The 5 year as rates were 43.3% in the PORT (＋) group and 25.0% in PORT (-) group (p=0.03). DFS, LRFS, DMFS rates were 36.9%, 84.9%, 43.1 % in PORT (＋) group and 18.8%, 79.4%, 21.9% in PORT(-) group respectively. Three patients in PORT (-) group died of intercurrent disease without the evidence of recurrence. Few suffered from acute and late radiation side effects, all of which were RTOG grade 2 or lower. Conclusion: The strategy of adding PORT to surgery to improve the probability not only of local control but also of survival could be justified, considering that local control was the most important component in the successful treatment of pT3cw NSCLC patients, especially when the resection margin was not adequate. Authors were successful in the marked reduction of the incidence as well as the severity of the acute and late side effects of PORT, without taking too high risk of the regional failures by eliminating the regional lymphatics from the radiation target volume.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.523-529
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• 2002

Background: Previous reports present that the early results of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been improving with the accumulation of surgical experience. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the patients who received CABG to evaluate the recent results of CABG. Material and Method: Between January 1996 and August 2001, 154 patients underwent CABG at Hanyang University Hospital. There were 47 patients(group I) who were operated between 1996 and 1998, and 107 patients(group II) who were operated thereafter. The preoperative diagnosis, operative procedure, mortality, and complications were analyzed retrospectively. Result: There were 35 males and 12 females in group I, and 78 males and 29 females in group II, which shows similar ratio of sexes between the two groups. The average age of patients for group I and group II was $55.9{\pm}6.2$ years and $61.0{\pm}8.0$ years, respectively, showing a significant increase in group II(p<0.05). The average left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) for group I and group II was $54.6{\pm}11.8$% and $56.9{\pm}13.0$%, respectively. The number of patients who had previous MI in group I and group II were 13 patients(27.7%) and 14 patients(13.1%), respectively, which shows a significant difference (p<0.05). All procedures were performed using the cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) and moderate systemic hypothermia. Myocardial protection was achieved using intermittent hypothermic ischemia under ventricular fibrillation state or cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution for most of group I patients, whereas cold blood cardioplegic solution was used for group II patients. The mean CPB times for group I and group II were $149.2{\pm}48.7$ minutes and $113.1{\pm}30.6$ minutes, respectively. The mean aortic cross clamp times for group I and group II were $81.3{\pm}26.5$ minutes $72.2{\pm}23.9$ minutes, respectively. These figures show that CPB and aortic cross clamp times were significantly reduced in group II(p<0.05). The use of the left internal thoracic artery(LITA) was increased from 42%(20/47) for group I to 81% (87/107) for group II. The mean number of grafts also significantly increased from $2.5{\pm}0.6$ for group I to $3.0{\pm}1.1$ for group II(p<0.05). Intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP) was applied in 7 cases in group I and 17 cases in group II. Of these, 28.6%(2/7) and 52.9%(9/17) were broadly applied preoperatively in patients with LVEF<40% or congestive heart failure. The operative mortalities for group I and II were 10.6%(5/47) and 0.9%(1/107), respectively, which shows significant decrease for group II(p.0.05). Conclusion: This report suggest that CABG using CPB can recently be performed more safely in virtue of the accumulation of surgical experience with reduction in CPB and aortic cross clamp times and improved surgical techniques and myocardial protection. And we think that the optimal treatment of patients with left ventricular dysfunction associated with congestive heart failure and the extended application of IABP, especially have contributed to the reduction of operative mortality and morbidity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1994

To find out the predictors of nocturnal arterial oxygen desaturation in patients with respiratory diseases, transcutaneous oxygen saturation($StcO_2$) monitoring studies using a pulse oximeter were performed during sleep in 20 patients. $StcO_2$ was decreased more than 4% from the baseline value in 18 patients(90%) and more than 10%("Desaturator") in 8(40%). Five of the seven patients(71.4%) with awake $PaO_2$<60mmHg and three of the thirteen patients(23.1%) with awake $PaO_2{\geq}60mmHg$ were "desaturators". The awake $PaO_2/FIO_2$ and $PaO_2/PAO_2$ could distinguish "desaturator" from "nondesaturator", and $PaO_2,\;SaO_2$ or $StcO_2$ could not. These results suggest that the nocturnal oxygen desaturation depends on the severity of the underlying disease rather than the baseline $PaO_2$. Anthropomorphic and lung function factors could not separate between "desaturator" and "non-desaturator", and about a quater of patients with a wake $PaO_2{\geq}60mmHg$ developed significant desaturation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the nocturnal arterial oxygen saturation in patients with respiratory diseases regardless of their severity of airflow obstruction or awake $PaO_2$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.320-333
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• 2001

