• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lime, zeolite, and rock phosphate as coating materials and coated seed size on germination, establishment, and early growth of pasture species at the experimental livestock farm, Yonam College of Agriculture in 1997. Germinating energy and germination of coated tall fescue and orchardgrass seeds were lower than those of non-coated seeds. Coated seed of tall fescue with 70% lime and 15% rock phosphate was the best in germination. The germination of small size seed (< ${\varnothing}2$ mm) was better than those of medium (> ${\varnothing}2$ mm and < ${\varnothing}2$ mm) and large size seeds (> ${\varnothing}2$ mm). Germination of coated orchardgrass seed with 55% lime and 30% rock phosphate treatment was higher than that of other coated seeds, and germination of small size seed was higher than those of medium and large size seeds (p<0.05). Germination energy and germination of coated alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil seeds were lower than those of non-coated seeds. Germination of coated alfalfa seed with 70% lime and 15% rock phosphate, and 45% lime and 55% rock phosphate was higher compared with other coated seeds. Germination of medium size seed was higher than those of small and large size seeds (p<0.05). Among coated birdsfoot trefoil seed, 45% lime and 40% rock phosphate treatment resulted in higher germinating energy and germination than other treatments. There was no significant difference in establishment and early growth of coated tall fescue and orchardgrass seeds. However, tall fescue and orchardgrass coated with 45 % lime and 40% phosphate rock showed higher establishment and early growth. There was also no significant difference in establishment and early growth of coated alfalfa among the treatments. Among coated treatments, establishment and early growth of alfalfa coated with 75% lime and 10% rock phosphate were the highest and showed 46.4% and $72.6\;g/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. Establishment and early growth of coated birdsfoot trefoil with 55% lime and 30% rock phosphate were the highest among coated birdsfoot trefoil seed (p<0.05) and recorded 46.4% and $44.6\;g/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. Results of this study indicate that the germination of coated grass and legume seed may be improved by increasing the percentage of rock phosphate and decreasing that of lime. With regard to seed size, the germination of pasture species with small seed size (< ${\varnothing}2$ mm) may be better than medium and large size seeds except alfalfa. Establishment and early growth of grasses can be also improved by increasing the percentage of rock phosphate and decreasing that of lime.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 1988

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of shading degrees (0: full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the proximate components, cell wall constituents (CWC), digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) concentration of grasses grown in forest. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasture species used were orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover. The experiment was performed at LES in Suwon. 1985. 1. Considering proximate components, CWC and digestibility of grasses, ladino clover showed the best quality, and then perennial ryegrass. 2. The contents of crude protein, crude ash, and digestibility of grasses were increased with shading, regardless of pasture species. As the shading degrees are increased, the contents of crude fiber in orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy were decreased, while that in ladino clover was increased with shading. 3. Grasses grown in spring showed higher digestibility than those grown in summer season. 4. The content of WSC was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then ladino clover, orchardgrass, and timothy, in that order. Also WSC was decreased as the shading degrees are increased. 5.The content of $NO_3$-N was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then orchardgrass, ladino clover and timothy, in that order. Also the $NO_3$-N was significantly increased with higher shading level. In the regression equation between shading degrees and $NO_3$-N ($r^2$=0.90**, TEX>$r^2$=0.95**), shading degree of 43 to 44% was critical level, causing nitrate poisoning to animal. 6 Considering grass quality, dry matter yield and $NO_3$-N, less than 40% of shading degree (over 60% of full sunlight) was desirable for better grassland improvement, management and utilization in the forest.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 2014

