• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11b
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• pp.599-602
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• 2010

조절반응의 평가는 옵토메트리 검사의 중요한 일부분이다. 본 연구는 조절반응의 타각적인 검사방법인 자동굴절계와 MEM 검영법 및 Nott 동적검영법으로 측정한 검사결과의 상관성과 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 취지에 동의하는 19~29사이(평균나이 22.22${\pm}$2.43세)의 정상시력을 가진 27명의 대학생을 선정하여 4D(25cm)의 조절자극이 주어진 상태에서 자동굴절계(Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001)와 MEM 검영법 및 Nott 동적검영법을 실시하여 조절 반응을 측정하였다. 4D의 조절자극에 대한 조절반응은 자동굴절계(Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001) 3.70${\pm}$0.25D, MEM 검영법 3.58${\pm}$0.30D 그리고 Nott 동적검영법 3.77${\pm}$0.29D로 각각 측정되었다. 3가지 검사는 상호간에 높은 상관성이 있었다(p<0.05). MEM 검영법은 Nott 동적검영법보다 0.19${\pm}$0.13D 더 낮게 측정되었고(p<0.05), 자동굴절계(Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001) 보다 0.12${\pm}$0.24D 더 낮게 측정되었다(p<0.05). Nott 동적검영법과 자동굴절계(Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001)로 측정한 값은 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). MEM 검영법으로 측정한 조절반응은 Nott 동적검영법이나 자동굴절계로 측정한 값보다 더 낮았다. 저자는 조절반응을 평가할 때, MEM 검영법을 제외한 Nott 동적검영법과 자동굴절계(Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001)는 상호 대체하여 사용할 수 있다고 주장한다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3406-3411
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• 2010

Assessment of the accommodative response is an essential part of the optometric examination. This study measured objectively the accommodation responses those were measured by Autorefractor, MEM retinoscopy and Nott dynamic retinoscopy, and investigate the correlation and difference the results. Twenty-seven college students with normal visual acuity aged 19 to 29 years (mean $22.7{\pm}2.43$ years) participated in this study. Their accommodative responses to accommodative demand of 4D (25cm) were measured with Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor, MEM retinoscopy and Nott dynamic retinoscopy. The accommodative responses to accommodative demand of 4D were $3.70{\pm}0.25D$ by Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor, $3.58{\pm}0.30D$ by MEM retinoscopy and $3.77{\pm}0.29D$ by Nott dynamic retinoscopy, respectively. There were high correlations among the three techniques (p<0.05). MEM retinoscopy was measured $0.19{\pm}0.13D$ lower than Nott dynamic retinoscopy (p<0.05) and it was measured $0.12{\pm}0.24D$ lower than Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between Nott dynamic retinoscopy and Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor (p>0.05). MEM retinoscopy showed lesser accommodative responses than Nott dynamic retinoscopy and Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor. Author suggest that Nott dynamic retinoscopy may use Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 Autorefractor interchangeably to evaluate accommodative responses expect MEM retinoscopy.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.293-298
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• 2012

Purpose: We compared static retinoscopy in eyes opened with cycloplegic refraction depending on the hyperopia for school-aged children. Methods: There were 59 eyes (30 patients) who were divided into 3 groups - the mild hyperopia (+0.25 D ~ +1.00 D), moderate hyperopia (+1.25 D ~ +2.00 D) and high hyperopia (+2.25 D or more). They all had 0.8 visual acuity or more. Autorefraction and retinoscopy were performed prior to cycloplegic refraction, and then copmared with manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction. Results: Hyperopia measured with static retinoscopy tends to be measured higher than manifest refraction for school-aged children. Changes of spherical power was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Changes of astigmatism was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The difference between cycloplegic refraction and static retinoscopy was not significant for hyperopic school-aged children. The use of retinoscopy was limited for opticians because of legal constraints. The usage of static retinoscopy in eyes opened for optician should be generalized under the conditions not using the cycloplegic.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2005

To Analysis of Correlation of Visual Function Findings, by assessing convergence and accommodation, 92 selected objects without any ocular diseases by apperatuses of visual chart(Shinnippon CT30) and phoropter(Shinnippon VT10) at a shan distance(40 cm) were tested upon MEM retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA), BELL retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA), binocular accommodative facility (${\pm}2.00$ D nipper, Bernell Co., USA), vergence facility(prism nipper, Bernell Co., USA). The results showed as follows. MEM retinoscopy(accommodative lag) showed the same result of a right eye and left eye. Bell retinoscopy(accommodative lag) showed higher correlations between right and left eye than MEM. The lower accommodative lag meant the higher accommodative facility. The binocular accommodative facility(polaroid) was higher than binocular accommodative facility(red-green). Correlations of accommodative facility between right and left eye were higher, and as the higher monocular accommodative facility also meant the higher binocular accommodative facility, monocular and binocular accommodative facilities were relative to vergence facility, These findings can be used as a clinical guide by curing patients' visual function.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.209-213
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• 2012

Purpose: To assess the repeatability of the monocular spherical endpoints, a test was performed with four methods which are the retinoscopy, the MPMVA (maximum plus maximum visual acuity) method, the R/G duochrome method, and the crossed cylinder method. Methods: The monocular spherical endpoints was measured by four kinds of method (Retinoscopy, MPMVA method, R/G duochrome method, Crossed cylinder method) on 20 subjects (40 eyes) of average age 23.0 year-old men and women. After a week, retest was performed by same procedure and the test-retest repeatability was assessed by using the Bland-Altman plot analysis. Results: The test-retest mean difference of retinoscopy was the smallest diopters of -0.03 and that of R/G duochrome method was the largest diopters of -0.19. The upper/lower 95% limits of agreement for repeatability was the narrowest in retinoscopy and was the widest in crossed cylinder method. When compared the spherical endpoints of each eye between by retinoscopy and by other three methods, the error rate of ${\pm}0.25D$ in total eyes was 85% in MPMVA method, 80% in R/G duochrome method, and 24% in crossed cylinder method. Conclusions: Test-retest repeatability is the highest in the retinoscopy, and the retinoscopy, the MPMVA method, and R/G duochrome method are suitable for monocular spherical endpoints test.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2005