Background : Peak expiratory flow (PEF) provides a simple, quantitative, and reproducible measure of the existence and severity of airflow obstructions. Peak flow meters are designed to monitor the condition asthma patients. There are many reports showing the normal predicted value of PEF in other countries. Studies on healthy Korean adults have been performed in a relatively small sample number and a lower limit for the normal value was not reported. Therefore, an attempt to provide normal predictive PEF value with a lower limit was made. Method : The PEF(Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter) measurements and spirometry were done in 233 men and 631 women without history of respiratory disease. All subjects were non-smokers with no respiratory symptoms. The normal predictive value and its lower limit were developed by multiple regression analysis. The result was compared with regression equations in other reports. Results : The regression equation for the normal PEF predictive value(L/min) is $25.117+4.587{\times}$Age(year)-$0.064{\times}Age^2+2.931{\times}$Height(cm) in men($R^2=025$), and 146.942-$0.011{\times}Age^2+1.795{\times}$Height(cm)+$0.836{\times}$Weight(kg) in women($R^2=0.21$). The regression equation for the lower limit of this value (L/min) is $25.117+4.587{\times}$Age(year)-$0.064{\times}Age^2+1.936{\times}$Height(cm) in men, and $146.942-0.011{\times}Age^2+1.232{\times}$Height(cm)+$0.481{\times}$Weight(kg) in women. The residuals were normally distributed. The PEF in Korean males was sililar to those reported in British and Japanese subjects. The PEF in Korean females was similar to that in British subjects, but higher than the PEF in Japanese subjects. The lower limit of normal value was 71% of normal predictive PEF value in men and 76% in women. Conclusion : The normal predictive PEF value and its lower limit was measured from 233 male and 631 female asymptomatic, lifelong non-smoking participants. The normal predictive value was different from those of other studies on Korean subjects. Therefore, further studies are required.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-134
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• 2014

Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 establishing common rules on compensation of assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights (Regulation No 261/2004) provides extra protection to air passengers in circumstances of denied boarding, cancellation and long-delay. The Regulation intends to provide a high level of protection to air passengers by imposing obligations on air carriers and, at the same time, offering extensive rights to air passengers. If denied boarding, cancellation and long-delay are caused by reasons other than extraordinary circumstances, passengers are entitled for compensation under Article 7 of Regulation No 261/2004. In Wallentin-Hermann v Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane SpA(Case C-549/07, [2008] ECR I-11061), the Court did, however, emphasize that this does not mean that it is never possible for technical problems to constitute extraordinary circumstances. It cited specific examples of where: an aircraft manufacturer or competent authority revealed that there was a hidden manufacturing defect on an aircraft which impacts on safety; or damage was caused to an aircraft as a result of an act of sabotage or terrorism. Such events are not inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier concerned and is beyond the actual control of that carrier on account of its nature or origin. One further point arising out of the court's decision is worth mentioning. It is not just necessary to satisfy the extraordinary circumstances test for the airline to be excused from paying compensation. It must also show that the circumstances could not have been avoided even if all reasonable measures had been taken. It is clear from the language of the Court's decision that this is a tough test to meet: the airline will have to establish that, even if it had deployed all its resources in terms of staff or equipment and the financial means at its disposal, it would clearly not have been able - unless it had made intolerable sacrifices in the light of the capacities of its undertaking at the relevant time - to prevent the extraordinary circumstances with which it was confronted from leading to the cancellation of the flight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.425-430
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• 2014