This study was performed to compare the level of odorous compounds in feces and urine of finishing pigs. Feces and urine from 16 finishing pigs were separately collected for 28-d. Concentrations of volatile organic compound (VOC; phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acid (VFA; SCFA and BCFA) were measured in feces and urine. Amount of phenols and p-cresol was higher (P<0.05) in urine than in feces. Urinal levels of phenols and p-cresol were 257.8 ppm and 250.9 ppm, and those of fecal phenols and p-cresol were 0.50 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in concentration of indoles from feces (1.0 ppm) and urine (1.8 ppm). Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level in urine was higher (P<0.05) than in feces showing 4,547 ppm and 863 ppm, respectively. Proportion of acetic acid to total SCFA was higher in urine (94%) than in feces (66%). However, level of branched fatty acid (BCFA) was greater in feces (118 ppm) compare to that of urine (87 ppm). Odorous compounds analyzed in the current study, phenols and SCFA, were contained more in urine than in feces. Greater amount of VFA is typically found in feces than in urine since it is generated in the large intestine. However, urine contained more VFA than feces in the current study. Therefore, it will be necessary to exploit odor reducing techniques especially for pig urine as grassland fertilizer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on agronomic characteristics and feed values of rye and triticale at Sanchoeng, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows; rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Gogu) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (April 20, May 1 and May 11) in 2016, and triticale (X Triticosecale, cv. Joseong) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (May 18, 28, and June 7) in 2016. In rye, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. Crude protein (CP) content and relative feed value (RFV) decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased (p<0.05). In triticale, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. The CP content decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but NDF content and RFV increased (p<0.05). This study concluded that rye sown in the middle of October then harvested in early May, and the triticale sown at the end of October then harvested at the end May are recommended to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the salts fortified with Hizikia component on blood pressure and mineral composition in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrj) and normotensive rats (WKY/NCrj). The two species rats were assigned to three groups and were fed with drinking water to which Hizikia salts were added for 6 weeks. The final blood pressures (BP) among groups of SHR were increased to 12, 4, and 21%, respectively. In terms of urine and fecal minerals, the $Na^+$ contents in two species were significantly higher in the control than in the salt groups, and vice versa with regard to the $ K^+$ contents. The amount of excretion mineral was higher in urine than in feces. The $Na^+$, $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ contents of the liver in SHR were higher in the control than in the salt groups (p<0.05). The $Na^+$ content of the kidney in SHR was higher in the control than in the salt groups, but the content was shown an opposite trend in WKY. The $K^+$ contents were higher in the low salt group (p<0.05). These results may indicate that the salts fortified with the Hizikia component may be useful in lowering systolic blood pressure owing to the maintenance of positive mineral metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.196-202
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• 2009

The effects of the salts fortified with seaweed functional components on blood pressure, serum minerals, and hematochemicals in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrj) and normotensive rats (WKY/NCrj) were investigated. SHR and WKY rats were assigned to four groups, with 8 and 6 rats in each group: laver salt (A), fucoidan+laver high salt (B), fucoidan + laver low salt (C) and refined salt as a control (D). The final blood pressure (BP) of SHR and WKY species in contrast with reference BP were low in groups A and C as compared with control group. In terms of serum mineral content, $Na^+$ levels were similar in SHR and WKY, but $K^+$ levels were higher in the group B in SHR. Serum triglyceride levels were lower in groups A and C, but the levels of HDL- and LDL- cholesterol were significantly higher and lower in group A than those of controls, respectively (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that the salts fortified with laver might suppress blood pressure in rats, and also may improve mineral and lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to test the validity of the hypothesis that the karyotypes of four species of Lepilemuridae were formed spontaneously from their ancestral hybrid karyotype. Hypothetical ancestral haploid Karyotype of Lepilemuridae is composed of 18 autosomes and X chromosomes. Lepilemur mustelinus karyotype has four tandem fused chromosomes and one Robertsonian translocated chromosome pairs. Lepilemur septentrionalis septentrionalis karyotype has only two pairs of translocated chromosomes. We reconstruct and suggest ancestral karyotype of LMU(ancLMU) and LSS(ancLSS), from which all four studied species were derived. Hybrids of ancLMU and ancLSS were formed and produce differently fused equilibrated gametes via circular form arrangement during gametogenesis. Five unit of trivalent homologous chromosome pairs were engaged in a circular form to give new gamete corresponding to the karyotype of L. dorsalis, orientation of one unit of trivalent was inversed in the circle to gave new gamete corresponding to the karyotype of L. leucopus. Seven homologous chromosome pairs were engaged in circular form to give haploid karyotype of Lepilemur ruficaudatus. Only one homologous chromosome pair is dissociated and the other chromosome pairs rearranged in the circle to form haploid karyotype of Lepilemur edwardsi. The new gametes could be produced from these circular forms. When the new gamete fertilized with the same type of gamete, The new homozygote is produced as existing L. dorsalis, L. leucopus, L. edwardsi and L. ruficaudatus. These results support the theory that new species could be formed in hybrid population through activated chromosome fusion, chromosome rearrangement in circular from at zygotene stage and production of equilibrated gametes to form homozygote new species.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.34-42
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• 2016