To assess convergence and accommodation at a short distance, 92 selected subjects without any ocular diseases by apperatuses of visual chart(Shinnippon CT30) and phoropter(Shinnippon VT 10) at a short distance(40 cm) were tested upon MEM retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA). BELL retinoscopy(Welch Allyn, USA), binocular accommodative facility (${\pm}2.00$ D flipper. Bernell Co., USA), vergence facility(prism flipper, Bernell Co., USA). There were such test results as MEM retinoscopy(R/L)($+1.05{\pm}0.87/1.02{\pm}0.80$ D). BELL retinoscopy ($17.89{\pm}12.12/17.94{\pm}11.72cm$), binocular accommodative facility (R/G)($7.69{\pm}6.48cpm$). binocular accommodative facility(polaroid)($11.76{\pm}5.22cpm$), monocular accommodative facility(R/L) ($13.9{\pm}6.27/13.8{\pm}5.96cpm$), vergence facility($13.5{\pm}6.40cpm$).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3789-3793
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• 2010

To investigate accuracy of graduated scale of schematic retinoscope training eye(schematic eye) and induced effect when measured at off-axis from visual axis. Two skilled retinoscopist measured refractive power using retinoscope in random order. Seven schematic eyes from a single manufacturer were recruited and set to mark +4.00 to -6 diopter(+4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6). After introducing +2.00 diopter trial lens(50cm working lens), neutral distance was measured at 180 degree to estimate accuracy of scale, and refractive power measured at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 degree off-axis to see if any error was induced. According to the results measured by two specialists, in six of seven schematic eye, scale setting varied (p<0.05) and measured refractive power at 5, 10, 15 and 20 degree off-axis from visual axis were $-0.13{\pm}0.06$, $-0.29{\pm}0.06$, $-0.58{\pm}0.11$, and $-0.83{\pm}0.16$ diopter respectively. In some schematic eye, scale graduated on the schematic eye and scale measured by retinoscopy could be different and if retinoscopy is performed off-axis from visual axis, any measuring error can be caused.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2010

Purpose: The study was conducted to compare the values of auto-refraction, manifest refraction and cycloplegic refraction in school-aged children. Methods: One hundred five myopic school children ranged from 6 to 14 years old (210 eyes, $10.28{\pm}1.59$ years old) were recruited and noncycloplegic auto-refraction (AR) and manifest refraction (MR) were conducted and then underwent cycloplegia and refractive status (CR) again with the auto-refractometer. Results: Refractive powers measured by AR, MR, and CR were highly correlated. However, spherical and cylindrical powers of the subjects measured by AR were measured higher negative power than in CR (p<0.001). From 210 eyes, the discrepancy rate in the spherical and cylindrical powers were 40 eyes (19%) and 19 eyes (9%) of the total subjects, respectively and the differences between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic refractions were higher with the spherical and cylindrical powers increasing. Conclusions: The use of the autorefractometer in children with negative spherical power without cycloplegia may overestimate the actual myopia that subjective refraction is the most important in prescription for the eyeglasses and regression equations would be used to prognose the cycloplegic refraction from the auto-refraction as the basic data for the subjective refraction.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 2018

Purpose : To find out the reliability of autorefractometer after laser refractive surgery Methods : We measured and compared spherical and cylinder powers of those undergone LASEK surgery with 1.0 of naked vision after at least 3 months of the surgery with an autorefractometer(CANON Full Auto Ref-Keratometer RK-F1, Japan) and a retinoscope(Streak Retinoscope 18200, WelchAllyn, USA), and also applied spherical equivalent powers. The refractive status before surgery was divided into high, medium, and low myopia according to the results measured using an autorefractometer, and then analyzed again the reliability of the autorefractometer after surgery according to the preoperative refractive status. The agreement of two methods was identified using Bland-Altman(Bland-Altman limits of agreement(LoA)). Results : After the surgery, when comparing spherical, cylinder and equivalent powers in the whole data measured by autorefractometry and retinoscopy significant differences were found(p<0.01). According to the degree of refractive errors, all sort of refractive errors was shown significantly different(p<0.01) except for cylinder power of the medium myopia. In general, the refractive errors especially spherical and spherical equivalent powers by autorefractometry were shown a myopic trend from -0.38 D to -0.53 D. On the other hand, it was shown a hyperopic trend of approximately +0.30 D using retinoscopy. In comparison of two objective refractions, it was shown a myopic trend as $-0.51{\pm}0.45D$(LoA +0.36 D ~ -1.39 D) and compatible. Conclusion : Even though it would be positive in terms of compatibility of the methods, it is necessary that the glasses should be prescribed by subjective refraction since autorefractometry is shown myopic in those undergone the surgery and suffering from myopic regression.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.101-103
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• 2009

40-day-old mixed male puppy was presented with a 10-day history of tenesmus and extensive ulcerative lesion of perineum. At physical examination, the dog was voiding mainly from an orifice in the perineal fistula. On fistulogram, a urethroperineal fistula was diagnosed. The dog was treated by wet dressing for wound management and antibiotics for 4weeks. Subsequently, the patient improved and no complication or recurrence was presented.