Foods contain various nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, oil, vitamins, and minerals. Among them, carbohydrates, protein, and oil are the main constituents of foods. Usually, these constituents are analyzed by the Kjeldahl and Soxhlet method and so on. However, these analytical methods are complex, costly, and time-consuming. Thus, this study aimed to rapidly and effectively analyze carbohydrate, protein, and oil contents with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). A total of 517 food samples were measured within the wavelength range of 400 to 2,500 nm. Exactly 412 food calibration samples and 162 validation samples were used for NIRS equation development and validation, respectively. In the NIRS equation of carbohydrates, the most accurate equation was obtained under 1, 4, 5, 1 (1st derivative, 4 nm gap, 5 points smoothing, and 1 point second smoothing) math treatment conditions using the weighted MSC (multiplicative scatter correction) scatter correction method with MPLS (modified partial least square) regression. In the case of protein and oil, the best equation were obtained under 2, 5, 5, 3 and 1, 1, 1, 1 conditions, respectively, using standard MSC and standard normal variate only scatter correction methods with MPLS regression. Calibrations of these NIRS equations showed a very high coefficient of determination in calibration ($R^2$: carbohydrates, 0.971; protein, 0.974; oil, 0.937) and low standard error of calibration (carbohydrates, 4.066; protein, 1.080; oil, 1.890). Optimal equation conditions were applied to a validation set of 162 samples. Validation results of these NIRS equations showed a very high coefficient of determination in prediction ($r^2$: carbohydrates, 0.987; protein, 0.970; oil, 0.947) and low standard error of prediction (carbohydrates, 2.515; protein, 1.144; oil, 1.370). Therefore, these NIRS equations can be applicable for determination of carbohydrates, proteins, and oil contents in various foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1303-1317
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content of school meals served in elementary and junior high school in Korea. In this study, 872 kinds of school meal dishes were collected from twelve elementary and twelve junior high schools located in four different cities in Korea (Daegu, Masan, Gwangju, and Jeju). The dishes were classified into three main categories; staple dish, subsidiary dish, and dessert. Each main category was further sub-classified into 4 kinds of staple dishes, 15 kinds of subsidiary dishes, and 5 kinds of dessert dishes. The Na and K content of dishes were then analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Na content of individual dishes showed considerable differences, ranging from 9 to 2,717 mg/100 g. Among the staple dishes, cooked rice contained relatively less Na, but other staple dishes such as a la carte, noodle, and rice-gruel contained considerably high amounts of Na. Regarding the subsidiary dishes, the Na content of salad was low, but those of Jangachi, stir-fried dishes, and kimchi were considerably high. Among the dessert dishes, beverages, fruit, and milk/dairy products contained relatively low amount of Na, while rice cakes and baked goods, and snacks contained noticeably high amounts of Na. Unlike the Na content, the K content between the dishes did not show much variability. Cooked rice and rice cakes contained relatively low amounts of K, similar to other dishes, and ranged from 104 to 220 mg/100 g. The Na/K ratio was especially high in rice cakes and Jangachi, while of the ratio in beverages, milk/dairy products, salad, and fruit were pretty low. The total content of Na and K and the Na/K ratio of elementary school meals were 974 mg, 378 mg and 2.7, respectively, and those in junior high school meals was 1,466 mg, 528 mg and 3.0. The results show that most school meals provide a significant amount of Na but significantly small amounts of K, as suggested by the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-24
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• 2011

1. Introduction: Contrast to the offline purchasing environment, online store cannot offer the sense of touch or direct visual information of its product to the consumers. So the builder of the online shopping mall should provide more concrete and detailed product information(Kim 2008), and Alba (1997) also predicted that the quality of the offered information is determined by the post-purchase consumer satisfaction. In practice, many fashion and apparel online shopping malls offer the picture information with the product on the real person model to enhance the usefulness of product information. On the other virtual product experience has been suggested to the ways of overcoming the online consumers' limited perceptual capability (Jiang & Benbasat 2005). However, the adoption and the facilitation of the virtual reality tools requires high investment and technical specialty compared to the text/picture product information offerings (Shaffer 2006). This could make the entry barrier to the online shopping to the small retailers and sometimes it could be demanding high level of consumers' perceptual efforts. So the expensive technological solution could affects negatively to the consumer decision making processes. Nevertheless, most of the previous research on the online product information provision suggests the VR be the more effective tools. 2. Research Model and Hypothesis: Presented in