In order to prepare for the type approval test for the United States Coast Guard (USCG) Phase-II of Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS), a phytoplankton mass culture was conducted in a mesocosm enclosure. We evaluated the response of the phytoplankton community after nutrient addition (+N, +P, and +NP) and investigated the development of the species with increasing culture time. After nutrient dosing, the phytoplankton population significantly (p < 0.05) increased from day 1 to day 3, depending on the nutrient treatments In particular, the specific growth rate of the phytoplankton community in the case of +NP treatment and + N treatment were estimated to be $2.47d^{-1}$ and $1.98d^{-1}$, respectively. The phytoplankton population density in the case of + NP treatment was approximately 50 times higher than that of the control group, suggesting that these treatments could be useful for mass culturing phytoplankton (> 75% of natural community) for the approval regulation of USCG Phase-II. In the phytoplankton community of the mesocosm, Pseudo-nitzchia spp. dominated in the logarithmic growth phase. The cell density decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing time, coinciding with the nutrient limitation. At that time, the dominance of Pseudo-nitzchia spp. shifted to that of Cylindrotheca closterium. Therefore, the optimum nutrient concentration ($N:30{\mu}M$, $P:3{\mu}M$) and reasonable harvesting time (after 3 days in summer) found in this study for the mass culturing of phytoplankton may be helpful to meet the USCG Phase-II biological criteria to be used in BWTS.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2232-2239
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• 2012

This study set out to investigate the effects of the same amount of resting(30 minutes) after $VO_2max$ 20%, 40%, and 60% exercise on the variation of cortisol and catecholamine, serum stress hormones. The research efforts led to the following conclusions: First, there were no significant differences in serum cortisol concentration between the $VO_2max$ 20% group and the $VO_2max$ 40% group, but there were some significant differences in the significance level of p=.002 in the $VO_2max$ 60% group. Second, there were no significant differences in serum catecholamine concentration between the $VO_2max$ 20% group and the $VO_2max$ 40% group, but there were some significant differences in the significance level of p=.001 in the $VO_2max$ 60% group. Third, no significant differences were found in the changing rates of serum cortisol concentration between right after exercise and during break among different levels of exercise intensity according to measuring time. Fourth, there were significant differences in the changing rates of serum catecholamine concentration in the significance level of p=.000 right after exercise and in the significance level of p=.034 during break In short, there were significant differences only in the $VO_2max$ 60% group according to exercise intensity when the different groups took the same amount of break after exercise. The $VO_2max$ 60% group was also the only group that showed significant differences in the changing rates of cortisol and catecholamine. In conclusion, taking a break after exercise can generate huge effects only when the exercise intensity level is moderate or higher. That is, taking a break will have no significant effects when the exercise intensity level is lower than moderate.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.4 s.42
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• pp.67-84
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate nutrient intake, dietary self-efficacy, and physical activity self-efficacy of elementary school students by obesity index in Gyeongbuk area. The survey was conducted from June 7 to June 18 in 2005. The study was peformed by analyzing a questionnaire answered by 523 elementary school student in 5th and 6th grade. The obesity index was gained by height and weight data. Nutrient intakes was evaluated by 24hr-dietary record. Statistical data analysis were completed using the SPSS 12.0 program. The results were summarized as follows; The result of the body measurement was that 31.7% of underweight group, 45.1% of normal group, 12.8% of overweight group, 10.3% of obese group. 13.9% of underweight group experienced weight control, and 17.5% of the subject respond they will try the weight control in the future. Male students showed significantly higher exercise frequency than female students(p<0.001). Male underweight group and female obese group show the highest exercise frequency. Daily energy intake of the subject showed 80.1% in male students and 87.5% in female students revealed under the recommended dietary allowance(RDA) for Korean. The intake ratio of energy nutrients was identical in male and female of underweight group and obese group, so this showed that intake style was similar in two groups. By investigating through MAR(mean adequacy ratio), underweight group of male students and both normal and overweight group of female students were lowest, while overweight group of male students and underweight group of female students were the highest. Physical activity self-efficacy of male students was higher than female students, and physical activity self-efficacy by obesity index was higher in underweight group of male students and obese group in female.